宁南山区脱毒马铃薯繁育推广体系建设现状及发展对策
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摘要
马铃薯在宁南山区人们的生产、生活和地方经济中具有极其重要的地位和作用,是不可替代的优势产业,也是西海固及宁夏回族自治区农民脱贫致富的支柱产业,被农民称为“救命蛋”和“金蛋蛋”,在农业生产中占有举足轻重的地位。宁夏南部山区是马铃薯的传统优势生产区,属黄土高原半干旱高寒气候带,绝大部地区年降水量在400mm左右,有些地区只有100-200mm,突出的特点是海拔高、干旱;同时5-6月日照时间长、光照充足,有利于马铃薯植株快速生长,而7-9月日照时间渐短,有利于马铃薯块茎生长。因此,研究和探索脱毒马铃薯繁育体系建设思路对促进当地农民增收、农业增效和现代农业发展具有重要的指导意义。
宁南山区马铃薯常年种植面积约10.67×10~4hm~2,总产鲜薯180×10~4t。种植核心区原州区年种植2.67×10~4hm~2,占全区粮食作物播种面积的23.50%,总产鲜薯48×10~4t(折主粮9.60×10~4t),总产值9600×10~4元,占农作物总产量、总产值32.70%,人均马铃薯纯收入240元,占农民人均纯收入的17.80%,是农民增收的主要经济来源。然而,目前生产中存在马铃薯种薯混杂退化、品种结构不合理、专用品种缺乏、更新换代时间长、速度慢等问题,严重地制约了马铃薯生产、加工、产品升值和市场占有份额。本文在多年工作基础上,通过深入调研,对宁南山区脱毒马铃薯发展以及种薯繁育推广体系建设现状和问题进行进行了研究与探讨,得出如下主要结论:
(1)宁南山区总的气候特点是海拔高,气候冷凉,传毒媒介少,光照充足,温度适宜,昼夜温差大,土地资源丰富,土壤有机质含量高,土壤疏松,理化性状好,降水适时,雨热基本同季,与马铃薯生长发育规律相吻合,有利于马铃薯绿色体光合作用、营养转化和干物质积累,是繁育脱毒种薯和生产无公害产品的最佳区域。但是,制约当地马铃薯生产的主要问题是马铃薯原料基地建设规模小、质量低、效益差;马铃薯品种混杂、退化严重;马铃薯基地农户的综合素质低下;马铃薯精深加工水平落后,市场服务体系建设有待进一步完善,农业产业化体系不配套。
(2)宁南山区发展马铃薯产业要坚持区域发展、种薯先行、科技兴薯和产业推进的战略方向,着力推进布局区域化,建立以西吉县、原州区、泾源县三大马铃薯优势产区;着力推进种薯良种化,加强优质专用马铃薯品种选育,建立健全种薯质量控制体系,加快脱毒种薯繁育和推广步伐;着力推进种植标准化,大力推广马铃薯标准化种植技术,全面提升马铃薯生产水平;着力推进经营产业化,建立马铃薯生产基地和合作专业批发市场,培育专业合作组织,发展马铃薯精深加工,促进产销衔接;着力推进作国际化,积极扩大商品薯出口,开展脱毒种薯生产、种薯质量控制、马铃薯生产机械和加工设备等方面的国际交流与合作。
(3)促进宁南山区马铃薯产业应从如下着手:一是强化基地建设,扩大基地规模,合理规划,精选海拔高、土质肥沃的适宜区域,建立种子繁育基地,采用无病种薯,实现规范种植,通过原原种、原种、一级种、二级种的繁育,为6×10~4hm~2马铃薯生产基地提供优质种薯;二是选育、更新优良品种,调整优化品种布局结构;三是提高马铃薯种植区农民的综合素质,实现高水平、规模代、规范化的生产,做成大产业,必须实行综合防治,提高种植水平。此外,要整合加工企业资源,全面提升加工转化能力,依靠加工企业的强大拉动作用,建立推动这一产业稳步发展的长效机制。
The production of potato in the mountain area in the south of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region plays an important role in people’s life and local economy.It is the most important industry for people to become rich in Xihaihu and Ningxia.and is also called“life egg”and“the golden fruit”.The south area of Ningxia is the traditional productive area of potato.It belongs to the half arid and cold climate zone of Loess Highlands,Its precipitation is about 400mm in most areas yearly,and some areas are just 100mm to 200mm. Its prominent characteristic is certainly the altitude and the drought.During May and June,it has enough sunshine which is good for the potato growth.While the sunshine time becomes shorter gradually from July to September,which will be advantageous in the potato tuber growth.Therefore,it is significant that we do the research and the exploration about escaping the poisonous potato system construction to improve the local farmer’s income,and the agricultural efficiency and the mordern agriculture development.
The area of potato growth is approximately 160.700hm~2 and the total output is 180×10~4t every year in the mountain area in the south of Ningxia.Yuanzhou,the planting core area,plays the leading role in the planting among the whole area(about 23.50%),mainly reprerented by the planting area of 2.67×10~4hm~2 and the yield of 48×10~4t,and the total value 9600×10~4RMB,It accounts about 32.7% of the ultimate output and the value in the whole area, Farmers plant protato and earn 240RMB personally anually,which takes a total of 17.8% of the total income and it has become the main economic origin.However,There are many problems dampering the potato-processing,revaluation and market,such as potato seed promiscuous degereration,the unreasonable structure of varity,lacking of special-purpose varity,the long time of renewal and so on.The following is the conclusions of the research and dissussion about the virus-free potato development as well as the present situation of in Ningxia after we investigate and study thoroughly,and also do experiment several years.
(1)The characteristics of climate in south mountainous area of Ningxia are advantageous for the green body of potato having light for nutrition trasformation and material accumulation,such as high altitude,cold climate few virus medium,sufficient illumination suitable temperature vary greatly in temperature between day and night,rich resource land,high soil Ulmin content,loose soil,good physics and chemistry character timely precipitation. Rain and heat are nearlly in the same reason.So the area is the best place for breeding the virus-free seed tuber and producing the non-environmental damage products.However,the main problems which restricts the local potato production are small scale base ,the quality of potato and serious degereration,the low general quality of the peasant in potato production base, the lag level of potato profourd process,the unconsummate system of market services structure,and the incomplete set of agricultural industrial production.
(2)The development of potato industry in the south of Ningxia should insist the strategic direction of the area development,the first tuber-seeding coming,the science and technology and industry advance,trying to advance layout regionalizing and to establish three big potato superiority production Xiji county,Yuanzhou region and Jingyuan county ;tryng to advance the improved variety of the tuber-seeding,strengthen the selective breeding of the high quality special-purpose potato varity,establish and perfect the quality-controlling system of tuber-seeding and to speed up the breeding and spreading step virus-free tuber-seeding,tring to advance the planting standardization,promote potato standardization planting technology and to promote potato production level comprehensively;tryng to advance the management industrial production,establish the potato production base and the cooperated specialized whole sale market,cultivate specialized cooperative organization,develop potato profound processing and to promote production and marketing engagement;trying to advance the internationalization,expand the export of the commodity potato positirely,develop the production of virus-free tuber-seeding, , quality control of tuber-seeding,potato production machinery and processing equipment and the aspect of international exchange and cooperations
(3)Promoting potato industry in the mountain area in the south of Ningxia should begin as follow:First,strengthening the base construction,expanding the base scale, planing reasonably,selecting suitable region of high altitude,fertile soil texture,establishing the seed growth base,using not-get-sick the seed tuber,realizing the standard planting,providing the high quality seed tuber for 6×104hm2the potato production base through the original stock,the first level kind stock,the second level kind of breeding;Second,selecting,breeding and renewing improved seed,adjusting and optimizing layout and structure of variety;Third,improving the farmer’s overall quality in the potato planting area,realizing the high level,the scale generation,the standardized production,makes the big industry and must implement the integrated control and raise the planting level.In addition,they should control processing industry resouries,promote the processing transformation ability comprehensively and establish the persistent and effective mechanism which impels this industry to develop with steady steps.depending upon processing industry’s profound leading function
宁南山区马铃薯常年种植面积约10.67×10~4hm~2,总产鲜薯180×10~4t。种植核心区原州区年种植2.67×10~4hm~2,占全区粮食作物播种面积的23.50%,总产鲜薯48×10~4t(折主粮9.60×10~4t),总产值9600×10~4元,占农作物总产量、总产值32.70%,人均马铃薯纯收入240元,占农民人均纯收入的17.80%,是农民增收的主要经济来源。然而,目前生产中存在马铃薯种薯混杂退化、品种结构不合理、专用品种缺乏、更新换代时间长、速度慢等问题,严重地制约了马铃薯生产、加工、产品升值和市场占有份额。本文在多年工作基础上,通过深入调研,对宁南山区脱毒马铃薯发展以及种薯繁育推广体系建设现状和问题进行进行了研究与探讨,得出如下主要结论:
(1)宁南山区总的气候特点是海拔高,气候冷凉,传毒媒介少,光照充足,温度适宜,昼夜温差大,土地资源丰富,土壤有机质含量高,土壤疏松,理化性状好,降水适时,雨热基本同季,与马铃薯生长发育规律相吻合,有利于马铃薯绿色体光合作用、营养转化和干物质积累,是繁育脱毒种薯和生产无公害产品的最佳区域。但是,制约当地马铃薯生产的主要问题是马铃薯原料基地建设规模小、质量低、效益差;马铃薯品种混杂、退化严重;马铃薯基地农户的综合素质低下;马铃薯精深加工水平落后,市场服务体系建设有待进一步完善,农业产业化体系不配套。
(2)宁南山区发展马铃薯产业要坚持区域发展、种薯先行、科技兴薯和产业推进的战略方向,着力推进布局区域化,建立以西吉县、原州区、泾源县三大马铃薯优势产区;着力推进种薯良种化,加强优质专用马铃薯品种选育,建立健全种薯质量控制体系,加快脱毒种薯繁育和推广步伐;着力推进种植标准化,大力推广马铃薯标准化种植技术,全面提升马铃薯生产水平;着力推进经营产业化,建立马铃薯生产基地和合作专业批发市场,培育专业合作组织,发展马铃薯精深加工,促进产销衔接;着力推进作国际化,积极扩大商品薯出口,开展脱毒种薯生产、种薯质量控制、马铃薯生产机械和加工设备等方面的国际交流与合作。
(3)促进宁南山区马铃薯产业应从如下着手:一是强化基地建设,扩大基地规模,合理规划,精选海拔高、土质肥沃的适宜区域,建立种子繁育基地,采用无病种薯,实现规范种植,通过原原种、原种、一级种、二级种的繁育,为6×10~4hm~2马铃薯生产基地提供优质种薯;二是选育、更新优良品种,调整优化品种布局结构;三是提高马铃薯种植区农民的综合素质,实现高水平、规模代、规范化的生产,做成大产业,必须实行综合防治,提高种植水平。此外,要整合加工企业资源,全面提升加工转化能力,依靠加工企业的强大拉动作用,建立推动这一产业稳步发展的长效机制。
The production of potato in the mountain area in the south of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region plays an important role in people’s life and local economy.It is the most important industry for people to become rich in Xihaihu and Ningxia.and is also called“life egg”and“the golden fruit”.The south area of Ningxia is the traditional productive area of potato.It belongs to the half arid and cold climate zone of Loess Highlands,Its precipitation is about 400mm in most areas yearly,and some areas are just 100mm to 200mm. Its prominent characteristic is certainly the altitude and the drought.During May and June,it has enough sunshine which is good for the potato growth.While the sunshine time becomes shorter gradually from July to September,which will be advantageous in the potato tuber growth.Therefore,it is significant that we do the research and the exploration about escaping the poisonous potato system construction to improve the local farmer’s income,and the agricultural efficiency and the mordern agriculture development.
The area of potato growth is approximately 160.700hm~2 and the total output is 180×10~4t every year in the mountain area in the south of Ningxia.Yuanzhou,the planting core area,plays the leading role in the planting among the whole area(about 23.50%),mainly reprerented by the planting area of 2.67×10~4hm~2 and the yield of 48×10~4t,and the total value 9600×10~4RMB,It accounts about 32.7% of the ultimate output and the value in the whole area, Farmers plant protato and earn 240RMB personally anually,which takes a total of 17.8% of the total income and it has become the main economic origin.However,There are many problems dampering the potato-processing,revaluation and market,such as potato seed promiscuous degereration,the unreasonable structure of varity,lacking of special-purpose varity,the long time of renewal and so on.The following is the conclusions of the research and dissussion about the virus-free potato development as well as the present situation of in Ningxia after we investigate and study thoroughly,and also do experiment several years.
(1)The characteristics of climate in south mountainous area of Ningxia are advantageous for the green body of potato having light for nutrition trasformation and material accumulation,such as high altitude,cold climate few virus medium,sufficient illumination suitable temperature vary greatly in temperature between day and night,rich resource land,high soil Ulmin content,loose soil,good physics and chemistry character timely precipitation. Rain and heat are nearlly in the same reason.So the area is the best place for breeding the virus-free seed tuber and producing the non-environmental damage products.However,the main problems which restricts the local potato production are small scale base ,the quality of potato and serious degereration,the low general quality of the peasant in potato production base, the lag level of potato profourd process,the unconsummate system of market services structure,and the incomplete set of agricultural industrial production.
(2)The development of potato industry in the south of Ningxia should insist the strategic direction of the area development,the first tuber-seeding coming,the science and technology and industry advance,trying to advance layout regionalizing and to establish three big potato superiority production Xiji county,Yuanzhou region and Jingyuan county ;tryng to advance the improved variety of the tuber-seeding,strengthen the selective breeding of the high quality special-purpose potato varity,establish and perfect the quality-controlling system of tuber-seeding and to speed up the breeding and spreading step virus-free tuber-seeding,tring to advance the planting standardization,promote potato standardization planting technology and to promote potato production level comprehensively;tryng to advance the management industrial production,establish the potato production base and the cooperated specialized whole sale market,cultivate specialized cooperative organization,develop potato profound processing and to promote production and marketing engagement;trying to advance the internationalization,expand the export of the commodity potato positirely,develop the production of virus-free tuber-seeding, , quality control of tuber-seeding,potato production machinery and processing equipment and the aspect of international exchange and cooperations
(3)Promoting potato industry in the mountain area in the south of Ningxia should begin as follow:First,strengthening the base construction,expanding the base scale, planing reasonably,selecting suitable region of high altitude,fertile soil texture,establishing the seed growth base,using not-get-sick the seed tuber,realizing the standard planting,providing the high quality seed tuber for 6×104hm2the potato production base through the original stock,the first level kind stock,the second level kind of breeding;Second,selecting,breeding and renewing improved seed,adjusting and optimizing layout and structure of variety;Third,improving the farmer’s overall quality in the potato planting area,realizing the high level,the scale generation,the standardized production,makes the big industry and must implement the integrated control and raise the planting level.In addition,they should control processing industry resouries,promote the processing transformation ability comprehensively and establish the persistent and effective mechanism which impels this industry to develop with steady steps.depending upon processing industry’s profound leading function
引文
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