远红外实时成像样机系统关键技术研究
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摘要
红外成像技术是一种把红外辐射波图像转换为可视图像的技术。它利用景物自身表面各部分热辐射的差异获取图像细节,因此是一种被动成像技术。红外成像对烟雾雨雪穿透性较强,能识别伪装和自然景物,不易受强光干扰,对人体无损伤,可进行远距离和全天候观察。
     红外热成像系统的研制涉及物理、材料、光学、电子学、计算机、机械、图像处理等多个领域,已在军事、工业、科学研究等广泛的领域发挥了重要的作用。尤其是近年发展的基于微测辐射热计焦平面阵列的非制冷红外热成像系统,具有重量轻、体积小、成本低、功耗低、动态范围大、可靠性好等独特优势,在诸多热成像检测领域更具应用前景。欧美一些国家对红外成像系统及其核心部件红外探测器的研究起步较早,其关键技术上一直领先于国内,包括红外探测器的研制,红外图像处理算法的研究,高性能处理电路系统的实现等方面。
     课题基于某国外产微测辐射热计焦平面阵列红外探测器,响应峰值波长为8-14μm。首先研究了其信号输出格式及噪声特性,设计和研制出一套远红外成像系统实验板,可采集到格式正确的原始红外图像并作为算法研究的基础;然后从非均匀性校正,灰度变换增强,插值放大三个方面进行了预处理和后处理算法研究和实验;进一步研究了红外焦平面阵列实时信号处理技术,开发了一套高性能的远红外实时成像电路处理系统,经调试验证取得了良好的效果。
     (1)在探究微测辐射热计红外焦平面阵列信号输出特性方面:
     根据输出的串行时钟和数据信号,设计和调试出一套小型化低功耗的成像电路系统,其驱动时序设计在板上CPLD内,可进行精度为比特级的调整,经大量实验,探究到了准确的红外视频驱动时序。通过编程实现了上位机控制实验板采集图像并上传,在上位机进行精度为像素级的调整,验证了探测器驱动时序的正确性。进一步对探测器输出原始红外图像噪声特性进行了分析。
     (2)在红外图像预处理和后处理算法研究方面:
     提出了一种基于S曲线模型的红外焦平面阵列非均匀性标定校正算法,考虑到标定类校正算法无法应对探测器漂移的情形,又提出了考虑焦平面阵列漂移特性的校正算法,实验证明这两种算法在大动态范围内均具有较高的校正精度。针对实验电路板采集的原始红外图像,还提出了一种基于噪声模型的帧间动态非均匀性噪声滤除算法,该算法具有自适应性,对高噪声率红外图像具有良好的校正效果,易于工程实现。
     通过对传统的空域红外图像增强算法进行研究对比,提出了一种基于直方图阈值自适应提取的灰度变换增强算法。该算法能较好地完成14bits原始红外图像到8bits图像的动态压缩,原始图像中像素数目较少而占用灰度级较多的大动态范围得到较好抑制,保留了细节。算法具有自适应性,运行速度较快。
     针对红外图像的特点,提出了一种改进的自适应边缘保持红外图像插值算法,经测试,该算法对红外图像行列均两倍插值放大具有较好的效果,但耗时较多。兼顾算法的有效性和实时性,还提出一种基于梯度的快速图像插值算法,便于应用到嵌入式系统中。
     (3)在红外实时成像电路处理系统研究方面:
     此前已研制出一套小型化低功耗长波红外成像系统,并验证了各模块驱动时序的正确性,在此基础上,经过系统方案论证比较,又开发出一套高性能长波远红外实时成像系统。该系统硬件实现上以高速大内存且具有双外部总线接口的DSP-TMS320C6416T为处理器,采用高速FIFO机制缓存待采集和显示的红外图像。软件编程上在数据传输过程中使用EDMA和QDMA,采用中断函数对不同类型的事务按预先设定的优先级进行处理。这些措施很大程度上降低了数据传输占用时间,保证了DSP分配给预处理和后处理算法的时间,因此易满足实时性。同时硬件电路的PCB设计中,器件选型多采用贴片的小封装设计,布局和布线经过精心设计,以使系统尽可能小型化。实验测试结果表明,对探测器输出的帧频为25fps,分辨率为320×240的红外图像可以实时并行地完成红外视频采集、处理和显示过程,最终实现640×480分辨率的数字视频输出和标准PAL制式模拟视频输出,并可保存视频数据到系统自带的存储器或通过并口上传到上位机。
The infrared imaging technique transforms the infrared radiation distributionsinto visual images. The image details are obtained passively by detecting the thermalradiation diversities on each superficial part of the scene. The infrared radiation canpenetrate smoke, distinguish the camouflages and be detected remotely and round theclock.
     Thermal imaging systems involve multiple subjects and have been widely appliedto military and civilian fields. The recently developed uncooled type based onmicrobolometer has more application prospects, as its unique advantages with highportability. Some developed countries have researched for a long time on thetechniques of the infrared imaging. They monopolize the key technologies, such asthe manufacture of core infrared detector, the image processing algorithms, the designof high-performance circuit system.
     This project is based on an imported microbolometer with response peakwavelength of8-14μm. First, its output signal format was explored by using anoscilloscope and developing an circuit board. Then, the pre-and post-processingalgorithms, including nonuniformity correction, grayscale transformationenhancement and interpolation enlargement, were researched and verified throughexperiments. Further, a high-performance far infrared imaging system was developed.
     (1) Regarding the output signal characteristics exploration:
     According to the serial output signals, a portable imaging system board wasdeveloped. The driving for the focal plane arrays was integrated into a CPLD, so thebit-level adjustment could be done. After a large quantity of experiments, the exactinfrared video driving was obtained. Then its noise characteristic was analysed.
     (2) Regarding the research on pre-processing and post-processing algorithms:
     A novel real-time nonuniformity correction solution for infrared focal planearrays based on S-curve model was proposed. To compensate the detector’s drift, acorrection algorithm of considering the drift of infrared focal plane arrays wasproposed. Experimental results prove both algorithms have high correction precisionin a large dynamic range. In allusion to the real scene images captured by the systemboard, a dynamic inter-frame nonuniformity noise filtering algorithm was alsopresented. The algorithm is especially suitable to the high-noise-ratio infrared images.
     A grayscale transformation algorithm based on histogram threshold adaptiveextraction was proposed. It can compress the dynamic grayscale of14bits original infrared image to8bits image to be displayed, suppress the large dynamic rangewhich includes little pixels occupying large quantity of grayscales and preserve thedetails. It is adaptive with low computation and applicable in engineering.
     By studying typical interpolation algorithms, an adaptive edge-preservinginterpolation algorithm for infrared image was improved. Experiments show that it iseffective for twice enlargement, but is time-consuming. Therefore, a fast imageinterpolation algorithm based on gradient was proposed, which is suitable toembedded system application.
     (3) Regarding the research on infrared imaging circuit system:
     Beforehand, an infrared imaging system with small size and low power wasdeveloped. Via system solutions comparison, a high-performance far infrared imagingsystem was developed. The hardware processor is TMS320C6416T, which has highspeed, large on chip RAM and double sets of EMIF. High speed FIFO mechanism offchip was adopted to buffer images. The software used interrupt function and the datatransfer employed EDMA techniques. These measures greatly decreased the datatransfer time and ensured processing time. The system was also designedmeticulously to minimize it. Experimental results show that, the system can capture,process and display the infrared image sequence in real time. The image is able tooutput standard PAL video at a frame rate of25Hz with a resolution of640×480.
引文
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