强激光对材料热损伤的有限元法研究
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摘要
通常，强激光分为高能量激光和高功率激光两种，高能量激光一般指连续激光和长脉冲激光，高功率激光指短脉冲激光和超短脉冲激光。强激光在工业和军事等方面有着非常重要的应用，但其中不可避免的要涉及到各类材料的激光损伤问题。应用于惯性约束核聚变等高功率激光系统中的光学元件，在高功率激光的强场效应作用下，在短时间内可遭到不同程度的损伤和破坏，轻者导致光束质量的降低而阻碍系统性能的正常发挥，重者导致激光系统无法进行工作。长期以来，激光对光学元件的破坏一直是限制激光向高功率、高能量发展的“颈瓶”；而应用于激光武器和激光加工中的高能量激光，可导致材料温度的升高，产生形变和应力，引起材料的热损伤破坏。因此，研究材料激光损伤的物理规律，不断提高其抗激光损伤能力，具有非常重要的应用意义。
研究激光对物质的损伤主要有实验方法、理论分析方法和数值计算方法，其中的数值计算方法又可以分为有限差分法和有限元法等。有限差分法具有简单高效和易于编程计算的特点；而有限元法则具有非常好的灵活性和非常强的处理复杂问题的能力。本论文中，我们主要运用有限元法，基于傅立叶热传导理论和经典的热弹性理论，建立了激光辐照材料的三维数值计算模型，计算了材料瞬态温度场和热应力场的分布，进而研究了材料的热熔融损伤和热应力损伤。本文的主要工作和结论如下：
1．回顾了国内外强激光对材料损伤的研究进展，从理论上论述了物质对激光的反射、吸收和转化的基本机制，简要描述了材料的激光损伤状态和损伤类型，介绍了几种不同的激光损伤机理，分析了影响材料损伤的各种因素。
2．运用有限元法对傅立叶热传导理论和经典热弹性理论进行了描述，建立了激光辐照材料的三维有限元数值计算模型。利用此模型，分别以K9玻璃、InSb和InSb光伏探测器为例，计算了激光辐照光学材料、半导体和光电探测器引起的温度场和热应力场分布，得出了材料的热熔融损伤阈值和热应力损伤阈值，分析了材料的激光损伤类型，并讨论了激光参数和材料性质对损伤阈值的影响。所得的结论与相关的实验结果吻合得较好。
本文中的有限元数值计算模型不仅可为激光对抗和激光加固提供理论参考，也可为激光加工效率和效果提供理论指导。
Intense laser is usually divided into high energy laser and high power laser. In general, high energy laser is continuous wave laser and long pulse width laser, high power laser is short pulse laser and ultra-short pulse laser. The intense laser has important application in modern industry and military and so on. But under laser irradiation, materials are inevitably induced damage by the intense laser. Optical components of the intense laser system irradiated by high power laser may be damaged by intense field in shot time during process of the ICF (inertial confinement fusion), this should induce the quality of laser beam become worse, and then the system optimization function is influenced. If optical components are more severely damaged, laser devices may don't operate. The laser induced damage of the optical components limits the development of high-power and high- energy lasers. Moreover high energy laser applied to laser weapon and laser processing may lead to the emergence of temperature rise and thermal deformation and thermal stress inside material. Thus might cause laser thermal damage of material. So it is of great importance to study the physical mechanism of material damage induced by laser and impr ove the damage threshold of material.
At present, the experimental method and the theoretical model analysis method and the numerical calculation analysis method are three main methods investigating the damage induced by laser. The numerical calculation analysis method mainly has the finite difference method and the finite element analysis method. The finite difference method is simple and high efficient and easy to program, whereas the finite element analysis method is more flexible and is able to deal with the more complicated problems. In this paper, based on the Fourier thermal conduction theory and the classical thermal-elastic theory, using finite element analysis method, the three-dimensional physical model of numerical calculation analysis method is established, the transient distributions of temperature and thermal stress in material are calculated, then the melting damage threshold and thermal stress damage threshold are obtained. Our central work and conclusions are obtained as follows:
1. The research development of damage induced by high laser is reviewed. It is briefly discussed that the basic mechanisms of target materials' absorption, reflection and conversion to the laser energy in theory. The states and styles of material damage induced by laser are briefly depicted. Some kind of different mechanisms of damage induced by laser are introduced. Different factors influencing laser-induced damage of material are analyzed.
2. The Fourier thermal conduction theory and the classical thermal-elastic theory are described using finite element analysis method. The three-dimensional numerical calculation model of finite element analysis method of material irradiated by laser is established. Appling this, model, respectively with K9 glass and Insb semiconductor and Insb (PV) photoelectric detector as example, the transient distributions of temperature and thermal stress in optical material and "semiconductor and photoelectric detector irradiated by laser are calculated, and the melting damage threshold and thermal stress damage threshold are gained. The types and mechanism of laser-induced damage are studied. The influence of laser parameter and material properties to damage threshold are discussed. The obtained qualitative conclusions match well with the correlative experiment. These indicate that the model in this paper is reasonable.
The numerical calculation model of finite element analysis method of material irradiated by laser presented in this paper may provide the theoretical reference to the laser counterwork and laser reinforcement and laser processing efficiency.
研究激光对物质的损伤主要有实验方法、理论分析方法和数值计算方法，其中的数值计算方法又可以分为有限差分法和有限元法等。有限差分法具有简单高效和易于编程计算的特点；而有限元法则具有非常好的灵活性和非常强的处理复杂问题的能力。本论文中，我们主要运用有限元法，基于傅立叶热传导理论和经典的热弹性理论，建立了激光辐照材料的三维数值计算模型，计算了材料瞬态温度场和热应力场的分布，进而研究了材料的热熔融损伤和热应力损伤。本文的主要工作和结论如下：
1．回顾了国内外强激光对材料损伤的研究进展，从理论上论述了物质对激光的反射、吸收和转化的基本机制，简要描述了材料的激光损伤状态和损伤类型，介绍了几种不同的激光损伤机理，分析了影响材料损伤的各种因素。
2．运用有限元法对傅立叶热传导理论和经典热弹性理论进行了描述，建立了激光辐照材料的三维有限元数值计算模型。利用此模型，分别以K9玻璃、InSb和InSb光伏探测器为例，计算了激光辐照光学材料、半导体和光电探测器引起的温度场和热应力场分布，得出了材料的热熔融损伤阈值和热应力损伤阈值，分析了材料的激光损伤类型，并讨论了激光参数和材料性质对损伤阈值的影响。所得的结论与相关的实验结果吻合得较好。
本文中的有限元数值计算模型不仅可为激光对抗和激光加固提供理论参考，也可为激光加工效率和效果提供理论指导。
Intense laser is usually divided into high energy laser and high power laser. In general, high energy laser is continuous wave laser and long pulse width laser, high power laser is short pulse laser and ultra-short pulse laser. The intense laser has important application in modern industry and military and so on. But under laser irradiation, materials are inevitably induced damage by the intense laser. Optical components of the intense laser system irradiated by high power laser may be damaged by intense field in shot time during process of the ICF (inertial confinement fusion), this should induce the quality of laser beam become worse, and then the system optimization function is influenced. If optical components are more severely damaged, laser devices may don't operate. The laser induced damage of the optical components limits the development of high-power and high- energy lasers. Moreover high energy laser applied to laser weapon and laser processing may lead to the emergence of temperature rise and thermal deformation and thermal stress inside material. Thus might cause laser thermal damage of material. So it is of great importance to study the physical mechanism of material damage induced by laser and impr ove the damage threshold of material.
At present, the experimental method and the theoretical model analysis method and the numerical calculation analysis method are three main methods investigating the damage induced by laser. The numerical calculation analysis method mainly has the finite difference method and the finite element analysis method. The finite difference method is simple and high efficient and easy to program, whereas the finite element analysis method is more flexible and is able to deal with the more complicated problems. In this paper, based on the Fourier thermal conduction theory and the classical thermal-elastic theory, using finite element analysis method, the three-dimensional physical model of numerical calculation analysis method is established, the transient distributions of temperature and thermal stress in material are calculated, then the melting damage threshold and thermal stress damage threshold are obtained. Our central work and conclusions are obtained as follows:
1. The research development of damage induced by high laser is reviewed. It is briefly discussed that the basic mechanisms of target materials' absorption, reflection and conversion to the laser energy in theory. The states and styles of material damage induced by laser are briefly depicted. Some kind of different mechanisms of damage induced by laser are introduced. Different factors influencing laser-induced damage of material are analyzed.
2. The Fourier thermal conduction theory and the classical thermal-elastic theory are described using finite element analysis method. The three-dimensional numerical calculation model of finite element analysis method of material irradiated by laser is established. Appling this, model, respectively with K9 glass and Insb semiconductor and Insb (PV) photoelectric detector as example, the transient distributions of temperature and thermal stress in optical material and "semiconductor and photoelectric detector irradiated by laser are calculated, and the melting damage threshold and thermal stress damage threshold are gained. The types and mechanism of laser-induced damage are studied. The influence of laser parameter and material properties to damage threshold are discussed. The obtained qualitative conclusions match well with the correlative experiment. These indicate that the model in this paper is reasonable.
The numerical calculation model of finite element analysis method of material irradiated by laser presented in this paper may provide the theoretical reference to the laser counterwork and laser reinforcement and laser processing efficiency.
引文
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