基于STK平台空间目标光散射特性仿真
摘要
本文研究了目标的激光和可见光谱散射特性,结合STK软件系统数值仿真了运动空间目标的可见光谱散射特性。以粗糙面电磁散射理论为基础,从可见光谱双向反射分布函数角度,测量分析了卫星包覆材料和太阳能板的反射率谱,计算了空间目标可见光谱散射强度,讨论了卫星表面的BRDF值与入射波长、表面材料特性的影响。测量了不同材料空间目标模型材料表面的光谱BRDF,数值计算了简单目标和组合目标的激光和可见光谱散射强度空间分布,分析了不同包覆材料对可见光谱散射强度和激光散射强度角分布。论文介绍了大型仿真软件STK系统,以场景生成技术为基础,阐述了数据可视化的实现过程。推导了空间目标的各个坐标系的转换矩阵公式以及欧拉角和四元数的转换矩阵,将空间运动目标轨道和姿态数据转换成了可以在STK软件当中应用的数据。将目标光散射软件模块嵌入到STK系统中,计算了不同观测点测算到的空间运动目标可见光谱散射强度,分析了不同包覆材料对于空间运动目标的光散射强度的影响,初步实现了基于STK平台下空间运动目标光散射特性的演示与仿真。
The laser and scattering characteristics of visible band from a target is investigated, and that of objects moving in space is simulated with the STK software system. Based on the theory of electromagnetic scattering from the rough surface, from the view of the bidirectional reflection distribution function(BRDF), with the measurement and analysis of the reflection index of the coating material of satellite and the material of the solar energy plate, the scattering intensity of visible band from a spatial space target is calculated, based on which the influence of the incidence wavelength and the characteristics of the surface material on the value of BRDF of the satellite surface. With the measurement of the BRDF of visible spectra of different material on a spatial target, the angular distribution of scattering intensity of laser and visible spectrum of targets, both simple and complex, are numerical calculated, and also the influence of characteristics of the different material on the angular distribution of scattering intensity is analyzed. With STK, the software of large scene rending, the procedure of the data visualization is implemented. The formulas of the transition matrix between different coordinate systems and the transition matrix of Euler angle and quaternion numbers are deduced. The data of the orbit and attitude of the spatial target are transited for the use in Skate software, module of spatial scattering by target is embedded into STK. Based on STK the scattering intensities of the spatial moving target in visible bands are calculated at different stations. The demonstration and simulation of spatial scattering characteristics by a moving target in space based on STK is implemented roughly.
The laser and scattering characteristics of visible band from a target is investigated, and that of objects moving in space is simulated with the STK software system. Based on the theory of electromagnetic scattering from the rough surface, from the view of the bidirectional reflection distribution function(BRDF), with the measurement and analysis of the reflection index of the coating material of satellite and the material of the solar energy plate, the scattering intensity of visible band from a spatial space target is calculated, based on which the influence of the incidence wavelength and the characteristics of the surface material on the value of BRDF of the satellite surface. With the measurement of the BRDF of visible spectra of different material on a spatial target, the angular distribution of scattering intensity of laser and visible spectrum of targets, both simple and complex, are numerical calculated, and also the influence of characteristics of the different material on the angular distribution of scattering intensity is analyzed. With STK, the software of large scene rending, the procedure of the data visualization is implemented. The formulas of the transition matrix between different coordinate systems and the transition matrix of Euler angle and quaternion numbers are deduced. The data of the orbit and attitude of the spatial target are transited for the use in Skate software, module of spatial scattering by target is embedded into STK. Based on STK the scattering intensities of the spatial moving target in visible bands are calculated at different stations. The demonstration and simulation of spatial scattering characteristics by a moving target in space based on STK is implemented roughly.
引文
[1]徐根兴等.目标和环境光学特性.宇航出版社,1995
[2]F. T. Ulaby, R.K. Moore,A. K. Fung. Microwave Remote Sensing, Vol. 2. Addison-Wesley,1982
[3]李颖,张占月,方秀花.空间目标监视系统发展现状及展望.www. chinaha. 126.com,2004,10
[4]Victor L. Gamiz, Don M.Payne, Ray C. Dymale, et al. Relocatable Array Interferometer:Imaging of Laser Illuminated Space Targets. Proc. SPIE,1995, Vol.2566:pp241-252
[5]杨华,凌永顺等.空间飞行器对背景辐射的反射特性.红外与激光工程2002,31(4)：pp326-328
[6]F. J. Riker. Overview of the space-based laser program. Proc. SPIE,2002, Vol. 4632:pp181-186
[7]施德恒,熊水英.激光半主动寻的制导导弹发展综述.红外技术,2000,22(5),pp.28-35
[8]王戎瑞.美国机载激光武器发展现状.激光与红外,1999,29(4),pp.196-198
[9]B. S. Walter. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Testimony to the Houst Armed Services Committee. 13, Oct,1999
[10]A.石丸着.随机介质中波的传播和散射,黄润恒等译,北京.科学出版社,1986,pp534-538
[11]李铁,阎炜,吴振森.双向反射分布函数模型参量的优化及计算.光学学报,2001,22(7),pp769—773
[12]吴振森.双向反射分布函数和应用.西安电子科技大学理学院
[13]戴永江,激光雷达原理,国防工业出版社,2002
[14]李道勇,地基观测低轨卫星可见光散射特性与影响因素,烟台大学硕士论文,2004
[151 Federation of American Scientists Homepage, http://www.fas.org.
[16]韩香娥,吴振森.金属基及涂层表面粗糙度的测量方法研究.应用光学,1996,17(1)：pp38-45
[17]吴振森,韩香娥,张向东等.不同表面激光对双向反射分布函数的试验研究,光学学报,1996,16(3)：pp263-268
[18]Takano, Y. and Jayaweera. K. Scattering Phase Matrix for Hexagonal Ice Crystals Computed from Ray Optics. Appl. Opt.24, pp3254-3263,1985
[19]西岭电脑工作室编.3DS MAX5实用教程.中国科学技术大学出版社
[20]林志远,戴国宪.反辐射导弹对抗诱饵系统方法研究
[21]王仲辉,将平,吴钦章.实时动态场景生成.2004,31(4)：pp32-34
[22]金瑜,陈建勋,赵红武,龙玉国.《分布式虚拟仿真场景生成方法研究及性能分析》.2005,22(8)：pp178-180
[23]胡之武.基于GIS电网运行数据可视化的方法与研究[硕士学位论文].浙江大学电器工程学院,2005
[24]杨颖,王琦编着.STK在计算机仿真中的应用.国防工业出版社
[25]Malcolm J Abzug. Computational Flight Dynamics. AIAA Education Series. AIAA Inc,1998
[26]李睿,曾德贤.STK用于网络环境下仿真的实现算法.航天控制,2005,(6)：pp23
[27]Louis V Schmidt. Introduction to Aircraft Fight Dynamics. AIAA Education Series. AIAA Inc.1997
[28]肖亚伦,金长江.大气扰动中的飞行原理.北京.国防工业出版社.1993
[29]杨维廉.天文学报.1978.19卷1期18页
[30]杨嘉樨,范剑峰等.航天器轨道动力学与控制.宇航出版社.1995
[31]任萱.人造地球卫星轨道力学.国防科技大学出版社.1988年
[32]张云彤.赤道同步卫星轨道倾角摄动.中国空间科学技术.1982年第一期
[33]肖亚伦.飞行器运动方程.北京.航空工业出版社.1987
[34]肖亚伦.航天器飞行动力学原理.北京.宇航出版社.1995
[35]M J Abzug, E E Larrabee. Airplane Stability and Control. Cambridge University Press(a history of the technologies that made aviation possible).1997
[36]P H Zipfel. Modeling and Simulation of Aerospace Vehicle Dynamics. AIAA Education series. AIAA,2000
[37]关世义.计算飞行力学的产生和发展.航空学报,第22卷.2001年第一期
[38]Minden, M.L, Hughes Res. A range-resolved Doppler imaging sensor based on fiber lasers. Labs. Inc. Malibu, CA, USA. Aug.1997
[39]Youmans D G. Cylindrical target Doppler and Doppler-spread feature estimation using coherent mode-locked pulse laser radars with long observation times.2001
[40]白鹤林,吴瑞林.战术弹道导弹弹道的构造方法[J].现代防御技术.1998,26(1)：pp39-43
[41]张飞飞.基于STK的弹道导弹喷焰可视化及场景研究,硕士毕业论文
[42]付伟.高技术战争中的航天、航空侦察与反侦察.现代防御技术.2000,28(4)：pp22—26
[43]B Etkin John Wiley & Sons. Dynamics of Atmospheric Flight.1972
[44]B Etkin, L D Reid, Wiley. Dynamics of Fight—Stability and Control.3rd ed.1996
[45]M V Cook. Ward Arnold. Flight Dynamics Principles.1997
[46]B W McCormick. Aerodynamics, Aeronautics and Flight Mechanics.2nd ed. Wiley,1995
[47]J D Anderson. Aircraft performance and Design. McGraw Hill.1999
[48]V A Chobotov. Orbital Mechanics.2nd ed.AIAA Education Series. AIAA Inc.1996
[49]杨贤荣等.辐射换热角系数手册.国防工业出版社,1982
[50]肖亚伦.航空航天器运动的建模——飞行动力学的理论基础.北京航空航天大学
[51]列凡托夫斯基.宇宙飞行动力学基础,凌福根等译.国防工业出版社,1979
[52]贾沛然,沈为异.弹道导弹弹道学[M].长沙.防科技大学出版社,1987
[53]National Intelligence Council, National Intelligence Estimate (NIE). Foreign Missile Development and the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States Through 2015. Unclassified Summary. Sept,1999
[54]陈载璋等.天文学导论上册.科学出版社,1983年.pp176—181, pp191—220, pp269, pp276—306
[55]林志远,戴国宪.反辐射导弹对抗诱饵系统方法研究.弹箭与制导学报.2003,02
[56]孟敏,王学才.激光雷达.国防科技大学
[57]Wiesel. W.E., Spaceflight Dynamics, M.Graw Hill,Inc.1989
[58]Wertz, I.R.,Larson, W.J. Space Mission Analysis and Design, Kluwer Academic Publishers.1991
[59]李正.美国机载激光武器研究动向.国外兵器科技动态
[60]James C. West and J. Michael Sturm. On Iterative Approaches for Electromagnetic Rough-Surface Scattering Problems
[61]汪朝群.红外诱饵对红外制导导弹的干扰特性及仿真.红外与激光工程.2001,4期.30卷
[62]徐根兴等.目标和环境光学特性.宇航出版社.1995
[63]任萱.人造地球卫星轨道力学.国防科技大学出版社.1988年
[64]白鹤林,吴瑞林.战术弹道导弹弹道的构造方法[J].现代防御技术.1998,26(1)：pp39-43
[65]Rastislav Telgarsky,Michael C. Cates. High Fidelity Ladar Simulation
[66]Jean-Luc Boiffier, John Wiley& Sons. The Dynamics of Flight.2000
[67]B L Stevens, F L Lewis. Aircraft Control and Simulation. Wiley,1992
[68]甘国强主编.导航与定位.北京.国防工业出版社.2000
[69]王戎瑞.美国机载激光武器发展现状.,激光与红外,1999,29(4)：pp196-198
[70]闻新,杨嘉伟.军用卫星的发展趋势分析.现代防御技术,2002,30(4)：pp7-12
[71]石卫平.2002年度侦察卫星技术发展综述.航天国际动态与研究.2003年第四期
[72]袁俊.美国激光反卫星武器发展浅析.中国航天.2002年第八期
[73]薛具奎.人造地球卫星轨道及位置的预报.西北师范大学学报,1994,30(3)：pp86-90
[74]蒋虎,黄珹.针对实际气象需要的地球低轨道卫星的轨道计算.云南天文台台刊,2001,(2)：pp31-34
[75]RaupR.bayesi an Characterization and detection of Rare Binary Signature events.AD-A221116,1990
[76]黄培康.反导系统中的目标识别战术.战略防御,1981(5)：pp1—14
[77]张艳群.空间运动目标可见光谱散射特性研究.西安电子科技大学,2005年1月
[78]徐传刚,宋利权.红外复杂场景仿真系统的设计与实现.红外与激光工程.2005,34(2)：pp241—243
[2]F. T. Ulaby, R.K. Moore,A. K. Fung. Microwave Remote Sensing, Vol. 2. Addison-Wesley,1982
[3]李颖,张占月,方秀花.空间目标监视系统发展现状及展望.www. chinaha. 126.com,2004,10
[4]Victor L. Gamiz, Don M.Payne, Ray C. Dymale, et al. Relocatable Array Interferometer:Imaging of Laser Illuminated Space Targets. Proc. SPIE,1995, Vol.2566:pp241-252
[5]杨华,凌永顺等.空间飞行器对背景辐射的反射特性.红外与激光工程2002,31(4)：pp326-328
[6]F. J. Riker. Overview of the space-based laser program. Proc. SPIE,2002, Vol. 4632:pp181-186
[7]施德恒,熊水英.激光半主动寻的制导导弹发展综述.红外技术,2000,22(5),pp.28-35
[8]王戎瑞.美国机载激光武器发展现状.激光与红外,1999,29(4),pp.196-198
[9]B. S. Walter. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy, Testimony to the Houst Armed Services Committee. 13, Oct,1999
[10]A.石丸着.随机介质中波的传播和散射,黄润恒等译,北京.科学出版社,1986,pp534-538
[11]李铁,阎炜,吴振森.双向反射分布函数模型参量的优化及计算.光学学报,2001,22(7),pp769—773
[12]吴振森.双向反射分布函数和应用.西安电子科技大学理学院
[13]戴永江,激光雷达原理,国防工业出版社,2002
[14]李道勇,地基观测低轨卫星可见光散射特性与影响因素,烟台大学硕士论文,2004
[151 Federation of American Scientists Homepage, http://www.fas.org.
[16]韩香娥,吴振森.金属基及涂层表面粗糙度的测量方法研究.应用光学,1996,17(1)：pp38-45
[17]吴振森,韩香娥,张向东等.不同表面激光对双向反射分布函数的试验研究,光学学报,1996,16(3)：pp263-268
[18]Takano, Y. and Jayaweera. K. Scattering Phase Matrix for Hexagonal Ice Crystals Computed from Ray Optics. Appl. Opt.24, pp3254-3263,1985
[19]西岭电脑工作室编.3DS MAX5实用教程.中国科学技术大学出版社
[20]林志远,戴国宪.反辐射导弹对抗诱饵系统方法研究
[21]王仲辉,将平,吴钦章.实时动态场景生成.2004,31(4)：pp32-34
[22]金瑜,陈建勋,赵红武,龙玉国.《分布式虚拟仿真场景生成方法研究及性能分析》.2005,22(8)：pp178-180
[23]胡之武.基于GIS电网运行数据可视化的方法与研究[硕士学位论文].浙江大学电器工程学院,2005
[24]杨颖,王琦编着.STK在计算机仿真中的应用.国防工业出版社
[25]Malcolm J Abzug. Computational Flight Dynamics. AIAA Education Series. AIAA Inc,1998
[26]李睿,曾德贤.STK用于网络环境下仿真的实现算法.航天控制,2005,(6)：pp23
[27]Louis V Schmidt. Introduction to Aircraft Fight Dynamics. AIAA Education Series. AIAA Inc.1997
[28]肖亚伦,金长江.大气扰动中的飞行原理.北京.国防工业出版社.1993
[29]杨维廉.天文学报.1978.19卷1期18页
[30]杨嘉樨,范剑峰等.航天器轨道动力学与控制.宇航出版社.1995
[31]任萱.人造地球卫星轨道力学.国防科技大学出版社.1988年
[32]张云彤.赤道同步卫星轨道倾角摄动.中国空间科学技术.1982年第一期
[33]肖亚伦.飞行器运动方程.北京.航空工业出版社.1987
[34]肖亚伦.航天器飞行动力学原理.北京.宇航出版社.1995
[35]M J Abzug, E E Larrabee. Airplane Stability and Control. Cambridge University Press(a history of the technologies that made aviation possible).1997
[36]P H Zipfel. Modeling and Simulation of Aerospace Vehicle Dynamics. AIAA Education series. AIAA,2000
[37]关世义.计算飞行力学的产生和发展.航空学报,第22卷.2001年第一期
[38]Minden, M.L, Hughes Res. A range-resolved Doppler imaging sensor based on fiber lasers. Labs. Inc. Malibu, CA, USA. Aug.1997
[39]Youmans D G. Cylindrical target Doppler and Doppler-spread feature estimation using coherent mode-locked pulse laser radars with long observation times.2001
[40]白鹤林,吴瑞林.战术弹道导弹弹道的构造方法[J].现代防御技术.1998,26(1)：pp39-43
[41]张飞飞.基于STK的弹道导弹喷焰可视化及场景研究,硕士毕业论文
[42]付伟.高技术战争中的航天、航空侦察与反侦察.现代防御技术.2000,28(4)：pp22—26
[43]B Etkin John Wiley & Sons. Dynamics of Atmospheric Flight.1972
[44]B Etkin, L D Reid, Wiley. Dynamics of Fight—Stability and Control.3rd ed.1996
[45]M V Cook. Ward Arnold. Flight Dynamics Principles.1997
[46]B W McCormick. Aerodynamics, Aeronautics and Flight Mechanics.2nd ed. Wiley,1995
[47]J D Anderson. Aircraft performance and Design. McGraw Hill.1999
[48]V A Chobotov. Orbital Mechanics.2nd ed.AIAA Education Series. AIAA Inc.1996
[49]杨贤荣等.辐射换热角系数手册.国防工业出版社,1982
[50]肖亚伦.航空航天器运动的建模——飞行动力学的理论基础.北京航空航天大学
[51]列凡托夫斯基.宇宙飞行动力学基础,凌福根等译.国防工业出版社,1979
[52]贾沛然,沈为异.弹道导弹弹道学[M].长沙.防科技大学出版社,1987
[53]National Intelligence Council, National Intelligence Estimate (NIE). Foreign Missile Development and the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States Through 2015. Unclassified Summary. Sept,1999
[54]陈载璋等.天文学导论上册.科学出版社,1983年.pp176—181, pp191—220, pp269, pp276—306
[55]林志远,戴国宪.反辐射导弹对抗诱饵系统方法研究.弹箭与制导学报.2003,02
[56]孟敏,王学才.激光雷达.国防科技大学
[57]Wiesel. W.E., Spaceflight Dynamics, M.Graw Hill,Inc.1989
[58]Wertz, I.R.,Larson, W.J. Space Mission Analysis and Design, Kluwer Academic Publishers.1991
[59]李正.美国机载激光武器研究动向.国外兵器科技动态
[60]James C. West and J. Michael Sturm. On Iterative Approaches for Electromagnetic Rough-Surface Scattering Problems
[61]汪朝群.红外诱饵对红外制导导弹的干扰特性及仿真.红外与激光工程.2001,4期.30卷
[62]徐根兴等.目标和环境光学特性.宇航出版社.1995
[63]任萱.人造地球卫星轨道力学.国防科技大学出版社.1988年
[64]白鹤林,吴瑞林.战术弹道导弹弹道的构造方法[J].现代防御技术.1998,26(1)：pp39-43
[65]Rastislav Telgarsky,Michael C. Cates. High Fidelity Ladar Simulation
[66]Jean-Luc Boiffier, John Wiley& Sons. The Dynamics of Flight.2000
[67]B L Stevens, F L Lewis. Aircraft Control and Simulation. Wiley,1992
[68]甘国强主编.导航与定位.北京.国防工业出版社.2000
[69]王戎瑞.美国机载激光武器发展现状.,激光与红外,1999,29(4)：pp196-198
[70]闻新,杨嘉伟.军用卫星的发展趋势分析.现代防御技术,2002,30(4)：pp7-12
[71]石卫平.2002年度侦察卫星技术发展综述.航天国际动态与研究.2003年第四期
[72]袁俊.美国激光反卫星武器发展浅析.中国航天.2002年第八期
[73]薛具奎.人造地球卫星轨道及位置的预报.西北师范大学学报,1994,30(3)：pp86-90
[74]蒋虎,黄珹.针对实际气象需要的地球低轨道卫星的轨道计算.云南天文台台刊,2001,(2)：pp31-34
[75]RaupR.bayesi an Characterization and detection of Rare Binary Signature events.AD-A221116,1990
[76]黄培康.反导系统中的目标识别战术.战略防御,1981(5)：pp1—14
[77]张艳群.空间运动目标可见光谱散射特性研究.西安电子科技大学,2005年1月
[78]徐传刚,宋利权.红外复杂场景仿真系统的设计与实现.红外与激光工程.2005,34(2)：pp241—243