基于光声光谱理论的变压器DGA技术的研究
摘要
DGA技术是目前对充油电力设备进行常规监测的重要手段。本文在综述现行各种变压器DGA技术的主要优缺点的基础上,分析了将气体光声光谱检测技术应用于变压器DGA系统的优势,并介绍了光声光谱技术的历史背景,发展现状以及光声光谱技术的特点。
本文从分子结构和分子光谱理论入手,论述了光声光谱气体浓度检测原理,包括光的吸收、热功率密度源的产生、光声信号的激发。建立了光声信号与光源强度、气体分子浓度关系的对应关系,推导气体浓度与传声器输出电信号的对应关系,为光声光谱气体浓度检测方法应用于变压器DGA系统提供了理论基础。
基于光声光谱气体浓度检测理论,本文建立了变压器DGA系统的理论模型。分析了六种故障气体的红外吸收谱线,讨论了故障气体的谱线交叉时为避免干扰所选择的检测波长,得到系统光源的工作波长范围;在对比非共振式光声池与共振式光声池的优缺点基础上,设计了一种适用于变压器DGA系统的非共振式的小体积光声池。
本文通过对微弱信号检测理论以及噪声抑制的相关方法的研究,利用互相关检测技术设计锁相放大电路,以代替锁相放大仪实现传声器输出信号的检测及处理。设计电路采用模拟乘法器实现相敏检波的功能,并通过有源积分电路与低通滤波器的联用以减小输出信号的波动,仿真结果表明该电路能实现较高的信噪比。
最后对设计系统进行了气体浓度检测的实验,实验数据验证了设计系统的部分可行性,并拟合出检测系统的响应曲线。
DGA is important means of transformer maintenance. As summarizing advantages and disadvantages of current methods used in DGA system, this thesis analyzed main advantage of photoacoustic spectroscopy applied in DGA. Meanwhile, the paper introduces the historical developments of photoacoustic spectroscopy, the new achievements in recent years, and the main points of the technology.
Based on the molecule’s structure and the molecule’s spectrum and infrared spectrum structure of fault gases, the theory of gas detection using photoacoustic effect is discussed, which included the equation of photons absorption, the generation of acoustic energy, prompting of acoustic wave, and the detection of acoustic wave. The relationship between gas concentration and voltage output of microphone is deduced. All this become the foundation of the design of transformer DGA system.
A model of DGA system is constructed based on photoacoustic spectroscopy. The movement form and absorption spectrum of six kinds of fault gases molecule is analyzed in this paper in order to confirm work wavelength of the system, and then the lamp-house used in this system is confirmed. Aiming high sensitivity at fault gas detection requirement, after comparing advantages and disadvantages of non-resonant cell with resonant cell, a small volume, non-reasonable cell was constructed, which is adapt to transformer DGA system.
After studying on the theory of weak signal detection and noise restraint methods, a lock-in amplify detecting circuit was designed, which utilized cross-correlation technology. The whole circuit contains analog multiplier which realized phase signal detection function, both integral and low pass filter are used to reduce fluctuation of signal. The simulation result shows this circuit can realize high SNIR.
An experimental system was established at last. The experiment data proved the partial feasibility of DGA system, and the response curve was fit.
本文从分子结构和分子光谱理论入手,论述了光声光谱气体浓度检测原理,包括光的吸收、热功率密度源的产生、光声信号的激发。建立了光声信号与光源强度、气体分子浓度关系的对应关系,推导气体浓度与传声器输出电信号的对应关系,为光声光谱气体浓度检测方法应用于变压器DGA系统提供了理论基础。
基于光声光谱气体浓度检测理论,本文建立了变压器DGA系统的理论模型。分析了六种故障气体的红外吸收谱线,讨论了故障气体的谱线交叉时为避免干扰所选择的检测波长,得到系统光源的工作波长范围;在对比非共振式光声池与共振式光声池的优缺点基础上,设计了一种适用于变压器DGA系统的非共振式的小体积光声池。
本文通过对微弱信号检测理论以及噪声抑制的相关方法的研究,利用互相关检测技术设计锁相放大电路,以代替锁相放大仪实现传声器输出信号的检测及处理。设计电路采用模拟乘法器实现相敏检波的功能,并通过有源积分电路与低通滤波器的联用以减小输出信号的波动,仿真结果表明该电路能实现较高的信噪比。
最后对设计系统进行了气体浓度检测的实验,实验数据验证了设计系统的部分可行性,并拟合出检测系统的响应曲线。
DGA is important means of transformer maintenance. As summarizing advantages and disadvantages of current methods used in DGA system, this thesis analyzed main advantage of photoacoustic spectroscopy applied in DGA. Meanwhile, the paper introduces the historical developments of photoacoustic spectroscopy, the new achievements in recent years, and the main points of the technology.
Based on the molecule’s structure and the molecule’s spectrum and infrared spectrum structure of fault gases, the theory of gas detection using photoacoustic effect is discussed, which included the equation of photons absorption, the generation of acoustic energy, prompting of acoustic wave, and the detection of acoustic wave. The relationship between gas concentration and voltage output of microphone is deduced. All this become the foundation of the design of transformer DGA system.
A model of DGA system is constructed based on photoacoustic spectroscopy. The movement form and absorption spectrum of six kinds of fault gases molecule is analyzed in this paper in order to confirm work wavelength of the system, and then the lamp-house used in this system is confirmed. Aiming high sensitivity at fault gas detection requirement, after comparing advantages and disadvantages of non-resonant cell with resonant cell, a small volume, non-reasonable cell was constructed, which is adapt to transformer DGA system.
After studying on the theory of weak signal detection and noise restraint methods, a lock-in amplify detecting circuit was designed, which utilized cross-correlation technology. The whole circuit contains analog multiplier which realized phase signal detection function, both integral and low pass filter are used to reduce fluctuation of signal. The simulation result shows this circuit can realize high SNIR.
An experimental system was established at last. The experiment data proved the partial feasibility of DGA system, and the response curve was fit.
引文
1赵家礼,张庆达.变压器故障诊断及修理.机械工业出版社, 1998:3~21
2陈维荣,宋永华,孙锦鑫.电力系统设备状态监测的概念及现状.电网技术. 2000, (11):12~17
3贾瑞君.关于变压器油中溶解气体在线监测的综述.电网技术. 1998, (5):5~7
4张冠军,钱政,严璋. DGA技术在电力变压器绝缘故障诊断中的应用与进展.变压器. 1999,(1): 23~26
5贺力勤.输变线路在线DGA安全监测技术.安全与环境学报. 2001, (4): 37~41
6电力工业部科学技术委员会.用气相色谱法检测充油电器设备内部故障的实验导则.电力工业出版社, 1980: 7~10
7李华,严璋.油浸电力变压器的状态检测及状态.电力设备. 2003, (10):36~40
8 Yin Liming, Guo Yongji. The Fault Diagnosis Technique of Oil Immersed Electric Power Equipment Based on Dissolved Gas Analysis. Anniversary Paper Assembly of the 4th Reliability Academic of China Electric Engineering Technique. 1990:147~155
9 Gao Shengyou. The Study on Techniques for on-site Detection of Oil-dissolved Gases. Master Dissertation in Tsinghua University. 1998:4~10
10刘先勇.用傅里叶红外构造变压器油中溶解气体在线监测仪.北京理工大学博士论文. 2002:21~23
11曾海.采用光声光谱技术与气相色谱技术进行变压器油中溶解气体检测的分析比较.技术改进与创新. 2005, (6):21~23
12刘先勇,周方洁,胡劲松.光声光谱在油中气体分析中的应用前景.变压器. 2004, (7):30~33
13刘成刚,许维宗.绝缘油溶解气体及微水分析中的便携式光声光谱仪. 2005, (6):49~51
14张川,王辅.光声光谱技术在变压器油气分析中的应用.新仪器新设备. 2005, (2):84~88
15刘先勇,周方洁.用傅里叶红外变换实现在线溶解气体分析的研究.变压器. 2002, (6)14~16
16 M. L. Viengerov. Eine methode der gasanalyse, Beruhen auf der optisch-Akustischen Tyndall-Rontgenerscheinung. Dokl.Akad.Nauk. SSSR. 1938, (19):687~688
17 K. F. Luft. Uber eine neue methode der Registrierenden Gasanalyse mit Hilfe de Absorption Ultraroter Strahlen ohne Spectrale Zerlegung. Z. Tech.Phys. 1943, (5):97~104
18 A. C. Tam, San Jose. Applications of Photo-acoustic Sensing Techniques. Reviews of Modern Physics. 1986, 86(2):381~426
19 E. L. Kerr, J .G. Atwood. The Laser Illuminated Absorptive Spectrophone: a Method for Measurement of Weak Absorptive in Gases at Laser Wavelengths. Appl. Opt. 1968, (7):915~921
20 L. B. Kreuzer. Ultra-low Gas Concentration Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 1971, (42):2934~2943
21 T. Fink, S. Buescber, R. Gaebler. An Improved C02 Laser Intracavity Photoacoustic Spectrometer for Trace Gas Analysis. Rev. Sci. Instrum.1998, 61(11):4000~4004
22 V. P. Zhsrov, V. S. Letokhov. Laser Optoacustic Spectroscopy Springer Series in Optical Sciences. Appl. Phys. B. 1986, (5):37~39
23 R. A. Rooth, A. J. L. Verhage, L. W. Wouters. Photoacoustic Measurement of Ammonia in the Atmosphere. Influence of Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide, Appl. Opt, 1990, (29):3643~-3653
24 F. J. M. Harren, J. Reuss, L .J. Woltering. Photoacoustic Measurements of Agriculturally Interesting Gases and Detection of C2H4 below the PPB Level. Applied Spectroscopy, 1990, 44(8):1360~1368.
25 F. J. M. Harren, F. G.. C. Bijnen. Sensitive Intracavity Photoacoustic Measurements with a CO2 Waveguide Laser. Appl. Phys. B. 1990, (50):137~144
26 F. G. C. Bijnen, J. Reuss, F. J. M. Harren. Geometrical Optimization of a Longitudinal Resonant Photoacoustic Cell for Sensitive and Fast Trace Gas Detection. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1996, 67(8):2914~2923
27 M. A. Gondal. Laser Photoacoustic Spectrometer for Remote Monitoring of Atmospheric pollutants. Applied Optics, 1997, 36(15):3195~3201
28 A. Thorny, M. W. Sigrist. New Developments in CO2-laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Water-vapor continuum and line absorption in the 8 to 14μm Atmospheric Windows. Infrared Phys. 1987, (2):63-~72
29于清旭,李少成.微机控制的高灵敏度光声光谱仪研究.中国激光. 2001, (5):451~454
30 P. W. Nebiker, R.E. Pleisch. Photoacoustic Gas Detection for Fire warning. Fire Safety Journal. 2002, (37):429~436
31 F. K. Mann, K. Schneider. Photoacoustic Trace-gas Detection using a CW Single Frequency Parametric Oscillator. Applied Physics B. 1998, (66):741~745
32 C. Fischer, Q. Yu, M. Seiter, M. W. Sigris. Photoacoustic Monitoring of Trace Gases using a Diode-Based Difference Frequency Laser Source. Optical Letters. 2001, (26):1609~1611
33 S. Schilt, L. Thevenaz. Ethylene Spectroscopy using a Quasi.Room-temperature Quantum Cascade Laser. Spectrochimica Acta Part A. 2002, (58):2533~2539
34陈文斌,钱雄,施柏煊.光声光谱法对混合气体的高灵敏度检测.浙江大学学报. 1987, (3):91~101
35徐海峰,郭颖,李奇峰,戴静华,刘世林,马兴孝.工作于可见和紫外波段的脉冲激光光声装置.化学物理学报. 2003, 16(1):8~10
36赵元黎,袁斌,宁继英.应用光声效应检测粉煤灰中碳含量仪器的研究.仪表技术与传感器. 2002, (2):16~19
37陈涛,苏国锋,疏学明.基于光声技术的火灾气体探测系统设计.中国工程科学. 2004, (7):62~64
38殷庆瑞,王通,钱梦路.光声光热技术及其应用.科学出版社, 1999:46~59
39 <<光谱学与光谱分析>>编委会.光谱学与光谱分析.北京大学出版社, 1998:56~59
40田庆国.基于光声光谱法的SO2气体浓度光纤传感器研究.燕山大学硕士论文. 2004:8~13
41王成斌.基于CO2激光器的光声光谱仪及其生物学应用研究.大连理工大学硕士论文. 2000:18~23
42施德恒,刘新建,许启富.利用红外光谱吸收原理的CO浓度测量装置研究.光学技术. 2001, (1):91~94
43张明荣,刘发友,王德龙.简易红外定硫仪的研制与应用.山东冶金. 2005, (6):1~4
44翟成瑞,谭秋林,马游春. MEMS红外瓦斯传感器检测系统的设计.科技论坛. 2006, (2):32~35
45王建业,纪新明,吴飞蝶. MEMS光声气体传感器的光声腔的研究.传感器与微系统. 2006, (2):86~90
46乔海东,田静,徐联.一种以多晶硅为振动膜的MEMS传声器研制.中国机械工程. 2005, (7):1243~1244
47张鸿升.驻极体电容传声器专用管及噪声.微电子技术. 2001, (12):18~20
48职亚楠.利用光声效应的粉煤灰中未燃烧碳的含量的检测仪器的研制.郑州大学硕士论文. 2004:36~37
49刘俊,张斌珍.微弱信号检测技术.电子工业出版社. 2005:27~50
50刘日龙,冯志华.互相关检测技术及其电路实现.自动化与仪器仪表. 2005, (4):38~39
51李文彦,李洪卫.基于锁相放大技术光纤气敏计的研究与开发.测量与设备. 2005, (7):19~21
2陈维荣,宋永华,孙锦鑫.电力系统设备状态监测的概念及现状.电网技术. 2000, (11):12~17
3贾瑞君.关于变压器油中溶解气体在线监测的综述.电网技术. 1998, (5):5~7
4张冠军,钱政,严璋. DGA技术在电力变压器绝缘故障诊断中的应用与进展.变压器. 1999,(1): 23~26
5贺力勤.输变线路在线DGA安全监测技术.安全与环境学报. 2001, (4): 37~41
6电力工业部科学技术委员会.用气相色谱法检测充油电器设备内部故障的实验导则.电力工业出版社, 1980: 7~10
7李华,严璋.油浸电力变压器的状态检测及状态.电力设备. 2003, (10):36~40
8 Yin Liming, Guo Yongji. The Fault Diagnosis Technique of Oil Immersed Electric Power Equipment Based on Dissolved Gas Analysis. Anniversary Paper Assembly of the 4th Reliability Academic of China Electric Engineering Technique. 1990:147~155
9 Gao Shengyou. The Study on Techniques for on-site Detection of Oil-dissolved Gases. Master Dissertation in Tsinghua University. 1998:4~10
10刘先勇.用傅里叶红外构造变压器油中溶解气体在线监测仪.北京理工大学博士论文. 2002:21~23
11曾海.采用光声光谱技术与气相色谱技术进行变压器油中溶解气体检测的分析比较.技术改进与创新. 2005, (6):21~23
12刘先勇,周方洁,胡劲松.光声光谱在油中气体分析中的应用前景.变压器. 2004, (7):30~33
13刘成刚,许维宗.绝缘油溶解气体及微水分析中的便携式光声光谱仪. 2005, (6):49~51
14张川,王辅.光声光谱技术在变压器油气分析中的应用.新仪器新设备. 2005, (2):84~88
15刘先勇,周方洁.用傅里叶红外变换实现在线溶解气体分析的研究.变压器. 2002, (6)14~16
16 M. L. Viengerov. Eine methode der gasanalyse, Beruhen auf der optisch-Akustischen Tyndall-Rontgenerscheinung. Dokl.Akad.Nauk. SSSR. 1938, (19):687~688
17 K. F. Luft. Uber eine neue methode der Registrierenden Gasanalyse mit Hilfe de Absorption Ultraroter Strahlen ohne Spectrale Zerlegung. Z. Tech.Phys. 1943, (5):97~104
18 A. C. Tam, San Jose. Applications of Photo-acoustic Sensing Techniques. Reviews of Modern Physics. 1986, 86(2):381~426
19 E. L. Kerr, J .G. Atwood. The Laser Illuminated Absorptive Spectrophone: a Method for Measurement of Weak Absorptive in Gases at Laser Wavelengths. Appl. Opt. 1968, (7):915~921
20 L. B. Kreuzer. Ultra-low Gas Concentration Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 1971, (42):2934~2943
21 T. Fink, S. Buescber, R. Gaebler. An Improved C02 Laser Intracavity Photoacoustic Spectrometer for Trace Gas Analysis. Rev. Sci. Instrum.1998, 61(11):4000~4004
22 V. P. Zhsrov, V. S. Letokhov. Laser Optoacustic Spectroscopy Springer Series in Optical Sciences. Appl. Phys. B. 1986, (5):37~39
23 R. A. Rooth, A. J. L. Verhage, L. W. Wouters. Photoacoustic Measurement of Ammonia in the Atmosphere. Influence of Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide, Appl. Opt, 1990, (29):3643~-3653
24 F. J. M. Harren, J. Reuss, L .J. Woltering. Photoacoustic Measurements of Agriculturally Interesting Gases and Detection of C2H4 below the PPB Level. Applied Spectroscopy, 1990, 44(8):1360~1368.
25 F. J. M. Harren, F. G.. C. Bijnen. Sensitive Intracavity Photoacoustic Measurements with a CO2 Waveguide Laser. Appl. Phys. B. 1990, (50):137~144
26 F. G. C. Bijnen, J. Reuss, F. J. M. Harren. Geometrical Optimization of a Longitudinal Resonant Photoacoustic Cell for Sensitive and Fast Trace Gas Detection. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1996, 67(8):2914~2923
27 M. A. Gondal. Laser Photoacoustic Spectrometer for Remote Monitoring of Atmospheric pollutants. Applied Optics, 1997, 36(15):3195~3201
28 A. Thorny, M. W. Sigrist. New Developments in CO2-laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Water-vapor continuum and line absorption in the 8 to 14μm Atmospheric Windows. Infrared Phys. 1987, (2):63-~72
29于清旭,李少成.微机控制的高灵敏度光声光谱仪研究.中国激光. 2001, (5):451~454
30 P. W. Nebiker, R.E. Pleisch. Photoacoustic Gas Detection for Fire warning. Fire Safety Journal. 2002, (37):429~436
31 F. K. Mann, K. Schneider. Photoacoustic Trace-gas Detection using a CW Single Frequency Parametric Oscillator. Applied Physics B. 1998, (66):741~745
32 C. Fischer, Q. Yu, M. Seiter, M. W. Sigris. Photoacoustic Monitoring of Trace Gases using a Diode-Based Difference Frequency Laser Source. Optical Letters. 2001, (26):1609~1611
33 S. Schilt, L. Thevenaz. Ethylene Spectroscopy using a Quasi.Room-temperature Quantum Cascade Laser. Spectrochimica Acta Part A. 2002, (58):2533~2539
34陈文斌,钱雄,施柏煊.光声光谱法对混合气体的高灵敏度检测.浙江大学学报. 1987, (3):91~101
35徐海峰,郭颖,李奇峰,戴静华,刘世林,马兴孝.工作于可见和紫外波段的脉冲激光光声装置.化学物理学报. 2003, 16(1):8~10
36赵元黎,袁斌,宁继英.应用光声效应检测粉煤灰中碳含量仪器的研究.仪表技术与传感器. 2002, (2):16~19
37陈涛,苏国锋,疏学明.基于光声技术的火灾气体探测系统设计.中国工程科学. 2004, (7):62~64
38殷庆瑞,王通,钱梦路.光声光热技术及其应用.科学出版社, 1999:46~59
39 <<光谱学与光谱分析>>编委会.光谱学与光谱分析.北京大学出版社, 1998:56~59
40田庆国.基于光声光谱法的SO2气体浓度光纤传感器研究.燕山大学硕士论文. 2004:8~13
41王成斌.基于CO2激光器的光声光谱仪及其生物学应用研究.大连理工大学硕士论文. 2000:18~23
42施德恒,刘新建,许启富.利用红外光谱吸收原理的CO浓度测量装置研究.光学技术. 2001, (1):91~94
43张明荣,刘发友,王德龙.简易红外定硫仪的研制与应用.山东冶金. 2005, (6):1~4
44翟成瑞,谭秋林,马游春. MEMS红外瓦斯传感器检测系统的设计.科技论坛. 2006, (2):32~35
45王建业,纪新明,吴飞蝶. MEMS光声气体传感器的光声腔的研究.传感器与微系统. 2006, (2):86~90
46乔海东,田静,徐联.一种以多晶硅为振动膜的MEMS传声器研制.中国机械工程. 2005, (7):1243~1244
47张鸿升.驻极体电容传声器专用管及噪声.微电子技术. 2001, (12):18~20
48职亚楠.利用光声效应的粉煤灰中未燃烧碳的含量的检测仪器的研制.郑州大学硕士论文. 2004:36~37
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