非致冷红外焦平面的信号采集及预处理
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摘要
红外技术作为一种发现、探测和识别目标的重要手段在军民两用技术中有着广泛的应用，焦平面阵列技术的发展极大地提高了系统的性能。由于非致冷微辐射热计型红外焦平面阵列致造技术的重大突破，使得红外系统能够实现体积小、重量轻、价格低、可便携化，极大地推动了红外系统在各领域中的广泛应用，因此非致冷微测辐射热计红外成像技术成为今后发展的重点之一。
本论文就“非致冷红外焦平面的信号采集及预处理”这一课题，介绍了红外焦平面探测器的应用、现状、发展与非均匀校正的算法；设计了非致冷红外焦平面阵列的驱动电路和温控电路，使用Altera公司的EPM7128AETC设计时序电路，实现了电路的小型化，VHDL语言设计时序逻辑方便了调试过程中电路逻辑的修改：高速并行的AD9240负责信号的采样和量化，并利用高速FIFO对数据进行缓存，完成了非致冷红外焦平面阵列信号采集模块的设计；选择两点校正法，利用FPGA实现了图像的实时非均匀性校正和直方图统计；同时总结了系统的设计和调试经验，对调试时遇到的一些问题进行了详细、深入的分析。
Infrared technique is used widely in both military field and civilian field as means of finding, detecting and identifying the targets. The development of infrared focal plane arrays technique promotes the performance of infrared system. Great achievements were achieved in the manufacturing of uncooled microbolometer infrared focal plane arrays. By this technique, infrared system can be made in the formation of small volume, light weight, low price and being portable. It promotes the utilization of infrared system greatly in all fields. So the techniques of uncooled microbolometer infrared imaging become one of the main points from now on.
The title of this paper is THE SIGNAL COLLECTION AND PRETREATMENT OF UFPA. It details the application, status, development and nonuniformity correction method of UFPA. The development of drive circuit and TEC circuit is introduced in detail. The EPM7128AETC is used as hardware design platform and VHDL is employed to describe the driving sequencer so that the drive circuit is miniaturized. Analog signals are sampled by AD9240 that is a high speed and parallel A/D sampling chip. FIFO is used as a cache in order to design the module of signal collection of UFPA. Two-point real-time correction and histogram statistics of the images are completed with Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). In addition, the system design and debug experiences are summarized and analyzed in detail.
本论文就“非致冷红外焦平面的信号采集及预处理”这一课题，介绍了红外焦平面探测器的应用、现状、发展与非均匀校正的算法；设计了非致冷红外焦平面阵列的驱动电路和温控电路，使用Altera公司的EPM7128AETC设计时序电路，实现了电路的小型化，VHDL语言设计时序逻辑方便了调试过程中电路逻辑的修改：高速并行的AD9240负责信号的采样和量化，并利用高速FIFO对数据进行缓存，完成了非致冷红外焦平面阵列信号采集模块的设计；选择两点校正法，利用FPGA实现了图像的实时非均匀性校正和直方图统计；同时总结了系统的设计和调试经验，对调试时遇到的一些问题进行了详细、深入的分析。
Infrared technique is used widely in both military field and civilian field as means of finding, detecting and identifying the targets. The development of infrared focal plane arrays technique promotes the performance of infrared system. Great achievements were achieved in the manufacturing of uncooled microbolometer infrared focal plane arrays. By this technique, infrared system can be made in the formation of small volume, light weight, low price and being portable. It promotes the utilization of infrared system greatly in all fields. So the techniques of uncooled microbolometer infrared imaging become one of the main points from now on.
The title of this paper is THE SIGNAL COLLECTION AND PRETREATMENT OF UFPA. It details the application, status, development and nonuniformity correction method of UFPA. The development of drive circuit and TEC circuit is introduced in detail. The EPM7128AETC is used as hardware design platform and VHDL is employed to describe the driving sequencer so that the drive circuit is miniaturized. Analog signals are sampled by AD9240 that is a high speed and parallel A/D sampling chip. FIFO is used as a cache in order to design the module of signal collection of UFPA. Two-point real-time correction and histogram statistics of the images are completed with Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). In addition, the system design and debug experiences are summarized and analyzed in detail.
引文
[1] 孙志君．红外焦平面阵列技术的发展现状与前景．世界产品与技术．2000(2)：23～25
[2] 任默．红外焦平面阵列．云光技术．1997，29(2)：30～43
[3] 孙志君．非致冷红外焦平面阵列技术．传感器世界．2000，6(2)：1～9
[4] Horn.Stuart.B Buser.Rudolf.G Uncool Sensor Technology.SPIE 1993 Vol.2020:304～321
[5] 董培芝．非致冷红外焦平面阵列．激光与红外．1997，Vol．27(6)：355～357
[6] 文刚，张保明，柏连发．干涉法测SPRITE红外探测器MTF的研究．红外．2000(8)：12～15
[7] 吴宗凡．红外热象仪的原理和技术发展．现代科学仪器．1997(2)：28～30
[8] 孙志君．红外焦平面阵列技术的军用市场展望．传感器技术．1999．5(5)：1～8
[9] 程开富．军用PTSi．SBIRFPA的新发展．半导体情报．1998．35(2)：24～27
[10] 吴诚，苏君红，潘顺臣．对中波与长波红外焦平面热成像的一些探讨．红外技术．2002，Vol．24(2)：6～8
[11] 何兴仁．红外焦平面阵列的应用与发展方向．光电子技术与信息．1997．10(1)：1～8
[12] 吴军辉．红外成像系统图像空间噪声分析与估计．红外技术2001．Vol．23(5)：19～22
[13] 周建勋．红外图像非均匀性产生原因分析．红外与激光工程．1997．Vol．26(3)：11～13
[14] 高云，邬鸣敏．凝视红外焦平面CCD非均匀性校正．红外与毫米波学报．1993．Vol．12(3)：169～175
[15] 王钰，陈钱．实时红外图像非均匀性校正技术研究．红外与毫米波学报．1999．Vol．18(2)：151～155
[16] 王瑞忠，陈培毅，钱佩信．一种改进的便于实现的红外焦平面阵列不均匀性校正算法．半导体学报，1997．Vol．18(12)：916～920
[17] W.Radford.320×240 microbolometer focal plane array for uncooled application. SPIE 1996.vol. 2685:80～89
[18] Charles A.Marshall. Quantitative and imaging performance of uneooled
microbometer. SPIE 1997.vol. 3061:191～197
[19] Abraham Friedenber. Nonuniformity tow-point linear correction errors in infrared focal plane arrays. Opt.Eng. 1998.Vol.37(4):1251～1253
[20] Cao zhiguo.Digital Implementation of Nonuniformity Correction for IRFPAs, SPIE 1999, vol. 3698:807～814
[21] Eric M.Olson. Non-uniformity correction using a flood technique and 1:1 mapping. SPIE 2001, vol. 4366:501～509
[22] Majeed M.Hayat. Model-based real-time nonuniformity correction in focal plane array detectors. SPIE 1998, vol. 3377:122～131
[23] Schulz M. Non-uniformity correction of infrared focal plane arrays Infrared Physics & Technology. 1995, Vol.36: 763～777
[24] 胡晓梅．提高两点温度定标法精度的焦平面非均匀性校准技术研究．红外与激光工程．2000，Vol．29(2)：19～21
[25] 陈锐．红外图像非均匀性校正方法综述．红外技术．2002，Vol．24(1)：1-3
[26] 李颖文．320×240凝视性非致冷红外热像仪研究华中理工大学学报．2000，Vol．28(11)：48～50
[27] 李颖文，易新建．320×240红外焦平面阵列驱动电路的小型化设计研究．红外与激光工程．2001．Vol．30(3)：230～234
[28] 320×240 LWIR UNCOOLED MICROBOLOMETER DETECTOR ECHNICAL SPECIFICATION. UL01 01 1/10.06.02/UNTC
[29] ALTERA. MAX7000A Programmable Logic Device Data Sheet 1999 version 4.4:15～30
[30] 徐德胜．半导体致冷与应用技术．上海：上海交通大学出版社．1992
[31] MAXIM. MAX1968 DATASHEET. 19-2447; Rev 0; 4/02
[32] ANALOG DEVICE. AD9240 DATASHEET. 1998
[33] 王玉峰．14位并行模／数转换芯片AD9240及其系用．国外电子元器件2002．9：58～59
[34] ANALOG DEVICE. AD8041 DATASHEET. 1998
[35] 王念旭等．DSP基础与应用系统设计．北京航空航天大学出版社．2001．8．113～120
[36] Texas Instruments. TMS320VC33 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR. 1999
[37] Texas Instruments. Tms320vc3x general purpose applications. 1998
[38] 王念旭等．DSP基础与应用系统设计．北京航空航天大学出版社．
2001.8.113～120
[39] Texas Instruments. TMS320C3x/C4x Assembly Language Tools User's Guide. 1998
[40] ALTER Cyclone Device Handbook, 2003.5 Vol2
[41] ALTERA. Configuration Handbook, 2003,9. Vol1
[42] 江浩洋．基于DSP+FPGA技术的两点法非均匀校正模块设计．红外．2004．Vol．20(1)：7～11
[43] 陈宝国．利用 FPGA实现红外焦平面器件的非均匀性校正．红外与激光工程．2002．Vol．29(4)：55～57
[44] 孔令彬等．利用FPGA实现红外焦平面阵列实时非均匀性校正．光电工程．2002．Vol．29(6)：39～42
[45] 顾东升等．一种基于DSP+FPGA技术的实时红外图像直方固均衡器．红外技术．2002．Vol．24(3)：15～19
[46] 顾东升．红外热像仪视频图像实时处理器的研制．南京理工大学硕士论文．2002．65～68
[2] 任默．红外焦平面阵列．云光技术．1997，29(2)：30～43
[3] 孙志君．非致冷红外焦平面阵列技术．传感器世界．2000，6(2)：1～9
[4] Horn.Stuart.B Buser.Rudolf.G Uncool Sensor Technology.SPIE 1993 Vol.2020:304～321
[5] 董培芝．非致冷红外焦平面阵列．激光与红外．1997，Vol．27(6)：355～357
[6] 文刚，张保明，柏连发．干涉法测SPRITE红外探测器MTF的研究．红外．2000(8)：12～15
[7] 吴宗凡．红外热象仪的原理和技术发展．现代科学仪器．1997(2)：28～30
[8] 孙志君．红外焦平面阵列技术的军用市场展望．传感器技术．1999．5(5)：1～8
[9] 程开富．军用PTSi．SBIRFPA的新发展．半导体情报．1998．35(2)：24～27
[10] 吴诚，苏君红，潘顺臣．对中波与长波红外焦平面热成像的一些探讨．红外技术．2002，Vol．24(2)：6～8
[11] 何兴仁．红外焦平面阵列的应用与发展方向．光电子技术与信息．1997．10(1)：1～8
[12] 吴军辉．红外成像系统图像空间噪声分析与估计．红外技术2001．Vol．23(5)：19～22
[13] 周建勋．红外图像非均匀性产生原因分析．红外与激光工程．1997．Vol．26(3)：11～13
[14] 高云，邬鸣敏．凝视红外焦平面CCD非均匀性校正．红外与毫米波学报．1993．Vol．12(3)：169～175
[15] 王钰，陈钱．实时红外图像非均匀性校正技术研究．红外与毫米波学报．1999．Vol．18(2)：151～155
[16] 王瑞忠，陈培毅，钱佩信．一种改进的便于实现的红外焦平面阵列不均匀性校正算法．半导体学报，1997．Vol．18(12)：916～920
[17] W.Radford.320×240 microbolometer focal plane array for uncooled application. SPIE 1996.vol. 2685:80～89
[18] Charles A.Marshall. Quantitative and imaging performance of uneooled
microbometer. SPIE 1997.vol. 3061:191～197
[19] Abraham Friedenber. Nonuniformity tow-point linear correction errors in infrared focal plane arrays. Opt.Eng. 1998.Vol.37(4):1251～1253
[20] Cao zhiguo.Digital Implementation of Nonuniformity Correction for IRFPAs, SPIE 1999, vol. 3698:807～814
[21] Eric M.Olson. Non-uniformity correction using a flood technique and 1:1 mapping. SPIE 2001, vol. 4366:501～509
[22] Majeed M.Hayat. Model-based real-time nonuniformity correction in focal plane array detectors. SPIE 1998, vol. 3377:122～131
[23] Schulz M. Non-uniformity correction of infrared focal plane arrays Infrared Physics & Technology. 1995, Vol.36: 763～777
[24] 胡晓梅．提高两点温度定标法精度的焦平面非均匀性校准技术研究．红外与激光工程．2000，Vol．29(2)：19～21
[25] 陈锐．红外图像非均匀性校正方法综述．红外技术．2002，Vol．24(1)：1-3
[26] 李颖文．320×240凝视性非致冷红外热像仪研究华中理工大学学报．2000，Vol．28(11)：48～50
[27] 李颖文，易新建．320×240红外焦平面阵列驱动电路的小型化设计研究．红外与激光工程．2001．Vol．30(3)：230～234
[28] 320×240 LWIR UNCOOLED MICROBOLOMETER DETECTOR ECHNICAL SPECIFICATION. UL01 01 1/10.06.02/UNTC
[29] ALTERA. MAX7000A Programmable Logic Device Data Sheet 1999 version 4.4:15～30
[30] 徐德胜．半导体致冷与应用技术．上海：上海交通大学出版社．1992
[31] MAXIM. MAX1968 DATASHEET. 19-2447; Rev 0; 4/02
[32] ANALOG DEVICE. AD9240 DATASHEET. 1998
[33] 王玉峰．14位并行模／数转换芯片AD9240及其系用．国外电子元器件2002．9：58～59
[34] ANALOG DEVICE. AD8041 DATASHEET. 1998
[35] 王念旭等．DSP基础与应用系统设计．北京航空航天大学出版社．2001．8．113～120
[36] Texas Instruments. TMS320VC33 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR. 1999
[37] Texas Instruments. Tms320vc3x general purpose applications. 1998
[38] 王念旭等．DSP基础与应用系统设计．北京航空航天大学出版社．
2001.8.113～120
[39] Texas Instruments. TMS320C3x/C4x Assembly Language Tools User's Guide. 1998
[40] ALTER Cyclone Device Handbook, 2003.5 Vol2
[41] ALTERA. Configuration Handbook, 2003,9. Vol1
[42] 江浩洋．基于DSP+FPGA技术的两点法非均匀校正模块设计．红外．2004．Vol．20(1)：7～11
[43] 陈宝国．利用 FPGA实现红外焦平面器件的非均匀性校正．红外与激光工程．2002．Vol．29(4)：55～57
[44] 孔令彬等．利用FPGA实现红外焦平面阵列实时非均匀性校正．光电工程．2002．Vol．29(6)：39～42
[45] 顾东升等．一种基于DSP+FPGA技术的实时红外图像直方固均衡器．红外技术．2002．Vol．24(3)：15～19
[46] 顾东升．红外热像仪视频图像实时处理器的研制．南京理工大学硕士论文．2002．65～68