有袋栽培体系下苹果果实外观品质发育研究
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摘要
本试验以红富士苹果为试材,研究了套袋微域环境下不同时期苹果果皮真菌种群结构变化及不同纸袋内苹果果皮发育进程;以寒富苹果为试材,研究了套袋苹果不同气象条件下苹果果皮真菌种群结构变化及套袋对果实发育过程中果皮POD和PPO活性变化动态的影响。结果表明:
1.套袋微域环境下,果实皮孔、非果实皮孔部位果皮、内果袋中,链格孢霉(Alternaria)在套袋后的整个生长季一直存在,随套袋处理时间延长,相继分离出青霉(Penicillium)、木霉(Trichoderma)和曲霉(Aspergillus);在内袋为黑色未涂蜡的“前卫”袋中,真菌种类为链格孢霉(Alternaria)和青霉(Penicillium),未套袋果实上的真菌种群结构与“前卫”袋基本一致,“小林”袋中分离出链格孢霉(Alternaria)、青霉(Penicillium)、木霉(Trichoderma)和曲霉(Aspergillus),与“彤乐”袋中分离出的真菌基本一致。不同时期和不同果袋种类中真菌种群结构差异显著,不同果实部位真菌种群结构差异不显著。
2.套袋后果实发育前期,各处理间温湿度变化差异基本一致,均分离出链格孢霉(Alternaria);但随着果实发育进入中后期,套袋果实的最高温度及处于饱和湿度的时间均高于对照果实,套袋果实中又相继分离出青霉(Penicillium)、曲霉(Aspergillus)和木霉(Trichoderma),而对照果实中只分离出链格孢霉(Alternaria)和青霉(Penicillium);高温天气条件下,各处理均分离出链格孢霉(Alternaria)和青霉(Penicillium);而阴雨天气条件下,套袋果实分离出的真菌种类要多于对照,分别为链格孢霉(Alternaria)、青霉(Penicillium)、曲霉(Aspergillus)和木霉(Trichoderma),而对照果实中仅分离出链格孢霉(Alternaria)和青霉(Penicillium)。
3.套袋后果实发育前期,各处理角质层平滑一致,角质层厚度无显著差异,表皮细胞排列紧密,形状规则,表皮细胞大小、机械组织厚度差异不显著;果实发育中后期,套“前卫”袋果实角质层厚度显著高于套“小林”袋果实与对照果实;套袋果实角质层不规则,套“小林”袋果实出现较浅“V”型凹陷,套“前卫”袋果实出现的“V”型凹陷极深,而对照果实角质层均匀一致,只出现极少较浅“V”型凹陷,且表皮细胞排列疏松,出现大量空隙,表皮细胞大小也显著低于套袋果实;机械组织厚度则显著高于套袋果实。
4.套袋后,果实表面PPO、POD活性均呈先升后降趋势;不同的是,相比对照果实,套袋果实PPO活性在果实发育前期高于对照,而在果实发育中期,对照果实PPO活性迅速上升并超过套袋果实;果实发育后期,套袋果实与对照果实PPO活性变化基本一致;而套袋果实POD活性在果实发育前期则略低于对照,但在发育中期,套袋果实POD活性迅速提高,直到采收前其活性一直高于对照。
The research was carried out to find out the structure of fungi population of apple pericarp under bagging microenvironment during different periods and the development process of apple pericarp by using Red Fuji apple as material.And the structure of fungi population of bagging apple pericarp under different weather conditions and the changes of POD,PPO activities in Hanfu apple pericarp were studied. The results indicated that:
1.Alternaria after bagging existed all the times in growing season,and Penicillium,Trichoderma and Aspergillus were isolated respectively during different periods in cortical pore,pericarp without cortical pore and inner bag after July;In 'Qianwei' bag which inner bag was black and unwaxed,the population structure of fungi was same with CK,including Alternaria and Penicillium.The population structure of fungi in 'Kobayashi' and 'Tongle' bag included Alternaria,Penicillium,Trichoderma and Aspergillus.It had significant differences in different bags and different periods and had no significant differences in different sites of fruit in the population structure of fungi.
2.At the early stage of fruit growth after bagging,the differences among all treatments in temperature and humidity changes were basically coincident.With the time entered into the medium and later stage of fruit growth,the maximum temperature and the time keeping in saturation humidity of bagging apples were higher than CK and Penicillium,Aspergillus as well as Trichoderma were isolated besides Alternaria. Comparing with bagging apples,there were Alternaria and Penicillium isolated in CK.Under high temperature weather condition,Alternaria and Penicillium were isolated among all treatments.But,all the mentioned-above fungi were isolated in bagging apples and Trichoderma and Aspergillus were not found in CK under rainy weather condition.
3.The cuticle films of all treatments were symmetry,and there were no significant differences among all treatments in the thickness of cuticle film at the early stage of fruit growth after bagging.The epidermal cells were close and regular in shape,and there were no significant differences in the size of epidermal cells and the thickness of mechanical tissue;while at the medium and later stage of fruit growth after bagging,the cuticle film of 'Qianwei' bag was greatly thicker than 'Kobayashi' bagging treatment and control.In bagging apples,the cuticle films were irregular and unshaped with light V-type concaves in 'Kobayashi' bag and deep V-type concaves in 'Qianwei' bag.However,there were very few light V-type concaves generating in unbagging fruits.In unbagging fruits,a lot of gaps generated in the epidermal cells with loose array,and the size of epidermal cells was greatly smaller than bagging apples.The thickness of mechanical tissue in unbagging apples was greatly thicker than bagging apples and there were no significant differences between 'Qianwei' and 'Kobayashi' bags.
4.After bagging,the PPO and POD activities in apple pericarp increased at first and reduced later. However,there were differences between the changes of POD and PPO activities in bagging apples. Comparing with CK,at the early stage of fruit growth,the activity of PPO in bagging apples was higher than CK.But Ck POD activity had a significantly increase and was higher than bagging apples at the medium stage of fruit growth.At the later stage of fruit growth,there was a similar change trend between bagging apples and CK.The POD activity in bagging apples at the early stage of fruit growth was lower than CK slightly.At the medium stage of fruit growth,the activity of POD in bagging apples increased significantly and was higher than CK before harvest.
1.套袋微域环境下,果实皮孔、非果实皮孔部位果皮、内果袋中,链格孢霉(Alternaria)在套袋后的整个生长季一直存在,随套袋处理时间延长,相继分离出青霉(Penicillium)、木霉(Trichoderma)和曲霉(Aspergillus);在内袋为黑色未涂蜡的“前卫”袋中,真菌种类为链格孢霉(Alternaria)和青霉(Penicillium),未套袋果实上的真菌种群结构与“前卫”袋基本一致,“小林”袋中分离出链格孢霉(Alternaria)、青霉(Penicillium)、木霉(Trichoderma)和曲霉(Aspergillus),与“彤乐”袋中分离出的真菌基本一致。不同时期和不同果袋种类中真菌种群结构差异显著,不同果实部位真菌种群结构差异不显著。
2.套袋后果实发育前期,各处理间温湿度变化差异基本一致,均分离出链格孢霉(Alternaria);但随着果实发育进入中后期,套袋果实的最高温度及处于饱和湿度的时间均高于对照果实,套袋果实中又相继分离出青霉(Penicillium)、曲霉(Aspergillus)和木霉(Trichoderma),而对照果实中只分离出链格孢霉(Alternaria)和青霉(Penicillium);高温天气条件下,各处理均分离出链格孢霉(Alternaria)和青霉(Penicillium);而阴雨天气条件下,套袋果实分离出的真菌种类要多于对照,分别为链格孢霉(Alternaria)、青霉(Penicillium)、曲霉(Aspergillus)和木霉(Trichoderma),而对照果实中仅分离出链格孢霉(Alternaria)和青霉(Penicillium)。
3.套袋后果实发育前期,各处理角质层平滑一致,角质层厚度无显著差异,表皮细胞排列紧密,形状规则,表皮细胞大小、机械组织厚度差异不显著;果实发育中后期,套“前卫”袋果实角质层厚度显著高于套“小林”袋果实与对照果实;套袋果实角质层不规则,套“小林”袋果实出现较浅“V”型凹陷,套“前卫”袋果实出现的“V”型凹陷极深,而对照果实角质层均匀一致,只出现极少较浅“V”型凹陷,且表皮细胞排列疏松,出现大量空隙,表皮细胞大小也显著低于套袋果实;机械组织厚度则显著高于套袋果实。
4.套袋后,果实表面PPO、POD活性均呈先升后降趋势;不同的是,相比对照果实,套袋果实PPO活性在果实发育前期高于对照,而在果实发育中期,对照果实PPO活性迅速上升并超过套袋果实;果实发育后期,套袋果实与对照果实PPO活性变化基本一致;而套袋果实POD活性在果实发育前期则略低于对照,但在发育中期,套袋果实POD活性迅速提高,直到采收前其活性一直高于对照。
The research was carried out to find out the structure of fungi population of apple pericarp under bagging microenvironment during different periods and the development process of apple pericarp by using Red Fuji apple as material.And the structure of fungi population of bagging apple pericarp under different weather conditions and the changes of POD,PPO activities in Hanfu apple pericarp were studied. The results indicated that:
1.Alternaria after bagging existed all the times in growing season,and Penicillium,Trichoderma and Aspergillus were isolated respectively during different periods in cortical pore,pericarp without cortical pore and inner bag after July;In 'Qianwei' bag which inner bag was black and unwaxed,the population structure of fungi was same with CK,including Alternaria and Penicillium.The population structure of fungi in 'Kobayashi' and 'Tongle' bag included Alternaria,Penicillium,Trichoderma and Aspergillus.It had significant differences in different bags and different periods and had no significant differences in different sites of fruit in the population structure of fungi.
2.At the early stage of fruit growth after bagging,the differences among all treatments in temperature and humidity changes were basically coincident.With the time entered into the medium and later stage of fruit growth,the maximum temperature and the time keeping in saturation humidity of bagging apples were higher than CK and Penicillium,Aspergillus as well as Trichoderma were isolated besides Alternaria. Comparing with bagging apples,there were Alternaria and Penicillium isolated in CK.Under high temperature weather condition,Alternaria and Penicillium were isolated among all treatments.But,all the mentioned-above fungi were isolated in bagging apples and Trichoderma and Aspergillus were not found in CK under rainy weather condition.
3.The cuticle films of all treatments were symmetry,and there were no significant differences among all treatments in the thickness of cuticle film at the early stage of fruit growth after bagging.The epidermal cells were close and regular in shape,and there were no significant differences in the size of epidermal cells and the thickness of mechanical tissue;while at the medium and later stage of fruit growth after bagging,the cuticle film of 'Qianwei' bag was greatly thicker than 'Kobayashi' bagging treatment and control.In bagging apples,the cuticle films were irregular and unshaped with light V-type concaves in 'Kobayashi' bag and deep V-type concaves in 'Qianwei' bag.However,there were very few light V-type concaves generating in unbagging fruits.In unbagging fruits,a lot of gaps generated in the epidermal cells with loose array,and the size of epidermal cells was greatly smaller than bagging apples.The thickness of mechanical tissue in unbagging apples was greatly thicker than bagging apples and there were no significant differences between 'Qianwei' and 'Kobayashi' bags.
4.After bagging,the PPO and POD activities in apple pericarp increased at first and reduced later. However,there were differences between the changes of POD and PPO activities in bagging apples. Comparing with CK,at the early stage of fruit growth,the activity of PPO in bagging apples was higher than CK.But Ck POD activity had a significantly increase and was higher than bagging apples at the medium stage of fruit growth.At the later stage of fruit growth,there was a similar change trend between bagging apples and CK.The POD activity in bagging apples at the early stage of fruit growth was lower than CK slightly.At the medium stage of fruit growth,the activity of POD in bagging apples increased significantly and was higher than CK before harvest.
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