苹果套袋果实袋内微域环境变化特征及其对树冠光照的影响
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摘要
本试验以富士苹果为试材,研究了套袋果实发育过程中袋内温湿度的变化以及不同类型果袋对果实外观品质的影响,分析了套袋对树冠内光照条件及光能利用状况的影响以及不同树形的差异,研究结果如下:
1.各种纸袋微域环境的变化动态受外界环境的影响。在晴朗温和天气条件下,各种纸袋内的温度日变化动态呈山峰形,即随着日温的升高而增加,但达到峰值的时间受年份、季节和纸袋类型的影响。一天中袋内最低温度出现在5:00前后,从9:00开始温度迅速升高,最高温度在套袋前期和后期一般出现在13:00—14:00,盛夏一般出现在13:00—17:00;果袋内的湿度和温度变化呈负相关,呈V型变化,最高湿度出现在6:00前后。
2.高温条件下不同类型的果袋温湿度变化差异显著。当大气温度达到30℃以上时纸袋内的温度急剧升高,湿度急剧降低。小林袋内≥38℃的持续时间累计为34 h,单层纸袋的为29 h,黄纹袋累计为21 h;袋内高温伴随极度干燥是一个突出现象,当袋内温度超过35℃时袋内相对湿度一般低于40%。袋内相对湿度低于60%的时数累计达到207～227 h,其中相对湿度低于40%的时间单层袋最高为56 h,黄纹袋最低为37h,小林袋和凯祥袋居中;极端干燥时不同纸袋内的相对湿度处于18.8%～22.6%。
3.阴雨天各纸袋内的温湿度变化差异较小,温度明显较低,昼夜变化幅度很小。降水完全渗透进袋内,袋内持续高湿时间均明显比降雨时间长;各种果袋持续高湿时间以单层袋长于双层袋,单层袋内相对湿度≥90%的持续时间为576小时,小林袋持续高湿时间565小时,
4.不同纸袋对果实外观品质有重要影响,以双层袋较好,其中小林袋提高果实外观品质表现最好,1级果率达到44%,惠阳袋次之,而双宝袋较差,1级果率34%。单层纸袋和反光袋效果较差,果实黑点病和锈病的发生比较严重,1级果率低于21%。不同纸袋经过风吹雨淋后破损率差别很大,以小林袋破损最少,破损率仅为2%,凯祥次之,双宝袋破损少但裂口较多,清田、丰华破损率最高,分别达到22%和14%。
5.套袋对树冠照光的影响显著。套袋使紧贴果实的3-5片叶无法接受光照,光合速率为负值;整树套袋主要影响树冠的内膛和下层,内膛和下层的相对光强分别只有套袋前的72.7%和63.6%;套袋对高干开心形和小冠疏层形影响程度大,高50cm处的光强分别只有套袋前的54.1%和45.5%。
6.不同树形冠层结构特点不同,冠层内相对光照强度三维空间上的分布规律也明显不同。高干开心形冠层少,直射光透射系数大,消光系数较小,下部相对光照强度45.1%;冠形大的疏散分层形和密植的纺锤形树直射光透射系数最小,消光系数高达0.94～1.1,冠层内光照条件差,下部相对光照强度27.9%和24.7%,集中结果部位叶片光合速率为负值。综合来说,小冠树形的光照水平及光能利用情况明显优于大冠树形;高干树形优于矮干树形。
The paper studied the change of temperature and humidity in different bags during the development of Fuji apple and its effects on fruit appearance quality,and the distribution of relative light radiation in different tree shapes and investigate the effects of light. The main research results were as follows:
1. Dynamic influence of outside environment on microenvironments in different paper bags. In sunny and mild days, the dynamic change curves of temperature in all the bags are just like mountain peaks, that is, the temperature inside the bags rises with the increase of outside temperature, but the time when it reaches its peak varies according to different years, seasons and types of paper bags. Within a single day, the temperature is lowest at about 5:00, and after 9:00 it rises sharply, reaching its peak in early and late stages usually at 13:00—14:00 and in hot summer usually at 13:00—17:00; humidity inside the bags has a negative correlation with temperature, changing in V shape with maximum humidity at about 6:00.
2. Under high temperature, the change curves of temperature and humidity in different bags are significantly different. As atmospheric temperature is above 30℃, temperature inside the paper bags rises sharply, while humidity declines in the same manner. Duration of being above 38℃inside the Xiaolin bag amounts to 34 hours, in single-layer paper bag 29 hours and in Huang Wen bag 21 hours; extreme dryness inside bags under high temperature is another noticeable phenomenon, and when temperature inside bags is above 35℃, relative humidity is usually below 40%. Accumulated hours of relative humidity being lower than 60% reach 207～227 h, and among them single-layer bag has the most accumulated hours of being less than 40% say 56h, Huangwen has the least 37h and Xiaolin and Kaixiang stand in the middle; under extreme dry conditions, relative humidity in all the bags is 18.8%～22.6%.
3. In rainy days, temperature and humidity in different paper bags are similar, with relatively low temperature and decreasing diurnal amplitude. Most of the rain water filters into the bags, and duration of sustained high humidity inside the bags is obviously longer than that of raining; among all the bags, single-layer bags have a longer duration of sustained high humidity than that of double-layer bags.≥90% accumulated hours in single-layer bags reach 576 hours, among which Xiaolin bag has most accumulated hours of sustained high humidity say 565 hours.
4. The selection of bags has an important effect on fruit appearance quality and double-layer bags perform better in improving fruit appearance quality. Fruit developing inside Xiaolin bags has the highest appearance quality, with 44% first-rate fruit. Huiyang is second and Shuangbao is worst with 34% first-rate fruit. The fruit developing in single-layer paper bags and reflection bags is relatively bad, with more black-dot disease and rust disease and first rate fruit is less than 21%. Damage rates of different paper bags after wind and rain are significantly different. Xiaolin is best with a damage rate of only 2%, Kaixiang second, and Shuangbao suffers little damage but many clefts. Damage rates of Qingtian and Fenghua are highest say 22% and 14% respectively.
5. Influence of bagging on illumination on tree canopy. The 3-5 leaves clinging to the bagged fruit cannot reach any light, and their photosynthetic rate is below zero; the inner bore and under-layer of a bagged tree are affected, and their relative light intensity are reduced to 72.7% and 63.6% respectively; trees with high stem and open center shape or small and sparse canopy shape are affected most greatly by bagging, their relative light intensity at 50cm are reduced to 54.1% and 45.5% respectively.
6. Due to their different structures, different tree shapes have different rules of 3D light distribution. Trees with high stem and open center shape have fewer canopy layers, so transmitting coefficient of the direct light is high and extinction coefficient is low. The light intensity at the lower part of the tree is 45.1%; Trees with big canopy and densely planted spindled-shape tree has lowest transmission coefficient for solar radiation penetration and extinction coefficient is as high as 0.94～1.1. Light intensity within the canopy is poor, The light intensity at the lower part of the tree is 27.9% and 24.7%,and the leaves’photosynthetic rate is negative . Generally speaking, illumination level and light energy utilization of small canopy trees is obviously better than that of big canopy trees; trees with high stem are better than trees with low stem.
1.各种纸袋微域环境的变化动态受外界环境的影响。在晴朗温和天气条件下,各种纸袋内的温度日变化动态呈山峰形,即随着日温的升高而增加,但达到峰值的时间受年份、季节和纸袋类型的影响。一天中袋内最低温度出现在5:00前后,从9:00开始温度迅速升高,最高温度在套袋前期和后期一般出现在13:00—14:00,盛夏一般出现在13:00—17:00;果袋内的湿度和温度变化呈负相关,呈V型变化,最高湿度出现在6:00前后。
2.高温条件下不同类型的果袋温湿度变化差异显著。当大气温度达到30℃以上时纸袋内的温度急剧升高,湿度急剧降低。小林袋内≥38℃的持续时间累计为34 h,单层纸袋的为29 h,黄纹袋累计为21 h;袋内高温伴随极度干燥是一个突出现象,当袋内温度超过35℃时袋内相对湿度一般低于40%。袋内相对湿度低于60%的时数累计达到207～227 h,其中相对湿度低于40%的时间单层袋最高为56 h,黄纹袋最低为37h,小林袋和凯祥袋居中;极端干燥时不同纸袋内的相对湿度处于18.8%～22.6%。
3.阴雨天各纸袋内的温湿度变化差异较小,温度明显较低,昼夜变化幅度很小。降水完全渗透进袋内,袋内持续高湿时间均明显比降雨时间长;各种果袋持续高湿时间以单层袋长于双层袋,单层袋内相对湿度≥90%的持续时间为576小时,小林袋持续高湿时间565小时,
4.不同纸袋对果实外观品质有重要影响,以双层袋较好,其中小林袋提高果实外观品质表现最好,1级果率达到44%,惠阳袋次之,而双宝袋较差,1级果率34%。单层纸袋和反光袋效果较差,果实黑点病和锈病的发生比较严重,1级果率低于21%。不同纸袋经过风吹雨淋后破损率差别很大,以小林袋破损最少,破损率仅为2%,凯祥次之,双宝袋破损少但裂口较多,清田、丰华破损率最高,分别达到22%和14%。
5.套袋对树冠照光的影响显著。套袋使紧贴果实的3-5片叶无法接受光照,光合速率为负值;整树套袋主要影响树冠的内膛和下层,内膛和下层的相对光强分别只有套袋前的72.7%和63.6%;套袋对高干开心形和小冠疏层形影响程度大,高50cm处的光强分别只有套袋前的54.1%和45.5%。
6.不同树形冠层结构特点不同,冠层内相对光照强度三维空间上的分布规律也明显不同。高干开心形冠层少,直射光透射系数大,消光系数较小,下部相对光照强度45.1%;冠形大的疏散分层形和密植的纺锤形树直射光透射系数最小,消光系数高达0.94～1.1,冠层内光照条件差,下部相对光照强度27.9%和24.7%,集中结果部位叶片光合速率为负值。综合来说,小冠树形的光照水平及光能利用情况明显优于大冠树形;高干树形优于矮干树形。
The paper studied the change of temperature and humidity in different bags during the development of Fuji apple and its effects on fruit appearance quality,and the distribution of relative light radiation in different tree shapes and investigate the effects of light. The main research results were as follows:
1. Dynamic influence of outside environment on microenvironments in different paper bags. In sunny and mild days, the dynamic change curves of temperature in all the bags are just like mountain peaks, that is, the temperature inside the bags rises with the increase of outside temperature, but the time when it reaches its peak varies according to different years, seasons and types of paper bags. Within a single day, the temperature is lowest at about 5:00, and after 9:00 it rises sharply, reaching its peak in early and late stages usually at 13:00—14:00 and in hot summer usually at 13:00—17:00; humidity inside the bags has a negative correlation with temperature, changing in V shape with maximum humidity at about 6:00.
2. Under high temperature, the change curves of temperature and humidity in different bags are significantly different. As atmospheric temperature is above 30℃, temperature inside the paper bags rises sharply, while humidity declines in the same manner. Duration of being above 38℃inside the Xiaolin bag amounts to 34 hours, in single-layer paper bag 29 hours and in Huang Wen bag 21 hours; extreme dryness inside bags under high temperature is another noticeable phenomenon, and when temperature inside bags is above 35℃, relative humidity is usually below 40%. Accumulated hours of relative humidity being lower than 60% reach 207～227 h, and among them single-layer bag has the most accumulated hours of being less than 40% say 56h, Huangwen has the least 37h and Xiaolin and Kaixiang stand in the middle; under extreme dry conditions, relative humidity in all the bags is 18.8%～22.6%.
3. In rainy days, temperature and humidity in different paper bags are similar, with relatively low temperature and decreasing diurnal amplitude. Most of the rain water filters into the bags, and duration of sustained high humidity inside the bags is obviously longer than that of raining; among all the bags, single-layer bags have a longer duration of sustained high humidity than that of double-layer bags.≥90% accumulated hours in single-layer bags reach 576 hours, among which Xiaolin bag has most accumulated hours of sustained high humidity say 565 hours.
4. The selection of bags has an important effect on fruit appearance quality and double-layer bags perform better in improving fruit appearance quality. Fruit developing inside Xiaolin bags has the highest appearance quality, with 44% first-rate fruit. Huiyang is second and Shuangbao is worst with 34% first-rate fruit. The fruit developing in single-layer paper bags and reflection bags is relatively bad, with more black-dot disease and rust disease and first rate fruit is less than 21%. Damage rates of different paper bags after wind and rain are significantly different. Xiaolin is best with a damage rate of only 2%, Kaixiang second, and Shuangbao suffers little damage but many clefts. Damage rates of Qingtian and Fenghua are highest say 22% and 14% respectively.
5. Influence of bagging on illumination on tree canopy. The 3-5 leaves clinging to the bagged fruit cannot reach any light, and their photosynthetic rate is below zero; the inner bore and under-layer of a bagged tree are affected, and their relative light intensity are reduced to 72.7% and 63.6% respectively; trees with high stem and open center shape or small and sparse canopy shape are affected most greatly by bagging, their relative light intensity at 50cm are reduced to 54.1% and 45.5% respectively.
6. Due to their different structures, different tree shapes have different rules of 3D light distribution. Trees with high stem and open center shape have fewer canopy layers, so transmitting coefficient of the direct light is high and extinction coefficient is low. The light intensity at the lower part of the tree is 45.1%; Trees with big canopy and densely planted spindled-shape tree has lowest transmission coefficient for solar radiation penetration and extinction coefficient is as high as 0.94～1.1. Light intensity within the canopy is poor, The light intensity at the lower part of the tree is 27.9% and 24.7%,and the leaves’photosynthetic rate is negative . Generally speaking, illumination level and light energy utilization of small canopy trees is obviously better than that of big canopy trees; trees with high stem are better than trees with low stem.
引文
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