哈尔滨市不同苗源绿化树种应用试验
摘要
随着城市化进程的加快，城市环境问题日益突出，已经严重影响广大市民的身心健康和城市经济的持续发展。园林绿化越来越显示出在城市建设和环境建设中的重要性。园林的发展经历了从绿化到美化的过程。
改革开放以来，随着对外开放步伐的日益加快，人们的视野更加开阔，园林绿化也逐渐摆脱了单调和萧条，和人民的生活一样变得丰富多彩。规划布局从僵化、单一逐渐变得灵活多样、自由；植物种类也从少到多，植物配置更加因地制宜，绿化层次更为合情合理。
然而，任何植物都有其自身的生长特性及不同的环境条件要求，地球上生长的上百万种植物都有其固定的地理种群区域，生长状况存在较大差异。主要表现在长势减弱、树冠畸形、枝叶干枯，病虫害及干旱、冻害大面积发生，生态功能下降等。它们不仅起不到绿化美化、改善环境的作用，有的甚至给城市带来不利影响。因此，选择适合本地绿化树种及其苗源区域，可以提高城市绿化树木的成活率，增加绿化美化效果，有利于城市建设和经济发展。
本文针对哈尔滨市绿化现状，借鉴林业引种试验的研究结果，采用多维灰色评估方法，对哈尔滨市绿化树种的分布型区、高生长、病虫害发生状况等进行研究。通过对分布型区的不同树种及同一树种不同苗源区域生长状况的试验研究，经过统计分析，结果表明：哈尔滨市绿化树种苗源间性状差异显著，苗源间主要代表性状在分布型区内呈现不连续变异；哈尔滨市绿化树木苗源分布型区的西部区如齐齐哈尔、黑河和南部区如鸡西、牡丹江的苗木具有较强适应性；哈尔滨市及其附近地区的苗木成活率较高，但是保存率以及其它性状不好。
该项研究为城市绿化树种选择、苗木调入等提供依据和参考。
With the increasing process of urbanization, urban environment has been becoming a notable question. It has been influencing the health of citizen and the sustainable development of economy. Garden ivresc-ence is becoming more and more important in constructing city and its ironment. The development of Garden virescence has gone through two stages from virescence to beaut ification.
Chinese government have been quickening the step of implementing the reform and open policy. It widened the field of vision of Chinese. And then, the style of Garden virescence is becoming more and more diversil'icat ion as well as the style of people's living. Layout of Garden virescence is also from rigidification to freedom and flexi- bleness. More and more plant species has been adapted in Garden vir- escence than ever before. Ordonnance of plant in Garden virescence is more adjusted measures to local conditions. Arrangement is becoming more and more appropriate.
However, every species has its own characteristics, and itsre-quest of environment is also different from others. All the plant species has its own geographical distributing area and their growth condition is also different a lot. Improper choosing virescence species would result in decreasing its growing, bringing abnormal crown of tree, making branches and leaves dry, producing plant diseases and insect pests, being frozen in big area, decreasing its function of ecology. It may not improve and beautify the city's environment and even bring some bad impacts, herefore, to choose proper virescence species and the area of seedling source would improve its survival rate and reinforce the beautiful impression of city. It would advantage the city constructing and economy progressing.
In this thesis the distribution area, germinant rate in each field, height growth and diseases and insect pests condition of virescence species was studied by using the method of gray evaluation and efer-encing the study result of introducing new species in forest, as well
as the study and analysis of different species were planted in the same field, and identical species was planted in different field, we get the result which is as follows: the characteristics of virescence species is different evidently between each species source, the typi- cal characteristic of main species between each species sources is variance discontinuously, the virescence species from west such as Qiqihaer, Heihe and south Jixi, Mudanjiang is adaptive more, the see- dling from Harbin or its nearby has comparative high survival rate but low preservative rate. This study would provide reference in choo- sing virescence species and introducing into seedling in Harbin city.
改革开放以来，随着对外开放步伐的日益加快，人们的视野更加开阔，园林绿化也逐渐摆脱了单调和萧条，和人民的生活一样变得丰富多彩。规划布局从僵化、单一逐渐变得灵活多样、自由；植物种类也从少到多，植物配置更加因地制宜，绿化层次更为合情合理。
然而，任何植物都有其自身的生长特性及不同的环境条件要求，地球上生长的上百万种植物都有其固定的地理种群区域，生长状况存在较大差异。主要表现在长势减弱、树冠畸形、枝叶干枯，病虫害及干旱、冻害大面积发生，生态功能下降等。它们不仅起不到绿化美化、改善环境的作用，有的甚至给城市带来不利影响。因此，选择适合本地绿化树种及其苗源区域，可以提高城市绿化树木的成活率，增加绿化美化效果，有利于城市建设和经济发展。
本文针对哈尔滨市绿化现状，借鉴林业引种试验的研究结果，采用多维灰色评估方法，对哈尔滨市绿化树种的分布型区、高生长、病虫害发生状况等进行研究。通过对分布型区的不同树种及同一树种不同苗源区域生长状况的试验研究，经过统计分析，结果表明：哈尔滨市绿化树种苗源间性状差异显著，苗源间主要代表性状在分布型区内呈现不连续变异；哈尔滨市绿化树木苗源分布型区的西部区如齐齐哈尔、黑河和南部区如鸡西、牡丹江的苗木具有较强适应性；哈尔滨市及其附近地区的苗木成活率较高，但是保存率以及其它性状不好。
该项研究为城市绿化树种选择、苗木调入等提供依据和参考。
With the increasing process of urbanization, urban environment has been becoming a notable question. It has been influencing the health of citizen and the sustainable development of economy. Garden ivresc-ence is becoming more and more important in constructing city and its ironment. The development of Garden virescence has gone through two stages from virescence to beaut ification.
Chinese government have been quickening the step of implementing the reform and open policy. It widened the field of vision of Chinese. And then, the style of Garden virescence is becoming more and more diversil'icat ion as well as the style of people's living. Layout of Garden virescence is also from rigidification to freedom and flexi- bleness. More and more plant species has been adapted in Garden vir- escence than ever before. Ordonnance of plant in Garden virescence is more adjusted measures to local conditions. Arrangement is becoming more and more appropriate.
However, every species has its own characteristics, and itsre-quest of environment is also different from others. All the plant species has its own geographical distributing area and their growth condition is also different a lot. Improper choosing virescence species would result in decreasing its growing, bringing abnormal crown of tree, making branches and leaves dry, producing plant diseases and insect pests, being frozen in big area, decreasing its function of ecology. It may not improve and beautify the city's environment and even bring some bad impacts, herefore, to choose proper virescence species and the area of seedling source would improve its survival rate and reinforce the beautiful impression of city. It would advantage the city constructing and economy progressing.
In this thesis the distribution area, germinant rate in each field, height growth and diseases and insect pests condition of virescence species was studied by using the method of gray evaluation and efer-encing the study result of introducing new species in forest, as well
as the study and analysis of different species were planted in the same field, and identical species was planted in different field, we get the result which is as follows: the characteristics of virescence species is different evidently between each species source, the typi- cal characteristic of main species between each species sources is variance discontinuously, the virescence species from west such as Qiqihaer, Heihe and south Jixi, Mudanjiang is adaptive more, the see- dling from Harbin or its nearby has comparative high survival rate but low preservative rate. This study would provide reference in choo- sing virescence species and introducing into seedling in Harbin city.
引文
1．戴君惕．遗传学报．1983．10(5)
2．丁宝勇．落叶松人工林动态间伐系统的研究．东北林业大学学报，1986．14(14)
3．冯采芹．绿化环境效应研究．中国环境科学出版社，1992．1
4．冯采芹．绿化环境效应研究．中国环境科学学出版社，1992．1
5．黄银晓．城市生态学的研究动态和发展趋势．生态学进展，1986．6
6．李春阳．东北东部森林水文效应的研究．森林生态系统定位研究．1992
7．李曼碧．城市生态学研究中的城市植物．云南环境科学．2002．19(1)
8．李盛仙．近绿者康．中国林业，1999．3
9．林静芳．林木组织的培养现状与展望．林业科技通讯，1982(3)
10．刘晓东．浅淡大面积种植冷季型草坪的误区．北方园艺 2001．5
11．欧晓昆．昆明的城市自然植被和植物区系．云南大学学报，1994．16(13)
12．覃浩羼．南宁市景观生态、格局现状与改善途径．城市环境与城市生态，2001：14(1)：44—46
13．索奎霖．充分发挥城市绿化生态效益的关键．江苏林业科技．1998(25)：80—83
14．王秉洛等．20世纪我国工程科技最伟大的成就”中国风景园林学会推选项目．中国园林，2001：1(2)：89-91
15．王克胜．杨树优良无性系多性状选择方法研究、林业科技通讯，1995．1
16．王愿吕等．不同地理种源沙棘苗期抗逆性试验研究．中国水土保持，1995．2
17．吴仲贤．统计遗传学．科学出版社，1997
18．徐波．关于城市绿地及其分类的若干思考。中国园林，2000：16(5)：29-32
19．杨和春．引种杨树试验及栽培技术初报．中国林业，1983．4
20．杨赉丽主编．械市园林绿地规划．北京：中国林业出版社，1995
21．杨士弘．城市生态环境学．科学出版社，1999
22．于志熙．城市生态学．北京：中国林业出版社，1992
23．原法宪．杨树引种选育与栽培区的初步意见．山西林业科技，1973．1
24．欧晓昆．昆明的城市自然植被和植物区系．云南大学学报，1994．16(13)
25．卓丽环．哈尔滨城市森林体系建设中树种的选择．哈尔滨城市森林体系建设、监测与综合效益评价研究论文集，73—78
26．周志春，马尾松地理遗传变异及最佳种源区的划定，林业科学研究．1993．6(5)
27．周志春．马尾松生长的种源与地点互作效应．林业科学研究，1994．7
28．石家琛．论森林立地分类的若干问题．林业科学，1988．24(1)
29．[美]A.H.Thomas编著．杂草生态学．科学出版社，1983
30．[美]G.Eellenberg著．城市生态学．陆地生态译报，1986．1
31．粟娟等．广州市城市格局．广东园艺
32．席嘉宾．草坪绿地在城市园林绿化中的现状与发展对策．《草业科学》17卷3期
33．俞孔坚．在首届中国(厦门)国际城市绿色环保博览会的主题演讲稿
34．马建章．自然保护区学．东北林业大学出版社．1992．9
35．东北林业大学硕士研究生论文
36．许易梅．哈尔滨实施城市形象工程．汇报材料
37．张庆华．黑荆树地理种源选择增益研究，经济林研究．1995
38．柳尚华．城市园林绿化科技发展与成就
39．刘培林编著．杨树良种选育与栽培，东北林业大学出版社，2003．5
40．陈有民主编．园林树木学，中国林业出版社，1992．．7
41. Laaarcher W(1987) Stre bei pflanzen Naturwissenschaften 74: 158-167
42. Zobel BJ Talbert JT.Applied forest tree improvement. Wiley, New York, 1984
43. Bendtsen BA. Properties of wood from improved and intensively managed trre. For. Prod. J, 1978. 28(10)
44. Chalmers KJ etal Detection of genetic variation between and within Populations of elite poptar (populus spp)clones.Theor Appl Genet, 1993. 87
2．丁宝勇．落叶松人工林动态间伐系统的研究．东北林业大学学报，1986．14(14)
3．冯采芹．绿化环境效应研究．中国环境科学出版社，1992．1
4．冯采芹．绿化环境效应研究．中国环境科学学出版社，1992．1
5．黄银晓．城市生态学的研究动态和发展趋势．生态学进展，1986．6
6．李春阳．东北东部森林水文效应的研究．森林生态系统定位研究．1992
7．李曼碧．城市生态学研究中的城市植物．云南环境科学．2002．19(1)
8．李盛仙．近绿者康．中国林业，1999．3
9．林静芳．林木组织的培养现状与展望．林业科技通讯，1982(3)
10．刘晓东．浅淡大面积种植冷季型草坪的误区．北方园艺 2001．5
11．欧晓昆．昆明的城市自然植被和植物区系．云南大学学报，1994．16(13)
12．覃浩羼．南宁市景观生态、格局现状与改善途径．城市环境与城市生态，2001：14(1)：44—46
13．索奎霖．充分发挥城市绿化生态效益的关键．江苏林业科技．1998(25)：80—83
14．王秉洛等．20世纪我国工程科技最伟大的成就”中国风景园林学会推选项目．中国园林，2001：1(2)：89-91
15．王克胜．杨树优良无性系多性状选择方法研究、林业科技通讯，1995．1
16．王愿吕等．不同地理种源沙棘苗期抗逆性试验研究．中国水土保持，1995．2
17．吴仲贤．统计遗传学．科学出版社，1997
18．徐波．关于城市绿地及其分类的若干思考。中国园林，2000：16(5)：29-32
19．杨和春．引种杨树试验及栽培技术初报．中国林业，1983．4
20．杨赉丽主编．械市园林绿地规划．北京：中国林业出版社，1995
21．杨士弘．城市生态环境学．科学出版社，1999
22．于志熙．城市生态学．北京：中国林业出版社，1992
23．原法宪．杨树引种选育与栽培区的初步意见．山西林业科技，1973．1
24．欧晓昆．昆明的城市自然植被和植物区系．云南大学学报，1994．16(13)
25．卓丽环．哈尔滨城市森林体系建设中树种的选择．哈尔滨城市森林体系建设、监测与综合效益评价研究论文集，73—78
26．周志春，马尾松地理遗传变异及最佳种源区的划定，林业科学研究．1993．6(5)
27．周志春．马尾松生长的种源与地点互作效应．林业科学研究，1994．7
28．石家琛．论森林立地分类的若干问题．林业科学，1988．24(1)
29．[美]A.H.Thomas编著．杂草生态学．科学出版社，1983
30．[美]G.Eellenberg著．城市生态学．陆地生态译报，1986．1
31．粟娟等．广州市城市格局．广东园艺
32．席嘉宾．草坪绿地在城市园林绿化中的现状与发展对策．《草业科学》17卷3期
33．俞孔坚．在首届中国(厦门)国际城市绿色环保博览会的主题演讲稿
34．马建章．自然保护区学．东北林业大学出版社．1992．9
35．东北林业大学硕士研究生论文
36．许易梅．哈尔滨实施城市形象工程．汇报材料
37．张庆华．黑荆树地理种源选择增益研究，经济林研究．1995
38．柳尚华．城市园林绿化科技发展与成就
39．刘培林编著．杨树良种选育与栽培，东北林业大学出版社，2003．5
40．陈有民主编．园林树木学，中国林业出版社，1992．．7
41. Laaarcher W(1987) Stre bei pflanzen Naturwissenschaften 74: 158-167
42. Zobel BJ Talbert JT.Applied forest tree improvement. Wiley, New York, 1984
43. Bendtsen BA. Properties of wood from improved and intensively managed trre. For. Prod. J, 1978. 28(10)
44. Chalmers KJ etal Detection of genetic variation between and within Populations of elite poptar (populus spp)clones.Theor Appl Genet, 1993. 87