早白垩世鄂尔多斯南部沙漠起源与演化：志丹群磁性地层年代及沉积物磁化率测量
|
摘要
温室效应造成的全球变暖已成为本世纪最大的全球性环境问题,在自然与人为因素的叠加作用下,全球土地沙漠化问题正变得越来越严重。白垩纪作为距今最近的“温室地球”时期,对该时期的沙漠演化展开系统研究对认识现代沙漠形成演变具有重要意义。
鄂尔多斯盆地白垩纪沙漠是白垩纪横贯我国西北-东南沙漠带的重要组成部分。本文通过对鄂尔多斯盆地南部下白垩统志丹群下段(宜君组、洛河组及环河—华池组,厚420.23米)钻孔岩芯高分辨率高精度的磁性地层研究,结合沉积环境分析,发现岩石原生(特征)剩磁的携带矿物为赤铁矿及部分磁赤铁矿；获得了25个正极性柱和25个负极性柱,结合已有的生物化石资料,将其与GTS2004的M5n至M16n相对应,获得志丹群下部的磁性地层年代为142.06—129.73Ma；岩芯钻获的志丹群各组磁性地层年龄分别为宜君组142.06—141.48Ma、洛河组141.48—133.94Ma及环河—华池组133.94—129.73Ma；志丹群下段沉积环境为冲积扇相、河流相、沙漠相及滨浅湖相,沙漠沉积物发育于洛河组,起止时代为141.48—135.37Ma。
通过对沉积物磁化率测量结合前人孢粉资料分析显示,发现志丹群下段沉积物反映的气候环境与早白垩世全球温度变化具有很好的相关性,气候总体显示为干热环境,以133.94Ma界可分为两个阶段：早期相对温干阶段(142.06—133.94Ma),后期相对暖湿阶段(133.94—129.73Ma)。风成砂沉积层序及磁化率值变化特征显示早白垩世鄂尔多斯盆地南部沙漠经历了三次发育→扩张→消亡的阶段,发育的年代分别为：141.48—140.64Ma；139.51—137.84Ma；136.26—135.37Ma.
Global warming resulted from greenhouse effect has already become the most serious global environmental problem in the present century, owing to the natural factor and human disturbance, land desertification around the desert is becoming more and more serious. Cretaceous is the latest typical greenhouse Earth state, thus the systematic research on the desert evolution in these period is of great significance to understand the modern desert.
The desert in the Ordos Basin is an important part of desert belt across China continent in the Cretaceous. In this study, based on the high resolution magnetostratigraphy of lower Cretaceous-Zhidan Group in the southern of Ordos Basin, it could be inferred that the original remnant magnetic-carrying minerals are mainly hematite and somewhat maghemite, there are 25 long normal polarity zones and 25 short reversed zones in Zhidan Group with a thickness of about 420.23m, including Yijun Formation, Luohe Formation and Huanhe-huachi Formation. Combined with the obtained biological fossil data, the observed polarity zones could be reasonably correlated with the M5n through M16n of GTS2004, thus yield the age control of lower Zhidan Group between 142.06 Ma and 129.73 Ma, then the ages of Yijun Formtion, Luohe Formation and Huanhe-huachi Formation are 142.06-141.48 Ma, 141.48-133.94 Ma and 133.94-129.73 Ma, respectively. The deposition environment of the lower Zhidan Group is alluvial fan, fluvial, desert and shore-shallow lake facies, while the desert deposition is in the Luohe Formation between 141.48 Ma and 135.37 Ma.
Based on the measurement of magnetic susceptibility and the previously obtained pollen data in sediments, we found that the climate environment inferred from sediments of the lower Zhidan Group has a better correlation with global temperature change in early Cretaceous and it shows a arid and heat condition on the whole. Its climate change could be further divided into two substages:the early relative arid and warm substage (142.06 Ma-133.94 Ma), the last relative humid and warm subsage (133.94 Ma-129.73 Ma). Three stages are reconstructed in Ordos Basin at early Cretaceous based on the magnetic susceptibility feature and the location of anemoarenyte, they are development, expansion and subduction, correspondingly to 141.48 Ma-140.64Ma,139.51 Ma-137.84 Ma and 136.26 Ma-135.37 Ma.
鄂尔多斯盆地白垩纪沙漠是白垩纪横贯我国西北-东南沙漠带的重要组成部分。本文通过对鄂尔多斯盆地南部下白垩统志丹群下段(宜君组、洛河组及环河—华池组,厚420.23米)钻孔岩芯高分辨率高精度的磁性地层研究,结合沉积环境分析,发现岩石原生(特征)剩磁的携带矿物为赤铁矿及部分磁赤铁矿；获得了25个正极性柱和25个负极性柱,结合已有的生物化石资料,将其与GTS2004的M5n至M16n相对应,获得志丹群下部的磁性地层年代为142.06—129.73Ma；岩芯钻获的志丹群各组磁性地层年龄分别为宜君组142.06—141.48Ma、洛河组141.48—133.94Ma及环河—华池组133.94—129.73Ma；志丹群下段沉积环境为冲积扇相、河流相、沙漠相及滨浅湖相,沙漠沉积物发育于洛河组,起止时代为141.48—135.37Ma。
通过对沉积物磁化率测量结合前人孢粉资料分析显示,发现志丹群下段沉积物反映的气候环境与早白垩世全球温度变化具有很好的相关性,气候总体显示为干热环境,以133.94Ma界可分为两个阶段：早期相对温干阶段(142.06—133.94Ma),后期相对暖湿阶段(133.94—129.73Ma)。风成砂沉积层序及磁化率值变化特征显示早白垩世鄂尔多斯盆地南部沙漠经历了三次发育→扩张→消亡的阶段,发育的年代分别为：141.48—140.64Ma；139.51—137.84Ma；136.26—135.37Ma.
Global warming resulted from greenhouse effect has already become the most serious global environmental problem in the present century, owing to the natural factor and human disturbance, land desertification around the desert is becoming more and more serious. Cretaceous is the latest typical greenhouse Earth state, thus the systematic research on the desert evolution in these period is of great significance to understand the modern desert.
The desert in the Ordos Basin is an important part of desert belt across China continent in the Cretaceous. In this study, based on the high resolution magnetostratigraphy of lower Cretaceous-Zhidan Group in the southern of Ordos Basin, it could be inferred that the original remnant magnetic-carrying minerals are mainly hematite and somewhat maghemite, there are 25 long normal polarity zones and 25 short reversed zones in Zhidan Group with a thickness of about 420.23m, including Yijun Formation, Luohe Formation and Huanhe-huachi Formation. Combined with the obtained biological fossil data, the observed polarity zones could be reasonably correlated with the M5n through M16n of GTS2004, thus yield the age control of lower Zhidan Group between 142.06 Ma and 129.73 Ma, then the ages of Yijun Formtion, Luohe Formation and Huanhe-huachi Formation are 142.06-141.48 Ma, 141.48-133.94 Ma and 133.94-129.73 Ma, respectively. The deposition environment of the lower Zhidan Group is alluvial fan, fluvial, desert and shore-shallow lake facies, while the desert deposition is in the Luohe Formation between 141.48 Ma and 135.37 Ma.
Based on the measurement of magnetic susceptibility and the previously obtained pollen data in sediments, we found that the climate environment inferred from sediments of the lower Zhidan Group has a better correlation with global temperature change in early Cretaceous and it shows a arid and heat condition on the whole. Its climate change could be further divided into two substages:the early relative arid and warm substage (142.06 Ma-133.94 Ma), the last relative humid and warm subsage (133.94 Ma-129.73 Ma). Three stages are reconstructed in Ordos Basin at early Cretaceous based on the magnetic susceptibility feature and the location of anemoarenyte, they are development, expansion and subduction, correspondingly to 141.48 Ma-140.64Ma,139.51 Ma-137.84 Ma and 136.26 Ma-135.37 Ma.
引文
1. An Z S, Kukla G J, Porter S C. et al. Magnetic susceptibility evidence of monsoon variation on the loess Plateau of Central China during the last 130000 years[J].
2. An, Z. S., Wang, J.& Li, H. Paleomagnctic research of the Luochuan loess section Geochimica.1977,4,239-249.
3.Andrew J T, Tedesco K. Detrital carbonate-rich sediments, northwestern Labrador Sea: Implications for icesheet dynamics and iceberg rafting (Heinrich) events in t
4.Audley-Charles, M. G., A. Hallam (Eds), Gondwana and Tethys [M]. Geological Society Special Publication No.37, Oxford University Press, Oxford,1988:79-100.
5.Barron E J,1987. Cretaceous Plate Tectonic Reconstructions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,59:3-29.
6.Berner R A, Kothavala Z. Geocarb III:A revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time [J]. American Journal of Science,2001,301:182-204.
7.Berner R A. GEOCARB Ⅱ:A revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time [J]. American Journal of Science,1994,294:56-91.
8.Bloemendal J, deMenocal P. Evidence for a change in the periodicity of tropical climate cycles at 2.4 Myr from whole-core magnetic susceptibility measurements[J].
9.Bond G., William J. Showers, et al. A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and glacial climates[J]. Science,1997,278 (5341):1257-1266.
10.Broecker W S. Massive iceberg discharges as triggers for global climate change[J]. Nature, 1994,372:421-424.
11.Campbell ID, Campbell C, Apps M J, et al. Late Holocene approximately 1500 yr climatic periodicities and their implications [J]. Geology,1998,26:471-473.
12.CCICCD. China Country Paper to Combat Desertification[M]. Beijing:China Forest ry Publishing House,1996,18-31.
13.Cooke R, Warren A, Goudie A. Desert Geomorphology. London:UCL Press,1993.
14.Cronin M, Tauxe L, Constable C, et al. Noise in the quite zone[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2001,190:13-30.
15.Crowley T J, Kim K Y. Comparison of long-term greenhouse projections with the geologic record[J]. Geophys Res Lett,1995,22:933-936.
16.Cubaschu. Projections of future climate change[C]. W. Kim and J. Stone. Climate Change 2001:The Scientific Basis. Cambridge UK:Cambridge University Press,2001:
17.Dai, S., X. Fang, G. Dupont-Nivet, C. Song, J. Gao, W. Krijgsman, C. Langereis, W. Zhang. Magnetostratigraphy of Cenozoic sediments from the Xining Basin:Tectoni
18.De Menocal P B. Cultural responses to climate change during the last late Holocene [J]. Science,2001,292:667-673.
19.Dennis V. Kent and Felix M. Gradstein. A Cretaceous and Jurassic geochronology[J]. Geological Society of America.1985,96(11),1419-1427.
20.Ding, Z.L., S.L. Yang, S.S. Hou, X. Wang, Z. Chen, and T.S. Liu, Magnetostratigraphy and sedimentology of the Jingchuan red clay section and correlation of the Te
21.Fang Xiaomin, Ono Yugo, Fukusawa Hitoshi, et al., Asian summer monsoon instability during the past 60000years; magnetic susceptibility and pedogenic evidence from
22.Felix M. Gradstein, James G. Ogg, and Alan G. Smith. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 [M]. The Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,2004:355-358.
23.Feng Z D,Chen F H, Problems of the magnetic susceptibility sign as the proxy of the summer monsoon intensity in the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Chinese Science Bul
24.Friedrich Heller, Liu Tung-sheng. Magnetostratigraphical dating of loess deposits in China[J]. Nature.1982,300:431-433.
25.Gerta K. Cretaceous climate, volcanism, impacts, and biotic effects [J]. Cretaceous Research,2008,29:754-771.
26.Gradstein F M, Agterberg F P, Ogg J G, et al, A Mesozoic time scale[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99 (B12):24051-24074.
27.Gradstein F M, Ogg, Smith. A geologic time scale 2004[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.2004,355-358.
28.Gradstein F M. and J G Ogg. Geologic time scale 2004-Why,How, and Where next![C]. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press,2004,500.
29.Guo Z T, Ruddiman W F, Hao Q Z, et al. Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China[J]. Nature,2002,416:159-163.
30.Haq B U, Hardenbol J, Vail P R. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic [J]. Science,1987,235:1156-1167.
31.Helsley C E, Steiner M B. Evidence for long intervals of normalpolarity during the Cretaceous period[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett,1969,5:325-332.
32.Herman A B, Spicer R A. Palaeobotanical evidence for a warm Cretaceous Arctic Ocean [J]. Nature,1996,380:330-333.
33.Hsu K.J. and Bernoulli D. Genesis of the Tethys and the Mediterranean, Initial Reports [R], Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project,42,1978:943-949.
34.Ian Metcalfe. The ancient Tethys oceans of Asia:How many? How old? How deep? How wide? UNEAC Asia Papers[R], No.1,1999:1-9.
35.J Remane, A Faure-Muret, GS Odin. The International Stratigraphic Chart:The Division of Earth Sciences[C]. UNESCO,2000.
36 Jenkyns, H.C. Tethys:past and present. Proceedings Geologists Association,1980, 91:107-118.
37 Jiang Xinsheng, Li Yuwen, Fu Qingping. Temporal and spatial distribution of Cretaceous deserts in middle and eastern China and its climatic significance.Proc 30 t
38.Jones C E, Jenkyns H C. Seawater strontium isotopes, oceanic anoxic events, and seafloor hydrothermal activity in the Jurassic and Cretaceous [J]. American Journa
39.Kissel C, Laj C, Labeyrite L et al. Rapid climatic variations during marine isotopeic stage 3:magnetic analysis of sediments from Nordic Seas and North Atlantic[
40.Kutzbach J E, PrellW L, Ruddi manW F. Sensitivity of Eurasian Climate t o surface up lift of the Tibetan Plateau [J]. Journal of Geology,1993,101:177-190.
41.Kuypers M, Pancost R D, Sinninghe Damste J S. A large and abrupt fall in atmospheric CO2 concentrations during Cretaceous times[J]. Nature,1999,399:342-345.
42.Larson R L, Erba E. Onset of the mid-Cretaceous greenhouse in the Barremian-Aptian: Igneous events and the biological, sedimentary and geochemical responses [J].
43.Larson R L. Latest pulse of Earth:Evidence for a mid-Cretaceous superplume [J]. Geology, 1991,19:963-966.
44.Larson R L. Latest pulse of Earth:Evidence for a mid-Cretaceous superplume[J]. Geology, 1991,19:547-550.
45.Li J iayang, Chen Panqin, Ma Zhuguo. Regional research:A mainapp roach to understand the global envir onmental change[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2006,21 (
46.LinZongyang. Rock magnetic study of marine sediment and its application to paleoenvironment research[J]. Doctoral dissertation, Kyoto University,1994.
47.Liu Xiu-ming, F. Heller, Liu Tong-sheng, Xu Tong-chun. Magnetic susceptibility of Chinese loess as a palaeoclimatic indicator[J]. Science in China, Ser.B.1992,5.
48.Liu Xiuming, Liu Tungsheng, F. Heller & Xu Tongchun. Frequency-dependent susceptibility of loess and Quaternary paleosol[J]. Quaternary Sciences,1990,1:42.
49.Lowrie W, Alvarez W, Napoleone G, Perch-Nielsen K, Premoli-Silva I, and Toumarkine,
50.Manabe S, Broccoli A J. Mountains and arid climates of middle latitudes[J]. Science, 1990,247:192-194.
51.Metiver F, Gaudemer Y, Tapponnier P, et al. Northeasterward growth of the Tibetan Plateau deduced from balanced reconstruction of two depositional areas:The Qaid
52.P. Teilhard de Chardin. Notes on continental geology[J]. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China,1937,16:195-220.
53.Poore R Z, Dowset t H J and Verardo S. Millennial-to century-scale variability in Gulf of Mexico Holocene climate records [J]. Paleoceanography.2003,18:1048.
54.Robinson S G. The late Pleistocene palaeoclimatic record of North Atlantic deep-sea sediments revealed by mineral magnetic measurements[J]. Phys. Earth Planet. In
55.Schlanger S O, Jenkyns H C, Premoli Silva I. Volcanism and vertical tectonics in the pacific basin related to global Cretaceous transgressions [J]. Earth Planet S
56.Shakleton N J, et al. Oxygen and palaeomagnetic evidence for early northern Hemisphere Glaciation[J]. Nature,1977(270):216-219.
57.Sirocko F, Garbe-Schonberg D, Mcintyre A, et al. Teleconnection between the subtropic monsoon and highlati-tude climate during the last deglaciation[J]. Science,
58.Song, Y.G., X.M. Fang, M. Torii, N. Ishikawa, J.J. Li, and Z.S. An, Magnetostratigraphy of late Tertiary sediments from the Chinese Loess Plateau and its paleocl
59.Stoll H M, Schrag D P.1996, Evidence for glacial control of rapid sea level changes in the early Cretaceous [J]. Science,272:1771-1774.
60. Sun Youbin, An Zhisheng. Hist ory and variability of Asian interi or aridity recorded by eolian flux in the Chinese Loess Plateau during the past 7Ma[J]. Science
61.Sun, D.H.,, Monsoon and westerly circulation changes recorded in the late Cenozoic Aeolian sequences of Northern China, Global and Planetary Change.2004,41,63
62.Tarduno J A, Sliter W V, Kroenke L, et al. Rapid formation of Ontong Java Plateau by Aptian mentle plume volcanism [J]. Science,1991,254:399-403.
63.Thompsori R, Oldfield F. Environmental Magnetism[M], London:Allen & Unwin,1986.
64.Trenberth K E, Chen S C. Planetary waves kinematically forced by Himalayan Ography[J]. Science,1986,45:2934-2948.
65.VandenBerg J, Klootwijk C T, Wonders A A H. The Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic movements of the Umbrian Peninsula Further paleomagnetic data from the Umbrian sequence
66.Vander Voo Rob. Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys and Iapetus oceans [M]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,1993, pp273.
67.W Lowrie, JG Ogg. A magnetic polarity time scale for the Early Cretaceous and Late Jurassic[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters.1986.
68.Walker, J.D., and Geissman, J.W., compilers. Geologic Time Scale[J]. Geological Society of America,1999, doi:10.1130/2009.
69.W B Harland, AV Cox, PG Lewellyn. A geologic time scale[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge Univ. Press,1982,131.
70.Z S An, G J Kukla, S C Porter, J L Xiao. Magnetic susceptibility evidence of monsoon variation on the Loess Plateau[J]. Quaternary Research,1991.
71.Zhisheng An, George J K, Stephen C P. et al. Magnetic susceptibility evidence of monsoon variation on the loess plateau of Central China during the last 130 000 y
72.布赖恩特E.气候过程和气候变化[M].刘东生等,译.北京：科学出版社,2004.
73.陈荣林.苏南上白坚统赤山组风成沙初探[J].石油实验地质,1982,(2)：23-26.
74.程守田,李思田,黄焱球等.鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统风成沉积与内陆古沙漠环境[A].见：李思田编.含能源盆地沉积体系[C].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1996,138-147.
75.程守田,刘星,郭秀蓉,等.古沙漠沉积及其层序单元—以鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系为例.地球科学,2000,25(6)：587-591.
76.慈龙骏.全球变化对我国荒漠化的影响[J].自然资源学报,1994,(04)：61-64.
77.戴霜,朱强,胡鸿飞,等.六盘山群磁性地层年代[J].地层学杂志,2009,33(2)：188-192.
78.董光荣,靳鹤龄,陈惠忠,张春来.中国北方半干旱和半湿润地区沙漠化的成因[J].第四纪研究,1998,(02)：136-144.
79.董光荣,靳鹤龄,陈惠忠.末次间冰期以来沙漠-黄土边界带移动与气候变化[J].第四纪研究,1997,(02)：158-167.
80.董光荣,王贵勇,陈惠忠,等.中国沙漠形成、演化与青藏高原隆升的关系[J].见：中国青藏高原研究论文集.北京：气象出版社,1995,13-29.
81.董光荣,王贵勇,陈惠忠,阎满存,金炯,王跃.中国沙漠形成、演化与青藏高原隆升的关系[A].青藏高原与全球变化研讨会论文集,1994,13-28.
82.董光荣,吴波,慈龙骏等. 我国荒漠化现状、成因与防治对策[J]. 中国沙漠,1999,19(4)：318-332.
83.董玉祥,刘玉璋,刘毅华.沙漠化若干问题研究[M].西安：西安地图出版社.1995,73-75.
84.方大钧,叶德泉.中国松辽盆地白垩纪岩石磁化率、剩磁强度与古气候意义[J].地球物理学报,1989,(01).
85.高尚玉,陈渭南,靳鹤龄等.全新世中国季风区西北缘沙漠演化初步研究[J].中国科学(B辑).1993,23(2)：202-208.
86.郭正堂,彭淑贞,郝青振等.晚第三纪中国西北干旱化的发展及其与北极冰盖形成演化和青藏高原隆升的关系.第四纪研究,1999,(6)：556-567.
87.郝诒纯,等.中国的白垩系[M].北京：地质出版社,1986.
88.郝诒纯,等.中国地层典：白垩系[M].北京：地质出版社,2000,3.
89.胡守云,王苏民,E.Apple等.呼伦湖湖泊沉积物磁化率变化的环境磁学机制[J].中国科学(D辑),1998,28(4)：334-339.
90.江新胜,陈乐尧,李玉文.西南区白垩纪第三纪沙漠及沉积学问题[J].岩相古地理,1992,(5)：1-66.
91.江新胜,李玉文.中国中东部白垩纪沙漠的时空分布及其气候意义[J].岩相古地理,1996,16(2)：42-51.
92.江新胜,潘忠习,付清平.鄂尔多斯盆地早白垩世沙漠古风向变化规律及其气候意义.中国科学(D辑),2000,30(2)：196-201.
93.江新胜,潘忠习,付清平.四川盆地白至纪沙漠风向变化规律及其意义[J].岩相古地理,1999,19(1)：1-11.
94.江新胜,潘忠习,谢渊,李明辉.鄂尔多斯盆地白垩纪沙漠旋回、风向和水循环变化—白垩纪气候非均一性的证据.中国科学D辑(地球科学),2004,34(7)：649-657.
95.江新胜,李玉文.中国中东部白垩纪沙漠的时空分布及其气候意义[J].岩相古地理,1996,16(2)：42-51.
96.李吉均,赵志军,德日进.“亚洲干极”理论的现实意义[J].第四纪研究,2003,23(4)：366-371.
97.李建国,杜宝安.甘肃平凉安国镇白垩系六盘山群的孢粉植物群[J].古生物学报,2006,(04)：498-513.
98.李思田.含能源盆地沉积体系—中国内陆和近海主要沉积体系类型的典型分析[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1996.
99.李孝泽,董光荣,靳鹤龄等.鄂尔多斯白垩系沙丘岩的发现[J].科学通报,1999,44(8)：874-877.
100.李孝泽,董光荣.中国西北干旱环境的形成时代与成因探讨[J].第四纪研究,2006,(06)：896-904.
101.李徐生,杨达源.镇江下蜀黄土—古土壤序列磁化率特征与环境记录[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(1)：27-32.
102.李智佩,岳乐平,郭莉,刘淑英,王岷,聂浩刚,杨利荣,孙虎,王飞跃.全新世气候变化与中国北方沙漠化[J].西北地质,2007,(03)：1-29.
103.刘本培,赵锡文,全秋琦,1986.地史学教程北京：地质出版社,1-408.
104.刘东生,丁梦林.晚第三纪以来中国古环境的特征及其发展历史[M].地球科学—武汉地质学院学报,1983,(4)：15-28.
105.刘东生,张新时,袁宝印.高原隆起对周边地区的影响[C].见：孙鸿烈,郑度主编.青藏高原形成演化与发展.广州：广东科技出版社,1998：184-188
106.刘晓东,李力,安芷生.青藏高原隆升与欧亚内陆及北非的干旱化[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(2)：114-122.
107.刘秀铭,安芷生,强小科,等.甘肃省第三系红粘土磁学性质初步研究及古气候意义.中国科学(D辑),2001,31(3)：191-205.
108.刘秀铭,刘东生,Heller F.等.黄土磁化率与古气候冷暖变化[J].第四纪研究,1990,1：42-50.
109.刘秀铭,许同春,刘东生.中国黄土磁化率各向异性与成因及其对第四纪研究的意义[J].中国科学B辑,1989,(04)：441-448.
110.刘泽纯,孙世英,汪永进等.柴达木盆地中部第四纪地层沉积环境及其天然气资源分布的关系[J].见：刘泽纯.第四纪沉积与环境变迁.东南文化杂志社,1991,1-26.
111.卢爱刚,庞德谦,康世昌,王天明,熊友才,葛剑平.全球升温下中国温度区域变化的稳定性,生态环境[J].2007,16(2)：275-279.
112.卢琦.中国沙情[M].北京：开明出版社.2000：26-32.
113.陆景冈.长江三角洲新构造运动与土壤形成及发展的关系[J].土壤学报,1982,19(1)：1-12.
114.吕厚远,韩家懋,吴乃琴等.中国现代土壤磁化率分析及其古气候意义[J].中国科学(B辑).1994,(12)：1290-1297.
115.孟自芳.兰州附近下白垩统河口群中下岩段磁性地层划分[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(增刊)：342-347.
116.内蒙地矿局.内蒙古自治区区域地质志[M].北京：地质出版社,1991.
117.鸟居雅之,福间浩司,苏黎等.黄土—古土壤磁化率评述[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1999,19(3)：83-95.
118.宁夏回族自治区地质矿产局.宁夏回族自治区区域地质志[M].北京：地质出版社,1991.
119.潘忠习,江新胜,付清平.四川盆地白垩纪沙漠沉积磁组构特征及其古风向意义[J].岩相古地理,1999,19(1)：12-19.
120.齐骅,李国栋.鄂尔多斯盆地志丹群沉积时期的古沙漠盆地体系[J].西北地质科学,1996,17(1)：63-89.
121.齐骅,李玉文,李国栋.鄂尔多斯盆地志丹群中的沙漠相[J].岩相古地理,1993,14(2)：64-65.
122.山西地矿局.山西省区域地质志[M].北京：地质出版社,1989.
123.陕西地矿局.陕西省区域地质志[M].北京：地质出版社,1989.
124.沈忠悦,陈汉林,方大钧,等.塔里木盆地西南部同由路克剖面海相自垩系古地磁结果[J].中国科学D辑,2004,34(8)：712-720.
125.施雅风,李吉均,李炳元,姚檀栋,王苏民,李世杰,崔之久,王富保,潘保田,方小敏,张青松.晚新生代青藏高原的隆升与东亚环境变化[J].地理学报,1999,(01)：10-20.
126.史瑞萍,贺怀宇,朱日祥,潘永信.白垩纪超静磁带期间一个短极性事件ISEA：40Ar／39Ar定年和古地磁结果[J].科学通报,2004,49(8)：798-802.
127.史瑞萍,朱日祥.白垩纪地球物理场异常与地球深部动力学[J].地球物理进展,2002,17(2)：295-300.
128.孙东怀,刘东生,陈明扬,安芷生.中国黄土高原红粘土序列的磁性地层与气候变化[J].中国科学D辑,1997,(03)：265-270.
129.孙有斌,孙东怀,安芷生.灵台红粘土-黄土-古土壤序列频率磁化率的古气候意义[J].高校地质学报,2001,(03)：300-306.
130.孙知明,杨振宇,赵越,等.辽西含鸟化石层同位素年龄讨论—来自磁性地层的证据[J].地质通报,2002,21(1)：41-45.
131.王鸿祯等.中国古地理图集[M].北京：地图出版,1985.
132.王建,刘泽纯,姜文英等.磁化率与粒度、矿物的关系及其古环境意义[J].地理学报,1996,51(2)：155-163.
133.王启飞,陈丕基.白垩纪年代地层学研究简述[J].地层学杂志,2005,29(2)：115-123.
134.威廉斯(M.A.J.Williams)等著,刘东生等编译,第四纪环境.北京：科学出版社,1997.
135.谢渊,王剑,江新胜,李明辉,谢正温,罗建宁,侯光才,刘方,王永和,张茂省,朱桦,王德潜,孙永明,曹建科.鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系沙漠相沉积特征及其水文地质意义[J].沉积
136.谢渊,王剑,殷跃平,等.鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系含水层沉积学初探.地质通报,2003,22(10)：818-828.
137.徐自强.巫山人与龙骨坡文化[J].文献,1999,(01)：69-89
138.杨东,方小敏,彭子成,李吉均.陇西六盘山黄土及最近1.8Ma B.P.以来的构造运动与气候变化[J].地理科学,2006,(02)：192-198.
139.杨天水,杨振宇,孙知明,等.东祁连造山带陆相盆地早白垩世古地磁新结果及其构造意义[J].中国科学(D辑),2001,31(9)：735-744.
140.姚檀栋,杨志红,皇翠兰,焦克勤,谢超,L.G.Thompson.近2ka来高分辨的连续气候环境变化记录—古里雅冰芯近2ka记录初步研究[J].科学通报,1996,(12)：1103-1106.
141.张柏忠.北魏以前科尔沁沙地的变迁[J].中国沙漠,1989,(04)：38-45.
142.张柏忠.北魏至金代科尔沁沙地的变迁[J].中国沙漠,1991,(01)：36-43.
143.张川波,何元良.辽宁北票附近中侏罗世晚期的沙漠沉积[J].沉积学报,1983,1(4)：7-8.
144.张建军,杨达源,陈曰友等.长江中下游地区下蜀黄土磁化率曲线与环境变迁[J].沉积学报,2000,18(1)：18-21.
145.张进,张庆龙,任文军.断层相关褶皱—鄂尔多斯盆地中的新构造样式[J].石油实验地质,1999,21(1)：61-65.
146.张抗.鄂尔多斯断块构造和资源[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1989,1-394.
147.张兰生,方修琦,任国玉,等.全球变化[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2000.
148.张林源.青藏高原形成过程与我国新生代气候演变阶段的划分[C].见：青藏高原形成演化、环境变迁与生态系统研究.北京：科学出版社,1995：267-281.
149.张子福,苗淑娟.鄂尔多斯盆地西南部华亭—陇县地区志丹群的孢粉[J].西北地质科学,1989,(25).
150.张子福.鄂尔多斯盆地南部志丹群环河—华池组的孢粉组合及其时代[J].西北地质科学,1988,(22).
151.长庆油田石油地质志编写组.中国石油地质志卷十二—长庆油田.北京：石油工业出版社,1987.
152.赵景波.西安、山西保德第三纪晚期红土的研究[J].沉积学报,1989,7(3)：113-120.
153.赵松乔,中国干旱区自然地理.北京：科学出版社,1985.
154.赵松乔.中国沙漠、戈壁的形成和演变[C].见：赵松乔主编.中国干旱地区自然地理.北京：科学出版社,1985,1-17.
155.周廷儒,任森厚.中国自然地理—古地理[M].北京：科学出版社,1984,1-262.
156.周廷儒.新生代古地理[M].见：中国科学院《中国自然地理》编辑委员会编.中国自然地理—古地理(上册).北京：科学出版社,1984,1-233.
157.朱俊凤.中国沙漠化防治[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1999,43-50.
158.朱列克.中国荒漠化和沙化动态研究.北京：中国农业出版社,2005,5-13.
159.朱日祥,刘青松,潘永信.地磁极性倒转与全球性地质事件的相关性[J].科学通报,1999,44(20)：1843-1851.
160.朱日祥,潘永信,丁仲礼.红粘土的磁学性质研究[J].第四纪研究,1996,(03)：232-238.
161.朱震达,王涛.从若干典型地区的研究对近十余年来中国土地沙漠化演变趋势的分析[J].地理学报,1990,45(4)：430-440.
162.朱震达,吴正,刘恕,邸醒民等.中国沙漠概论[M].北京：科学出版社,1980,2-4.
163.朱震达.中国北方沙漠化现状及发展趋势[J].中国沙漠,1985,5(3)：3-11.
164.竺可祯.中国近五千年气候变迁的初步研究.中国科学,1973,16(2)：168-189.
2. An, Z. S., Wang, J.& Li, H. Paleomagnctic research of the Luochuan loess section Geochimica.1977,4,239-249.
3.Andrew J T, Tedesco K. Detrital carbonate-rich sediments, northwestern Labrador Sea: Implications for icesheet dynamics and iceberg rafting (Heinrich) events in t
4.Audley-Charles, M. G., A. Hallam (Eds), Gondwana and Tethys [M]. Geological Society Special Publication No.37, Oxford University Press, Oxford,1988:79-100.
5.Barron E J,1987. Cretaceous Plate Tectonic Reconstructions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,59:3-29.
6.Berner R A, Kothavala Z. Geocarb III:A revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time [J]. American Journal of Science,2001,301:182-204.
7.Berner R A. GEOCARB Ⅱ:A revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time [J]. American Journal of Science,1994,294:56-91.
8.Bloemendal J, deMenocal P. Evidence for a change in the periodicity of tropical climate cycles at 2.4 Myr from whole-core magnetic susceptibility measurements[J].
9.Bond G., William J. Showers, et al. A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and glacial climates[J]. Science,1997,278 (5341):1257-1266.
10.Broecker W S. Massive iceberg discharges as triggers for global climate change[J]. Nature, 1994,372:421-424.
11.Campbell ID, Campbell C, Apps M J, et al. Late Holocene approximately 1500 yr climatic periodicities and their implications [J]. Geology,1998,26:471-473.
12.CCICCD. China Country Paper to Combat Desertification[M]. Beijing:China Forest ry Publishing House,1996,18-31.
13.Cooke R, Warren A, Goudie A. Desert Geomorphology. London:UCL Press,1993.
14.Cronin M, Tauxe L, Constable C, et al. Noise in the quite zone[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 2001,190:13-30.
15.Crowley T J, Kim K Y. Comparison of long-term greenhouse projections with the geologic record[J]. Geophys Res Lett,1995,22:933-936.
16.Cubaschu. Projections of future climate change[C]. W. Kim and J. Stone. Climate Change 2001:The Scientific Basis. Cambridge UK:Cambridge University Press,2001:
17.Dai, S., X. Fang, G. Dupont-Nivet, C. Song, J. Gao, W. Krijgsman, C. Langereis, W. Zhang. Magnetostratigraphy of Cenozoic sediments from the Xining Basin:Tectoni
18.De Menocal P B. Cultural responses to climate change during the last late Holocene [J]. Science,2001,292:667-673.
19.Dennis V. Kent and Felix M. Gradstein. A Cretaceous and Jurassic geochronology[J]. Geological Society of America.1985,96(11),1419-1427.
20.Ding, Z.L., S.L. Yang, S.S. Hou, X. Wang, Z. Chen, and T.S. Liu, Magnetostratigraphy and sedimentology of the Jingchuan red clay section and correlation of the Te
21.Fang Xiaomin, Ono Yugo, Fukusawa Hitoshi, et al., Asian summer monsoon instability during the past 60000years; magnetic susceptibility and pedogenic evidence from
22.Felix M. Gradstein, James G. Ogg, and Alan G. Smith. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 [M]. The Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,2004:355-358.
23.Feng Z D,Chen F H, Problems of the magnetic susceptibility sign as the proxy of the summer monsoon intensity in the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Chinese Science Bul
24.Friedrich Heller, Liu Tung-sheng. Magnetostratigraphical dating of loess deposits in China[J]. Nature.1982,300:431-433.
25.Gerta K. Cretaceous climate, volcanism, impacts, and biotic effects [J]. Cretaceous Research,2008,29:754-771.
26.Gradstein F M, Agterberg F P, Ogg J G, et al, A Mesozoic time scale[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99 (B12):24051-24074.
27.Gradstein F M, Ogg, Smith. A geologic time scale 2004[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.2004,355-358.
28.Gradstein F M. and J G Ogg. Geologic time scale 2004-Why,How, and Where next![C]. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press,2004,500.
29.Guo Z T, Ruddiman W F, Hao Q Z, et al. Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China[J]. Nature,2002,416:159-163.
30.Haq B U, Hardenbol J, Vail P R. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic [J]. Science,1987,235:1156-1167.
31.Helsley C E, Steiner M B. Evidence for long intervals of normalpolarity during the Cretaceous period[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett,1969,5:325-332.
32.Herman A B, Spicer R A. Palaeobotanical evidence for a warm Cretaceous Arctic Ocean [J]. Nature,1996,380:330-333.
33.Hsu K.J. and Bernoulli D. Genesis of the Tethys and the Mediterranean, Initial Reports [R], Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project,42,1978:943-949.
34.Ian Metcalfe. The ancient Tethys oceans of Asia:How many? How old? How deep? How wide? UNEAC Asia Papers[R], No.1,1999:1-9.
35.J Remane, A Faure-Muret, GS Odin. The International Stratigraphic Chart:The Division of Earth Sciences[C]. UNESCO,2000.
36 Jenkyns, H.C. Tethys:past and present. Proceedings Geologists Association,1980, 91:107-118.
37 Jiang Xinsheng, Li Yuwen, Fu Qingping. Temporal and spatial distribution of Cretaceous deserts in middle and eastern China and its climatic significance.Proc 30 t
38.Jones C E, Jenkyns H C. Seawater strontium isotopes, oceanic anoxic events, and seafloor hydrothermal activity in the Jurassic and Cretaceous [J]. American Journa
39.Kissel C, Laj C, Labeyrite L et al. Rapid climatic variations during marine isotopeic stage 3:magnetic analysis of sediments from Nordic Seas and North Atlantic[
40.Kutzbach J E, PrellW L, Ruddi manW F. Sensitivity of Eurasian Climate t o surface up lift of the Tibetan Plateau [J]. Journal of Geology,1993,101:177-190.
41.Kuypers M, Pancost R D, Sinninghe Damste J S. A large and abrupt fall in atmospheric CO2 concentrations during Cretaceous times[J]. Nature,1999,399:342-345.
42.Larson R L, Erba E. Onset of the mid-Cretaceous greenhouse in the Barremian-Aptian: Igneous events and the biological, sedimentary and geochemical responses [J].
43.Larson R L. Latest pulse of Earth:Evidence for a mid-Cretaceous superplume [J]. Geology, 1991,19:963-966.
44.Larson R L. Latest pulse of Earth:Evidence for a mid-Cretaceous superplume[J]. Geology, 1991,19:547-550.
45.Li J iayang, Chen Panqin, Ma Zhuguo. Regional research:A mainapp roach to understand the global envir onmental change[J]. Advances in Earth Science,2006,21 (
46.LinZongyang. Rock magnetic study of marine sediment and its application to paleoenvironment research[J]. Doctoral dissertation, Kyoto University,1994.
47.Liu Xiu-ming, F. Heller, Liu Tong-sheng, Xu Tong-chun. Magnetic susceptibility of Chinese loess as a palaeoclimatic indicator[J]. Science in China, Ser.B.1992,5.
48.Liu Xiuming, Liu Tungsheng, F. Heller & Xu Tongchun. Frequency-dependent susceptibility of loess and Quaternary paleosol[J]. Quaternary Sciences,1990,1:42.
49.Lowrie W, Alvarez W, Napoleone G, Perch-Nielsen K, Premoli-Silva I, and Toumarkine,
50.Manabe S, Broccoli A J. Mountains and arid climates of middle latitudes[J]. Science, 1990,247:192-194.
51.Metiver F, Gaudemer Y, Tapponnier P, et al. Northeasterward growth of the Tibetan Plateau deduced from balanced reconstruction of two depositional areas:The Qaid
52.P. Teilhard de Chardin. Notes on continental geology[J]. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China,1937,16:195-220.
53.Poore R Z, Dowset t H J and Verardo S. Millennial-to century-scale variability in Gulf of Mexico Holocene climate records [J]. Paleoceanography.2003,18:1048.
54.Robinson S G. The late Pleistocene palaeoclimatic record of North Atlantic deep-sea sediments revealed by mineral magnetic measurements[J]. Phys. Earth Planet. In
55.Schlanger S O, Jenkyns H C, Premoli Silva I. Volcanism and vertical tectonics in the pacific basin related to global Cretaceous transgressions [J]. Earth Planet S
56.Shakleton N J, et al. Oxygen and palaeomagnetic evidence for early northern Hemisphere Glaciation[J]. Nature,1977(270):216-219.
57.Sirocko F, Garbe-Schonberg D, Mcintyre A, et al. Teleconnection between the subtropic monsoon and highlati-tude climate during the last deglaciation[J]. Science,
58.Song, Y.G., X.M. Fang, M. Torii, N. Ishikawa, J.J. Li, and Z.S. An, Magnetostratigraphy of late Tertiary sediments from the Chinese Loess Plateau and its paleocl
59.Stoll H M, Schrag D P.1996, Evidence for glacial control of rapid sea level changes in the early Cretaceous [J]. Science,272:1771-1774.
60. Sun Youbin, An Zhisheng. Hist ory and variability of Asian interi or aridity recorded by eolian flux in the Chinese Loess Plateau during the past 7Ma[J]. Science
61.Sun, D.H.,, Monsoon and westerly circulation changes recorded in the late Cenozoic Aeolian sequences of Northern China, Global and Planetary Change.2004,41,63
62.Tarduno J A, Sliter W V, Kroenke L, et al. Rapid formation of Ontong Java Plateau by Aptian mentle plume volcanism [J]. Science,1991,254:399-403.
63.Thompsori R, Oldfield F. Environmental Magnetism[M], London:Allen & Unwin,1986.
64.Trenberth K E, Chen S C. Planetary waves kinematically forced by Himalayan Ography[J]. Science,1986,45:2934-2948.
65.VandenBerg J, Klootwijk C T, Wonders A A H. The Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic movements of the Umbrian Peninsula Further paleomagnetic data from the Umbrian sequence
66.Vander Voo Rob. Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys and Iapetus oceans [M]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,1993, pp273.
67.W Lowrie, JG Ogg. A magnetic polarity time scale for the Early Cretaceous and Late Jurassic[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters.1986.
68.Walker, J.D., and Geissman, J.W., compilers. Geologic Time Scale[J]. Geological Society of America,1999, doi:10.1130/2009.
69.W B Harland, AV Cox, PG Lewellyn. A geologic time scale[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge Univ. Press,1982,131.
70.Z S An, G J Kukla, S C Porter, J L Xiao. Magnetic susceptibility evidence of monsoon variation on the Loess Plateau[J]. Quaternary Research,1991.
71.Zhisheng An, George J K, Stephen C P. et al. Magnetic susceptibility evidence of monsoon variation on the loess plateau of Central China during the last 130 000 y
72.布赖恩特E.气候过程和气候变化[M].刘东生等,译.北京：科学出版社,2004.
73.陈荣林.苏南上白坚统赤山组风成沙初探[J].石油实验地质,1982,(2)：23-26.
74.程守田,李思田,黄焱球等.鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统风成沉积与内陆古沙漠环境[A].见：李思田编.含能源盆地沉积体系[C].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1996,138-147.
75.程守田,刘星,郭秀蓉,等.古沙漠沉积及其层序单元—以鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系为例.地球科学,2000,25(6)：587-591.
76.慈龙骏.全球变化对我国荒漠化的影响[J].自然资源学报,1994,(04)：61-64.
77.戴霜,朱强,胡鸿飞,等.六盘山群磁性地层年代[J].地层学杂志,2009,33(2)：188-192.
78.董光荣,靳鹤龄,陈惠忠,张春来.中国北方半干旱和半湿润地区沙漠化的成因[J].第四纪研究,1998,(02)：136-144.
79.董光荣,靳鹤龄,陈惠忠.末次间冰期以来沙漠-黄土边界带移动与气候变化[J].第四纪研究,1997,(02)：158-167.
80.董光荣,王贵勇,陈惠忠,等.中国沙漠形成、演化与青藏高原隆升的关系[J].见：中国青藏高原研究论文集.北京：气象出版社,1995,13-29.
81.董光荣,王贵勇,陈惠忠,阎满存,金炯,王跃.中国沙漠形成、演化与青藏高原隆升的关系[A].青藏高原与全球变化研讨会论文集,1994,13-28.
82.董光荣,吴波,慈龙骏等. 我国荒漠化现状、成因与防治对策[J]. 中国沙漠,1999,19(4)：318-332.
83.董玉祥,刘玉璋,刘毅华.沙漠化若干问题研究[M].西安：西安地图出版社.1995,73-75.
84.方大钧,叶德泉.中国松辽盆地白垩纪岩石磁化率、剩磁强度与古气候意义[J].地球物理学报,1989,(01).
85.高尚玉,陈渭南,靳鹤龄等.全新世中国季风区西北缘沙漠演化初步研究[J].中国科学(B辑).1993,23(2)：202-208.
86.郭正堂,彭淑贞,郝青振等.晚第三纪中国西北干旱化的发展及其与北极冰盖形成演化和青藏高原隆升的关系.第四纪研究,1999,(6)：556-567.
87.郝诒纯,等.中国的白垩系[M].北京：地质出版社,1986.
88.郝诒纯,等.中国地层典：白垩系[M].北京：地质出版社,2000,3.
89.胡守云,王苏民,E.Apple等.呼伦湖湖泊沉积物磁化率变化的环境磁学机制[J].中国科学(D辑),1998,28(4)：334-339.
90.江新胜,陈乐尧,李玉文.西南区白垩纪第三纪沙漠及沉积学问题[J].岩相古地理,1992,(5)：1-66.
91.江新胜,李玉文.中国中东部白垩纪沙漠的时空分布及其气候意义[J].岩相古地理,1996,16(2)：42-51.
92.江新胜,潘忠习,付清平.鄂尔多斯盆地早白垩世沙漠古风向变化规律及其气候意义.中国科学(D辑),2000,30(2)：196-201.
93.江新胜,潘忠习,付清平.四川盆地白至纪沙漠风向变化规律及其意义[J].岩相古地理,1999,19(1)：1-11.
94.江新胜,潘忠习,谢渊,李明辉.鄂尔多斯盆地白垩纪沙漠旋回、风向和水循环变化—白垩纪气候非均一性的证据.中国科学D辑(地球科学),2004,34(7)：649-657.
95.江新胜,李玉文.中国中东部白垩纪沙漠的时空分布及其气候意义[J].岩相古地理,1996,16(2)：42-51.
96.李吉均,赵志军,德日进.“亚洲干极”理论的现实意义[J].第四纪研究,2003,23(4)：366-371.
97.李建国,杜宝安.甘肃平凉安国镇白垩系六盘山群的孢粉植物群[J].古生物学报,2006,(04)：498-513.
98.李思田.含能源盆地沉积体系—中国内陆和近海主要沉积体系类型的典型分析[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1996.
99.李孝泽,董光荣,靳鹤龄等.鄂尔多斯白垩系沙丘岩的发现[J].科学通报,1999,44(8)：874-877.
100.李孝泽,董光荣.中国西北干旱环境的形成时代与成因探讨[J].第四纪研究,2006,(06)：896-904.
101.李徐生,杨达源.镇江下蜀黄土—古土壤序列磁化率特征与环境记录[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(1)：27-32.
102.李智佩,岳乐平,郭莉,刘淑英,王岷,聂浩刚,杨利荣,孙虎,王飞跃.全新世气候变化与中国北方沙漠化[J].西北地质,2007,(03)：1-29.
103.刘本培,赵锡文,全秋琦,1986.地史学教程北京：地质出版社,1-408.
104.刘东生,丁梦林.晚第三纪以来中国古环境的特征及其发展历史[M].地球科学—武汉地质学院学报,1983,(4)：15-28.
105.刘东生,张新时,袁宝印.高原隆起对周边地区的影响[C].见：孙鸿烈,郑度主编.青藏高原形成演化与发展.广州：广东科技出版社,1998：184-188
106.刘晓东,李力,安芷生.青藏高原隆升与欧亚内陆及北非的干旱化[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(2)：114-122.
107.刘秀铭,安芷生,强小科,等.甘肃省第三系红粘土磁学性质初步研究及古气候意义.中国科学(D辑),2001,31(3)：191-205.
108.刘秀铭,刘东生,Heller F.等.黄土磁化率与古气候冷暖变化[J].第四纪研究,1990,1：42-50.
109.刘秀铭,许同春,刘东生.中国黄土磁化率各向异性与成因及其对第四纪研究的意义[J].中国科学B辑,1989,(04)：441-448.
110.刘泽纯,孙世英,汪永进等.柴达木盆地中部第四纪地层沉积环境及其天然气资源分布的关系[J].见：刘泽纯.第四纪沉积与环境变迁.东南文化杂志社,1991,1-26.
111.卢爱刚,庞德谦,康世昌,王天明,熊友才,葛剑平.全球升温下中国温度区域变化的稳定性,生态环境[J].2007,16(2)：275-279.
112.卢琦.中国沙情[M].北京：开明出版社.2000：26-32.
113.陆景冈.长江三角洲新构造运动与土壤形成及发展的关系[J].土壤学报,1982,19(1)：1-12.
114.吕厚远,韩家懋,吴乃琴等.中国现代土壤磁化率分析及其古气候意义[J].中国科学(B辑).1994,(12)：1290-1297.
115.孟自芳.兰州附近下白垩统河口群中下岩段磁性地层划分[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(增刊)：342-347.
116.内蒙地矿局.内蒙古自治区区域地质志[M].北京：地质出版社,1991.
117.鸟居雅之,福间浩司,苏黎等.黄土—古土壤磁化率评述[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1999,19(3)：83-95.
118.宁夏回族自治区地质矿产局.宁夏回族自治区区域地质志[M].北京：地质出版社,1991.
119.潘忠习,江新胜,付清平.四川盆地白垩纪沙漠沉积磁组构特征及其古风向意义[J].岩相古地理,1999,19(1)：12-19.
120.齐骅,李国栋.鄂尔多斯盆地志丹群沉积时期的古沙漠盆地体系[J].西北地质科学,1996,17(1)：63-89.
121.齐骅,李玉文,李国栋.鄂尔多斯盆地志丹群中的沙漠相[J].岩相古地理,1993,14(2)：64-65.
122.山西地矿局.山西省区域地质志[M].北京：地质出版社,1989.
123.陕西地矿局.陕西省区域地质志[M].北京：地质出版社,1989.
124.沈忠悦,陈汉林,方大钧,等.塔里木盆地西南部同由路克剖面海相自垩系古地磁结果[J].中国科学D辑,2004,34(8)：712-720.
125.施雅风,李吉均,李炳元,姚檀栋,王苏民,李世杰,崔之久,王富保,潘保田,方小敏,张青松.晚新生代青藏高原的隆升与东亚环境变化[J].地理学报,1999,(01)：10-20.
126.史瑞萍,贺怀宇,朱日祥,潘永信.白垩纪超静磁带期间一个短极性事件ISEA：40Ar／39Ar定年和古地磁结果[J].科学通报,2004,49(8)：798-802.
127.史瑞萍,朱日祥.白垩纪地球物理场异常与地球深部动力学[J].地球物理进展,2002,17(2)：295-300.
128.孙东怀,刘东生,陈明扬,安芷生.中国黄土高原红粘土序列的磁性地层与气候变化[J].中国科学D辑,1997,(03)：265-270.
129.孙有斌,孙东怀,安芷生.灵台红粘土-黄土-古土壤序列频率磁化率的古气候意义[J].高校地质学报,2001,(03)：300-306.
130.孙知明,杨振宇,赵越,等.辽西含鸟化石层同位素年龄讨论—来自磁性地层的证据[J].地质通报,2002,21(1)：41-45.
131.王鸿祯等.中国古地理图集[M].北京：地图出版,1985.
132.王建,刘泽纯,姜文英等.磁化率与粒度、矿物的关系及其古环境意义[J].地理学报,1996,51(2)：155-163.
133.王启飞,陈丕基.白垩纪年代地层学研究简述[J].地层学杂志,2005,29(2)：115-123.
134.威廉斯(M.A.J.Williams)等著,刘东生等编译,第四纪环境.北京：科学出版社,1997.
135.谢渊,王剑,江新胜,李明辉,谢正温,罗建宁,侯光才,刘方,王永和,张茂省,朱桦,王德潜,孙永明,曹建科.鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系沙漠相沉积特征及其水文地质意义[J].沉积
136.谢渊,王剑,殷跃平,等.鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系含水层沉积学初探.地质通报,2003,22(10)：818-828.
137.徐自强.巫山人与龙骨坡文化[J].文献,1999,(01)：69-89
138.杨东,方小敏,彭子成,李吉均.陇西六盘山黄土及最近1.8Ma B.P.以来的构造运动与气候变化[J].地理科学,2006,(02)：192-198.
139.杨天水,杨振宇,孙知明,等.东祁连造山带陆相盆地早白垩世古地磁新结果及其构造意义[J].中国科学(D辑),2001,31(9)：735-744.
140.姚檀栋,杨志红,皇翠兰,焦克勤,谢超,L.G.Thompson.近2ka来高分辨的连续气候环境变化记录—古里雅冰芯近2ka记录初步研究[J].科学通报,1996,(12)：1103-1106.
141.张柏忠.北魏以前科尔沁沙地的变迁[J].中国沙漠,1989,(04)：38-45.
142.张柏忠.北魏至金代科尔沁沙地的变迁[J].中国沙漠,1991,(01)：36-43.
143.张川波,何元良.辽宁北票附近中侏罗世晚期的沙漠沉积[J].沉积学报,1983,1(4)：7-8.
144.张建军,杨达源,陈曰友等.长江中下游地区下蜀黄土磁化率曲线与环境变迁[J].沉积学报,2000,18(1)：18-21.
145.张进,张庆龙,任文军.断层相关褶皱—鄂尔多斯盆地中的新构造样式[J].石油实验地质,1999,21(1)：61-65.
146.张抗.鄂尔多斯断块构造和资源[M].西安：陕西科学技术出版社,1989,1-394.
147.张兰生,方修琦,任国玉,等.全球变化[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2000.
148.张林源.青藏高原形成过程与我国新生代气候演变阶段的划分[C].见：青藏高原形成演化、环境变迁与生态系统研究.北京：科学出版社,1995：267-281.
149.张子福,苗淑娟.鄂尔多斯盆地西南部华亭—陇县地区志丹群的孢粉[J].西北地质科学,1989,(25).
150.张子福.鄂尔多斯盆地南部志丹群环河—华池组的孢粉组合及其时代[J].西北地质科学,1988,(22).
151.长庆油田石油地质志编写组.中国石油地质志卷十二—长庆油田.北京：石油工业出版社,1987.
152.赵景波.西安、山西保德第三纪晚期红土的研究[J].沉积学报,1989,7(3)：113-120.
153.赵松乔,中国干旱区自然地理.北京：科学出版社,1985.
154.赵松乔.中国沙漠、戈壁的形成和演变[C].见：赵松乔主编.中国干旱地区自然地理.北京：科学出版社,1985,1-17.
155.周廷儒,任森厚.中国自然地理—古地理[M].北京：科学出版社,1984,1-262.
156.周廷儒.新生代古地理[M].见：中国科学院《中国自然地理》编辑委员会编.中国自然地理—古地理(上册).北京：科学出版社,1984,1-233.
157.朱俊凤.中国沙漠化防治[M].北京：中国林业出版社,1999,43-50.
158.朱列克.中国荒漠化和沙化动态研究.北京：中国农业出版社,2005,5-13.
159.朱日祥,刘青松,潘永信.地磁极性倒转与全球性地质事件的相关性[J].科学通报,1999,44(20)：1843-1851.
160.朱日祥,潘永信,丁仲礼.红粘土的磁学性质研究[J].第四纪研究,1996,(03)：232-238.
161.朱震达,王涛.从若干典型地区的研究对近十余年来中国土地沙漠化演变趋势的分析[J].地理学报,1990,45(4)：430-440.
162.朱震达,吴正,刘恕,邸醒民等.中国沙漠概论[M].北京：科学出版社,1980,2-4.
163.朱震达.中国北方沙漠化现状及发展趋势[J].中国沙漠,1985,5(3)：3-11.
164.竺可祯.中国近五千年气候变迁的初步研究.中国科学,1973,16(2)：168-189.