喹噁啉饲料添加剂促生长机理及喹胺醇在鸡组织中的药物残留研究
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摘要
本试验旨在研究喹胺醇对肉鸡生产性能、蛋白代谢的影响以及如何降低鸡体内喹胺醇的残留。喹胺醇对肉鸡生产性能影响分为2个试验。试验1，不同喹噁啉-1，4-二氧化物类抗菌促生长剂对肉鸡的影响。该试验将320只肉鸡随机分为四组，Ⅰ组未添加任何抗生素，Ⅱ组添加50ppm喹乙醇，Ⅲ组添加50ppm喹胺醇，Ⅳ组添加50ppm喹烯酮。饲喂分0-3周龄、4-6周龄两个阶段，每周进行称重，并统计采食量，21日龄进行屠宰实验，测定试鸡血浆中总蛋白、白蛋白以及肌肉中RNA、DNA的含量。实验结果表明：（1）喹胺醇和喹烯酮组的日增重、采食量和饲料转化率都显著高于对照组和喹乙醇组，而喹乙醇组显著低于对照组；（2）喹胺醇和喹烯酮组血浆总蛋白和白蛋白与空白组差异不显著，喹乙醇组总蛋白和白蛋白显著低于空白组。（3）喹胺醇和喹烯酮组肌肉中RNA、RNA/DNA与 对照组比差异显著， DNA差异不显著。试验2，不同剂量喹胺醇对安卡红羽肉鸡生产性能的影响。各组添加水平分别是0、50ppm、75ppm和100ppm。饲喂分0-3周龄、4-6周龄、7-8周龄三个阶段，每周称重，记录采食量；分别于21、42、56日龄进行屠宰试验，测定试鸡血浆中总蛋白、白蛋白，小肠的长度、重量以及肌肉中RNA、DNA的含量；于28日龄时进行消化代谢实验。实验结果表明：（1）添加50ppm和75ppm组的日增重、采食量和饲料转化率均显著高于对照组；（2）喹胺醇组和未添加组的血浆总蛋白和白蛋白差异不显著；（3）添加喹胺醇50ppm和75ppm的食入蛋白/只日、排泄蛋白/只日和粗蛋白的表观利用率都显著高于对照组和100ppm组；（4）添加喹胺醇50ppm和75ppm组的小肠重量和小肠体重比，较对照组低，小肠的长度各组间差异不显著；（5）添加喹胺醇的组的肌肉中RNA、DNA的含量显著高于对照组。试验表明：喹胺醇有促进肉鸡生长，促进蛋白的同化作用，有利于氮的利用。通过对不同水平的添加试验，在基础日粮中添加50ppm 的效果可得获得最佳效果。试验3，喹胺醇在鸡体内的消除研究表明：鸡多次内服（50mg/kg,每12小时1次，连用6次）在肝、肾和肌肉药物的消除半衰期为5.91，6.489，5.727小时。若规定组织中喹胺醇浓度最高残留限量为1ng/g可食用,休药期应为3天。
This article included 3 experiments which were used to study mechanism of quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide-type growth-promoting agents and kui`anchun and residue of kui`anchun in broiler tissue.
Experiment1: effect of several quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide-type growth-promoting agents on performance of broiler and its mode of action .A feeding experiment was carried out over 42d with four groups of broiler chickens fed experimental diets formulated to provide no agent ,50 mg olaquindox ,50mg kui`anchun and 50mg kui xi tong .after 21d of the experiment, eight chickens from each pen were killed and the plasma total protein ,albumen ,RNA,RNA/DNA in muscle were measured .The conclusion suggested : (1)Average day gain ,average day food intake and food conversion in kui`anchun-fed were significantly higher than in olaquindox –fed and control （P<0.05）; (2)No increase in plasma total protein and albumen were observe in control , kui`anchun-fed and kui xi tong-fed（P>0.05） ;however ,olaquindox –fed was significantly decrease（P<0.05）; (3)significantly greater of RNA,RNA/DNA in muscle was demonstrated fed kui`anchun , kui xi tong, olaquindox than control（P<0.05） .
Experiment2: effect of different level kui`anchun (0,50,75,100mg/kg ) on broiler and mechanism of growth-promoting .160 broiler 1day of age were randomly 4groups , which were fed 0,50,75,100mg/kg kui`anchun respectively .on 21d ,42d,56d of the experiment, eight chickens from each pen were killed and the plasma total protein ,albumen ,RNA,RNA/DNA in muscle ,long and weight of intestine were measured .Digestibility and metabolic experiment was carried out after 28d of feed experiment conclusion :(1) )Average day gain ,average day food intake and food conversion in 50mg/kg and 75mg/kg were significantly higher than in 100mg/kg and control（P<0.05）;(2);The apparent digestibility of protein was higher in kui`anchun –fed (50mg/kg,75mg/kg)than control （P<0.05）;(3) No
increase in plasma total protein and albumen were observe in total groups（P>0.05） ;(4)weight of intestine was significantly smaller in 50mg/kg and 75mg/kg than in control（P<0.05） and100mg/kg,but not significant different about long of intestine （P>0.05）;(5) significantly greater RNA,RNA/DNA in muscle was demonstrated fed kui`anchun than control（P<0.05） . Experiment3: broiler were fed kuianchun to measure the rudiment of kuianchun in liver ,kidney and muscle .The concentration of kuianchun was analyzed by liquid phase chromatography with RP-HPLC .The results showed that liver ,kidney and muscle of half life period of kuianchun were respectively 5.91,6.89 and 5.73 h chicken werefed it after sixtime .if residue concentration of kuianchun was 1ng/g which is safe for human body ,the phrase stopped kuianchun is 3day .
This article included 3 experiments which were used to study mechanism of quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide-type growth-promoting agents and kui`anchun and residue of kui`anchun in broiler tissue.
Experiment1: effect of several quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide-type growth-promoting agents on performance of broiler and its mode of action .A feeding experiment was carried out over 42d with four groups of broiler chickens fed experimental diets formulated to provide no agent ,50 mg olaquindox ,50mg kui`anchun and 50mg kui xi tong .after 21d of the experiment, eight chickens from each pen were killed and the plasma total protein ,albumen ,RNA,RNA/DNA in muscle were measured .The conclusion suggested : (1)Average day gain ,average day food intake and food conversion in kui`anchun-fed were significantly higher than in olaquindox –fed and control （P<0.05）; (2)No increase in plasma total protein and albumen were observe in control , kui`anchun-fed and kui xi tong-fed（P>0.05） ;however ,olaquindox –fed was significantly decrease（P<0.05）; (3)significantly greater of RNA,RNA/DNA in muscle was demonstrated fed kui`anchun , kui xi tong, olaquindox than control（P<0.05） .
Experiment2: effect of different level kui`anchun (0,50,75,100mg/kg ) on broiler and mechanism of growth-promoting .160 broiler 1day of age were randomly 4groups , which were fed 0,50,75,100mg/kg kui`anchun respectively .on 21d ,42d,56d of the experiment, eight chickens from each pen were killed and the plasma total protein ,albumen ,RNA,RNA/DNA in muscle ,long and weight of intestine were measured .Digestibility and metabolic experiment was carried out after 28d of feed experiment conclusion :(1) )Average day gain ,average day food intake and food conversion in 50mg/kg and 75mg/kg were significantly higher than in 100mg/kg and control（P<0.05）;(2);The apparent digestibility of protein was higher in kui`anchun –fed (50mg/kg,75mg/kg)than control （P<0.05）;(3) No
increase in plasma total protein and albumen were observe in total groups（P>0.05） ;(4)weight of intestine was significantly smaller in 50mg/kg and 75mg/kg than in control（P<0.05） and100mg/kg,but not significant different about long of intestine （P>0.05）;(5) significantly greater RNA,RNA/DNA in muscle was demonstrated fed kui`anchun than control（P<0.05） . Experiment3: broiler were fed kuianchun to measure the rudiment of kuianchun in liver ,kidney and muscle .The concentration of kuianchun was analyzed by liquid phase chromatography with RP-HPLC .The results showed that liver ,kidney and muscle of half life period of kuianchun were respectively 5.91,6.89 and 5.73 h chicken werefed it after sixtime .if residue concentration of kuianchun was 1ng/g which is safe for human body ,the phrase stopped kuianchun is 3day .
引文
1. 张乔.饲料添加剂大全.北京工业大学出版社.1994，p170，211，231
2. 张艳云.饲料添加剂.中国农业出版社.1998，p 207
3. 王玉春等.痢菌净与痢立清的药效比较.中国兽医科技.1992，22（10）：29-30
4. 谢麟.喹乙醇的安全毒理学评价与合理利用 .1999，4（2）：25-27
5. 黄建亮等.痢菌净等四种药物对仔猪黄白痢的治疗试验.畜禽业.1999，2：16-17
6. 姚建国，林久军.抗生素的作用机理与应用前景.中国饲料.2001，3：17-18
7. 孙晓平，张力，梁剑平等.喹胺醇急性毒性试验[J].中兽医医药杂志，1999，（2）：17-18
8. 张力，梁剑平，周丽霞等.喹胺醇肉仔鸡急性毒性试验[J].中兽医医药杂志，2000，（4）：10-12
9. 张力，周丽霞，梁剑平.喹胺醇1号和3号体外抑菌试验[J].中国兽医科技，1998，（7）：24-25
10.周丽霞，张力，梁剑平.喹胺醇对小白鼠的抗菌感染能力研究[J].中国兽医科技，1999，
29（1）：11-12
11.周丽霞，张力，梁剑平.喹胺醇抗菌试验，预防兽医学进展[J].1999，（3）：64
12.周丽霞，张力，梁剑平.药物饲料添加剂喹胺醇对仔猪的增重效果试验[J].中国兽医科技，2000，（1）：15-16
13. 梁剑平，张力，周丽霞等.新型饲料添加剂喹胺醇致突变性及其潜在致癌性预测[J].中国农业科学，2001 ，34（6）：679-685
14.曾振灵，董漓波，陈杖榴．喹乙醇在鸡组织中的消除及残留研究[J].畜牧兽医学报，1995,26(4),327-333
15.徐淑云,卞如濂,陈修.药理实验方法学.北京:人民卫生出版社出版,1982.
16.李振.三种添加物对毛用幼兔增重及产毛量的影响[J].中国饲料，1998，（16）：9-10
17.孟宪平等.喹乙醇对雉鸡生长及抗病性试验[J].
18王志洲等.喹乙醇作生猪饲料添加剂效果好[J].饲料世界，1988（1）14-16
19.吴东等.肉鸭日粮中添加喹乙醇和阿散酸饲养效果对比研究[J].畜禽业，2001，（12）34-35
20.雷元勋等.喹乙醇在兽医临床上应用的初步探索[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯，1987，（2）9-12
21.袁厚积，蔡武城.生物物质常用化学分析法.北京：科学出版社，1982.
22.史艳秋，张金艳等.雏鸡喹乙醇中毒的血清酶和病理学实验研究[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医，2000，（1）
23.梁皓仪。家禽喹乙醇中毒诊特征及原因探讨[J]养禽与禽病防治，北京:人民卫生出版社出版,1995（9）：29
24.王镜岩，朱圣庚，徐长法.生物化学.北京：高等教育出版社，2003.
25. Haddadin M.J. and Issidorides C.H. Benzofurazan oxide reaction with enolate anions. Tetrahedron Lett.1965，3253
26.Beutin L.et al. Mutagenicity of quindoxin, its metabolites and two substituted quinoxaline-dioxides. Antimicrobial Agent and Chemotherapy .1981,20(3):336-343
27.Suter W.et al.Mode of qindoxin and substituted quinoxaline-di-N-oxidox on Escherichia
coli. Antimicrobial Agent and Chemotherapy .1978,13(5):770-783
28.Yen J. et al . Responses of weaning pigs to dietary supplementation with vitamin C or carbadox .J. Animal Science.1984,58(1):132-137
29.Beisel W.R. et al The impact of infectious disease on trace-element metabolism of the host .In :W.J.Hoekstra J.W.Suttie,H.E.Ganther and W.Mertz(Ed.)trance element metabolism in animal 2 P217.University Park Press ,Baltimore,MD
30. Yen J. et al. Effect of dietary vitamin C addition on performance ,plasma vitamin C and hematic iron status in weanling pigs. Animal Science1981, 55:1292.
31.Moser B.D., et al, Effect of carbadox on protein utilization in the baby pig. Nutrition Report International 22:949-955
32.Robertson,T.A.;Lundehetm ,N. Prohibited use of antibiotics as a feed additive for growth promotion –effects on piglet health production parameters in proceedings:The 13th international pig veterinary society congress ,Bang kok Thailand 1994 June 26-30
32.Pond,W.G.;Yen ,J.T. Effect of supplemental carbadox ,an antibiotic combination or clinoptilite on weight gain and organ weight of growing swine fed maize or rye as the grain sources . Nutrition Report International 1987,35(4)801-809
33. Nonsiainen .J.;Suomi,K. Comparative observation on selected probitics and olaquindox used as feed additives for piglets around weaning ⅠEffect on bacterial metabolites along the intestinal tract blood values and growth .J .Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 1991,66(3-4):213-223
34.. Rozena V.et al. Feeding experiment with cyadox in pigs and piglets . Agrochemia 1984,24(4): 123-126
35.. Miroslav D. Effective nutrition of piglet weaned early .Veterinarstui. 1984,34(6):249-252
36.. Dvorak M. et al The effect of furazolidone or carbadox in the starter mixture for early-weaned piglets .Vet.Med.1976,21:597-607
37. Voogd C.E. et al. The mutagenic action of quindoxin ,carbadox,olaquindox and some other N-oxides on bacteria and yeast .Muta.Res.1980,78(3):233-242
38.. Oud. J.L. et al. An investigation into the cytogenetic damage induced by the coccidiostatic agents amprolium, carbadox, dimetridazole and ronidazole.Mutation Research 1979,68:179-182
39. Butolo,JE.;Ariki,J.;Sakomura,k.;etal Growth promoting effects of nitrovin and olaquindox in continuous vs shuttle programs in broiler diets Ars Veterinaria 1986 2(1) 113-120
40. Yen,J.T; et al Effect of neomycin and carbadox on growth ;fasting metabolism and gastrointestinal tract of young pig. Swine Research Progress Report Roman .L.Hruska VS
Meat Animal Research Center (1989)NO.3 60-61
41.Yen,J.T; et al Effect of methyl –3 -(2 - quinoxalinylmethylene) carbazate-N1,N4-dioxide on nitrogen and energy digestibility in and performance of young pigs .Animal Science 1976,42(2):375-380.
42.Thrasher,G.W.et al Effect of feeding carbadox upon the growth and performance of young pigs .J .Animal Science1969, 28:208
43. Thrasher,G.W. et al Effect of carbadox on performance and carcass traits of growing swine .J. Animal Science 1970,31:333
44. The use of drugs in animal feeds ,publication 1679.proceedings.Symposium , National Academy of Science ,1969
45.Yen.J.T et al Effect of carbadox on growth, fasting metabolism, thyroid function and gastrointestinal tract in young pigs .J. Animal Science.1984,58(1):970-979
46. Visek ,W.J. The mode of growth promotion by antibiotics .J. Animal Science.1978,46,1447-1469
47. Taylor ,J.H. et al Influence of dietary antibiotic supplements on the visceral weights of pigs .Nature(London),1995,175,643-644
48 .Yen,J.T. et al Digestibility and metabolism of dietary nitrogen and energy in contemporary ,genetically lean and obese pigs as estimated by total fecal collection and acid insoluble ash .J. Animal .Sci.56,426-430
2. 张艳云.饲料添加剂.中国农业出版社.1998，p 207
3. 王玉春等.痢菌净与痢立清的药效比较.中国兽医科技.1992，22（10）：29-30
4. 谢麟.喹乙醇的安全毒理学评价与合理利用 .1999，4（2）：25-27
5. 黄建亮等.痢菌净等四种药物对仔猪黄白痢的治疗试验.畜禽业.1999，2：16-17
6. 姚建国，林久军.抗生素的作用机理与应用前景.中国饲料.2001，3：17-18
7. 孙晓平，张力，梁剑平等.喹胺醇急性毒性试验[J].中兽医医药杂志，1999，（2）：17-18
8. 张力，梁剑平，周丽霞等.喹胺醇肉仔鸡急性毒性试验[J].中兽医医药杂志，2000，（4）：10-12
9. 张力，周丽霞，梁剑平.喹胺醇1号和3号体外抑菌试验[J].中国兽医科技，1998，（7）：24-25
10.周丽霞，张力，梁剑平.喹胺醇对小白鼠的抗菌感染能力研究[J].中国兽医科技，1999，
29（1）：11-12
11.周丽霞，张力，梁剑平.喹胺醇抗菌试验，预防兽医学进展[J].1999，（3）：64
12.周丽霞，张力，梁剑平.药物饲料添加剂喹胺醇对仔猪的增重效果试验[J].中国兽医科技，2000，（1）：15-16
13. 梁剑平，张力，周丽霞等.新型饲料添加剂喹胺醇致突变性及其潜在致癌性预测[J].中国农业科学，2001 ，34（6）：679-685
14.曾振灵，董漓波，陈杖榴．喹乙醇在鸡组织中的消除及残留研究[J].畜牧兽医学报，1995,26(4),327-333
15.徐淑云,卞如濂,陈修.药理实验方法学.北京:人民卫生出版社出版,1982.
16.李振.三种添加物对毛用幼兔增重及产毛量的影响[J].中国饲料，1998，（16）：9-10
17.孟宪平等.喹乙醇对雉鸡生长及抗病性试验[J].
18王志洲等.喹乙醇作生猪饲料添加剂效果好[J].饲料世界，1988（1）14-16
19.吴东等.肉鸭日粮中添加喹乙醇和阿散酸饲养效果对比研究[J].畜禽业，2001，（12）34-35
20.雷元勋等.喹乙醇在兽医临床上应用的初步探索[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯，1987，（2）9-12
21.袁厚积，蔡武城.生物物质常用化学分析法.北京：科学出版社，1982.
22.史艳秋，张金艳等.雏鸡喹乙醇中毒的血清酶和病理学实验研究[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医，2000，（1）
23.梁皓仪。家禽喹乙醇中毒诊特征及原因探讨[J]养禽与禽病防治，北京:人民卫生出版社出版,1995（9）：29
24.王镜岩，朱圣庚，徐长法.生物化学.北京：高等教育出版社，2003.
25. Haddadin M.J. and Issidorides C.H. Benzofurazan oxide reaction with enolate anions. Tetrahedron Lett.1965，3253
26.Beutin L.et al. Mutagenicity of quindoxin, its metabolites and two substituted quinoxaline-dioxides. Antimicrobial Agent and Chemotherapy .1981,20(3):336-343
27.Suter W.et al.Mode of qindoxin and substituted quinoxaline-di-N-oxidox on Escherichia
coli. Antimicrobial Agent and Chemotherapy .1978,13(5):770-783
28.Yen J. et al . Responses of weaning pigs to dietary supplementation with vitamin C or carbadox .J. Animal Science.1984,58(1):132-137
29.Beisel W.R. et al The impact of infectious disease on trace-element metabolism of the host .In :W.J.Hoekstra J.W.Suttie,H.E.Ganther and W.Mertz(Ed.)trance element metabolism in animal 2 P217.University Park Press ,Baltimore,MD
30. Yen J. et al. Effect of dietary vitamin C addition on performance ,plasma vitamin C and hematic iron status in weanling pigs. Animal Science1981, 55:1292.
31.Moser B.D., et al, Effect of carbadox on protein utilization in the baby pig. Nutrition Report International 22:949-955
32.Robertson,T.A.;Lundehetm ,N. Prohibited use of antibiotics as a feed additive for growth promotion –effects on piglet health production parameters in proceedings:The 13th international pig veterinary society congress ,Bang kok Thailand 1994 June 26-30
32.Pond,W.G.;Yen ,J.T. Effect of supplemental carbadox ,an antibiotic combination or clinoptilite on weight gain and organ weight of growing swine fed maize or rye as the grain sources . Nutrition Report International 1987,35(4)801-809
33. Nonsiainen .J.;Suomi,K. Comparative observation on selected probitics and olaquindox used as feed additives for piglets around weaning ⅠEffect on bacterial metabolites along the intestinal tract blood values and growth .J .Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 1991,66(3-4):213-223
34.. Rozena V.et al. Feeding experiment with cyadox in pigs and piglets . Agrochemia 1984,24(4): 123-126
35.. Miroslav D. Effective nutrition of piglet weaned early .Veterinarstui. 1984,34(6):249-252
36.. Dvorak M. et al The effect of furazolidone or carbadox in the starter mixture for early-weaned piglets .Vet.Med.1976,21:597-607
37. Voogd C.E. et al. The mutagenic action of quindoxin ,carbadox,olaquindox and some other N-oxides on bacteria and yeast .Muta.Res.1980,78(3):233-242
38.. Oud. J.L. et al. An investigation into the cytogenetic damage induced by the coccidiostatic agents amprolium, carbadox, dimetridazole and ronidazole.Mutation Research 1979,68:179-182
39. Butolo,JE.;Ariki,J.;Sakomura,k.;etal Growth promoting effects of nitrovin and olaquindox in continuous vs shuttle programs in broiler diets Ars Veterinaria 1986 2(1) 113-120
40. Yen,J.T; et al Effect of neomycin and carbadox on growth ;fasting metabolism and gastrointestinal tract of young pig. Swine Research Progress Report Roman .L.Hruska VS
Meat Animal Research Center (1989)NO.3 60-61
41.Yen,J.T; et al Effect of methyl –3 -(2 - quinoxalinylmethylene) carbazate-N1,N4-dioxide on nitrogen and energy digestibility in and performance of young pigs .Animal Science 1976,42(2):375-380.
42.Thrasher,G.W.et al Effect of feeding carbadox upon the growth and performance of young pigs .J .Animal Science1969, 28:208
43. Thrasher,G.W. et al Effect of carbadox on performance and carcass traits of growing swine .J. Animal Science 1970,31:333
44. The use of drugs in animal feeds ,publication 1679.proceedings.Symposium , National Academy of Science ,1969
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