北美彩色树种在北京地区的应用及其适应性评价
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摘要
随着经济的发展，社会的进步和人们生活水平的提高，人们对园林绿化的需求更加多样化，彩色树种逐渐成为园林树种的重要组成部分。北京地区作为国际化大都市，虽然引进应用了一些彩色树种，但总体来说彩色树种种类多样性低，种类结构、分布不平衡，应用较为匮乏，设计或养护管理不到位。尤其是北美地区引进的彩色树种，虽然近年来引进的北美彩色树种不少，但是还没有大范围的推广和应用,因此还有很大的发展前景和发展空间。
本研究主要以北京地区彩色树种资源为对象，通过对北京地区乡土彩色树种资源及北美引进彩色树种资源进行调查分析，总结出北京常见的乡土彩色树种和适合在北京地区推广使用的北美彩色树种资源以及应用、配置形式，为彩色树种的保护、开发与应用提供借鉴。其中，北京优秀的乡土彩色乔木有银杏、元宝枫、黄栌、栾树、柿树、臭椿等，彩色灌木有紫叶小檗、红瑞木、棣棠、金叶女贞、紫叶李、美人梅等；北美引进彩色乔木类有北美红栎、红花七叶树、北美红枫、大花唐棣等，彩色灌木类有紫叶稠李、美国红栌、花叶复叶槭、金叶接骨木、美国红荚蒾等。并通过乡土彩色树种与北美彩色树种对比，结合北京南护城河及广安门桥区的实际应用案例，分析乡土树种与北美树种在应用中的优略势。结论是：北京市乡土彩色树种资源丰富，但是北美彩色树种因为其园艺品种多、色彩更加艳丽、多变，反而更有发展空间。北美彩色树种观赏特性好，但其在北京的应用中与原产地相比，效果不理想。
本文通过对北京地区范围内的六种北美引进彩色树种：银红槭（Acer×freemanii）、挪威槭（Acer platanoides）、北美红橡树（Quercus rubra）、北美海棠（印第安魔力（Malus‘Indian Magic’）、当娜（Malus’Donald ‘Wyman’）、亚当（Malus’Adams’）、道格（Malus‘Dolgo’）等）、金叶接骨木（Sambucus canadensis‘Aurea’）、金叶刺槐（Robiniapseudoacacia L）进行物候观测、生长量观测、越冬观测、越夏观测、病虫观测等等。研究引种植物的生态适应性，温度、光照、水分等外界因子对叶色、花色变化的影响，对比、记录不同小环境下的彩色树种的长势和色彩。通过对引种树木的耐寒性、耐热性，光照、温度、土壤对不同种类的彩色树种和叶色、花色、观赏特性的影响，以及受有害生物侵害状况方面的研究，分析引进不同彩色树种在北京地区的生态适应性。综合分析，以上六种树种在北京地区都有其较好的适应性特征，可以大量引种培育及应用。
北美彩色树种在北京引种具有很大潜力。它较乡土彩色树种颜色鲜艳，变色期长，观赏效果好。但适应性和长势不如乡土植物。因此，要同时发展推广乡土彩色树种和北美引进的彩色树种，合理搭配，美化城市环境。
With the development of economy, the progress of the society and the living standardenhancement, the requirement for landscape greening is becoming more diversified. Therefore,color plants have gradually become an important part of garden plants. As an international bigcity, Beijing has introduced some color species from overseas. However, the color plants usedin Beijing is of low variety. The structure and distribution of the species is not balanced andthe maintenance of them is not satisfied. Especially color trees introduced from North America.Although a lot of them have been introduced these years, they have not been widely used andpromoted. Therefore, it exists great chance and prospect to develop in this area.
This thesis mainly researches color plant resources in Beijing. By investigation andanalysis of domestic color plants and those introduced from North America, it summarizesthe species and arrangement patterns of them. The purpose of this thesis is to afford referancefor protection, development and application of color plants. The excellent domestic colorplants in Beijing contains color arbor: Ginkgo biloba，Acer truncatum Bunge, Cotinuscoggygria, Koelreuteria paniculata, Diospyros kaki, Ailanthus altissima and color shrubs:Berberis thunbergii, Cornus alba, Kerria japonica, Ligustrum×vicaryi, Prunus ceraifera,Rhus typhina, Armeniaca mume ‘Beauty mei’. The excellent color plants introduced fromNorth America contains color arbor: Quercus rubra, Aesculus carnea‘Briotil’, Acer rubrum,Amelanchier×grandiflora and color shrubs: Prunus virginiana var. schubert, Cotinuscoggygria‘Purpureus’, Acer negundo var. variegatum, Sambucus racemosa Plumosa Aurea,Viburnum nudum.By the comparsion of the local color plants and color plants from NorthAmerica, with the practical case analysis of color plants in Beijing South Moat and Guang anmen Bridge Area, this thesis presents the advantages and disadvantages of native color plantsand introduced species. The results is：Despite the rich species of domestic color plants, thereexists more developing opportunities for North American color plants because of its richer species, the gorgeous and diversified colors of them. However, their growth in Beijing is farfrom satisfying compared from it in North America.
The study thoroughly observes the growth condition of six North America color plantsplanted in Beijing. They are Acer×freemani, Acer platanoides L., Quercus rubra, NorthAmerican Begonia: Malus ‘Indian Magic’ Malus’Donald ‘Wyman’, Malus’Adams’,Malus‘Dolgo’ Sambucus canadensis‘Aurea’, Robinia pseudoacacia L. It reseaches ontheir phenological characteristics, growth rhythm and the adaptability to temperature, light andsoil condition and summarizes the Ecological Adaptability and planting requirements of thesecolor plants. In conclusion，the above mentioned6tree species remain good adaptability forgrowing in Beijing area，which can be introduced to nurse and use in large amount.
There exists great potential for introducing North America color plants into Beijing.Color plants from North America have brighter color, longer color period and betterornamental view than domestic ones. However, their adaptability and growing condition is farless than the local ones. Therefore, it is required to keep a balance between domestic colorplants and introduced color plants to beautify the urban environment.
本研究主要以北京地区彩色树种资源为对象，通过对北京地区乡土彩色树种资源及北美引进彩色树种资源进行调查分析，总结出北京常见的乡土彩色树种和适合在北京地区推广使用的北美彩色树种资源以及应用、配置形式，为彩色树种的保护、开发与应用提供借鉴。其中，北京优秀的乡土彩色乔木有银杏、元宝枫、黄栌、栾树、柿树、臭椿等，彩色灌木有紫叶小檗、红瑞木、棣棠、金叶女贞、紫叶李、美人梅等；北美引进彩色乔木类有北美红栎、红花七叶树、北美红枫、大花唐棣等，彩色灌木类有紫叶稠李、美国红栌、花叶复叶槭、金叶接骨木、美国红荚蒾等。并通过乡土彩色树种与北美彩色树种对比，结合北京南护城河及广安门桥区的实际应用案例，分析乡土树种与北美树种在应用中的优略势。结论是：北京市乡土彩色树种资源丰富，但是北美彩色树种因为其园艺品种多、色彩更加艳丽、多变，反而更有发展空间。北美彩色树种观赏特性好，但其在北京的应用中与原产地相比，效果不理想。
本文通过对北京地区范围内的六种北美引进彩色树种：银红槭（Acer×freemanii）、挪威槭（Acer platanoides）、北美红橡树（Quercus rubra）、北美海棠（印第安魔力（Malus‘Indian Magic’）、当娜（Malus’Donald ‘Wyman’）、亚当（Malus’Adams’）、道格（Malus‘Dolgo’）等）、金叶接骨木（Sambucus canadensis‘Aurea’）、金叶刺槐（Robiniapseudoacacia L）进行物候观测、生长量观测、越冬观测、越夏观测、病虫观测等等。研究引种植物的生态适应性，温度、光照、水分等外界因子对叶色、花色变化的影响，对比、记录不同小环境下的彩色树种的长势和色彩。通过对引种树木的耐寒性、耐热性，光照、温度、土壤对不同种类的彩色树种和叶色、花色、观赏特性的影响，以及受有害生物侵害状况方面的研究，分析引进不同彩色树种在北京地区的生态适应性。综合分析，以上六种树种在北京地区都有其较好的适应性特征，可以大量引种培育及应用。
北美彩色树种在北京引种具有很大潜力。它较乡土彩色树种颜色鲜艳，变色期长，观赏效果好。但适应性和长势不如乡土植物。因此，要同时发展推广乡土彩色树种和北美引进的彩色树种，合理搭配，美化城市环境。
With the development of economy, the progress of the society and the living standardenhancement, the requirement for landscape greening is becoming more diversified. Therefore,color plants have gradually become an important part of garden plants. As an international bigcity, Beijing has introduced some color species from overseas. However, the color plants usedin Beijing is of low variety. The structure and distribution of the species is not balanced andthe maintenance of them is not satisfied. Especially color trees introduced from North America.Although a lot of them have been introduced these years, they have not been widely used andpromoted. Therefore, it exists great chance and prospect to develop in this area.
This thesis mainly researches color plant resources in Beijing. By investigation andanalysis of domestic color plants and those introduced from North America, it summarizesthe species and arrangement patterns of them. The purpose of this thesis is to afford referancefor protection, development and application of color plants. The excellent domestic colorplants in Beijing contains color arbor: Ginkgo biloba，Acer truncatum Bunge, Cotinuscoggygria, Koelreuteria paniculata, Diospyros kaki, Ailanthus altissima and color shrubs:Berberis thunbergii, Cornus alba, Kerria japonica, Ligustrum×vicaryi, Prunus ceraifera,Rhus typhina, Armeniaca mume ‘Beauty mei’. The excellent color plants introduced fromNorth America contains color arbor: Quercus rubra, Aesculus carnea‘Briotil’, Acer rubrum,Amelanchier×grandiflora and color shrubs: Prunus virginiana var. schubert, Cotinuscoggygria‘Purpureus’, Acer negundo var. variegatum, Sambucus racemosa Plumosa Aurea,Viburnum nudum.By the comparsion of the local color plants and color plants from NorthAmerica, with the practical case analysis of color plants in Beijing South Moat and Guang anmen Bridge Area, this thesis presents the advantages and disadvantages of native color plantsand introduced species. The results is：Despite the rich species of domestic color plants, thereexists more developing opportunities for North American color plants because of its richer species, the gorgeous and diversified colors of them. However, their growth in Beijing is farfrom satisfying compared from it in North America.
The study thoroughly observes the growth condition of six North America color plantsplanted in Beijing. They are Acer×freemani, Acer platanoides L., Quercus rubra, NorthAmerican Begonia: Malus ‘Indian Magic’ Malus’Donald ‘Wyman’, Malus’Adams’,Malus‘Dolgo’ Sambucus canadensis‘Aurea’, Robinia pseudoacacia L. It reseaches ontheir phenological characteristics, growth rhythm and the adaptability to temperature, light andsoil condition and summarizes the Ecological Adaptability and planting requirements of thesecolor plants. In conclusion，the above mentioned6tree species remain good adaptability forgrowing in Beijing area，which can be introduced to nurse and use in large amount.
There exists great potential for introducing North America color plants into Beijing.Color plants from North America have brighter color, longer color period and betterornamental view than domestic ones. However, their adaptability and growing condition is farless than the local ones. Therefore, it is required to keep a balance between domestic colorplants and introduced color plants to beautify the urban environment.
引文
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[23]陈磊，潘青华，金洪温.温度对紫叶黄栌光合特性变化的影响.中国农学通报，2008(6)
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[2]孛随文.彩叶树种在北方园林景观中的应用与选择.现代农业科技，2007(23)
[3]侯元凯.彩叶植物研究进展.世界林业研究，2010(6)
[4]丁廷发.国内园林彩叶植物应用研究.现代农业科技，2008(8)
[5]徐华金，张志毅，王莹.彩叶植物研究开发现状及展望.四川林业科技，2007(1)
[6]张启翔，吴静.彩叶植物资源及其在园林中的应用，1998(04)引证
[7]陈植.观赏树木学［M］.北京,中国林业出版社，1984
[8]徐华，包志毅，谭一凡.深圳市彩叶植物种类及其应用调查研究.中国园林，2003(02)
[9]沈冬，何小弟，王阳.彩叶园林树种礼赞[J].中国城市林业，2010,8(2):63～65
[10]梁英辉，穆丹，赵文若.彩叶树种在东北地区园林中的应用与发展.北方园艺，2007(1)
[11]潘志刚，游应天.中国主要外来树种引种栽培［M］.北京：科学技术出版社，1998(3)
[12] Roger Phillips.A photographic guide to more than500trees of North America and Europe,2004
[13] Thomas S Elias..The complete trees of North America field guide and natural history,2003
[14] Charles Sprague.Sargent Manual of the trees of North America,2005
[15]徐华金.几种彩色植物的引种栽培及适应性研究.北京林业大学硕士论文，2007：36～59
[16]谭伯禹.园林绿化树种选择.中国建筑工业出版社，1983
[17]王凤江.选准切入点，让北京城市绿化更加多姿多彩——北京城市园林绿化树种选择发展的思考.中国园林，2003(1)：62～65
[18]赵爽.北京地区彩叶树种引种栽培研究.北京农业职业学院学报，2010(3)，35～38
[19]闵红梅，谢军，周鸿彬.美国绿化树种引种栽培研究［J］.湖北林业科技，2007(3)：26~28.
[20]卢毅军，朱春艳.植物引种与生态学研究.园林科技，2007(3)
[21] Deal DL.Leaf color retention, dark respiration, and growth of red-leafed Japanese maples under highnight temperate. J Amer Soc Hort Sci，1990，115(l):135~140
[22]刘桂林，杜鸿云，王艳等.美国红栌叶片呈色差异的研究.西北林学院学报，2008(4)
[23]陈磊，潘青华，金洪温.温度对紫叶黄栌光合特性变化的影响.中国农学通报，2008(6)
[24]于晓南，张启翔.彩叶植物多彩形成的研究进展.园艺学报，2000(增刊)
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