沙漠葳（Chilopsis linearis）引种与繁育技术研究
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摘要
沙漠葳(Chilopsis linearis)是广泛分布于美国中西部和墨西哥北部沙漠地区的一种紫葳科大灌木,高可达10m,冠幅可达9m,粗枝开展,细枝稠密下垂,钟形或漏斗形花冠,白色、粉红色、淡紫色或紫色,具愉快的芳香,在生态建设或园林绿化上具有一定的开发利用前景。本研究自2000年开始,从美国引种并在吐鲁番、敦煌、民勤和天水等地开展栽培试验研究,通过野外调查、对比试验和正交试验等方法对其培育技术、适应性、生态学特性等方面进行了较深入的研究。研究结果表明:
沙漠葳的繁殖主要有大田育苗,容器育苗,扦插育苗等方法。苗床覆盖、播种期和播种深度是影响大田播种育苗成败的关键因素,大田育苗采用覆膜全光育苗,可达到保水、提温和防止床面板结的效果,适当遮荫保湿可提高苗木质量。在吐鲁番地区一般以4月中旬到5月中旬播种为宜,播深以1cm为宜。育苗容器可采用高15cm、直径8cm、下部封闭的牛皮纸杯容器,土壤基质以添加充分腐熟厩肥的沙土为好。扦插期、插条类型和扦插基质是沙漠葳扦插育苗的关键因素。温室扦插以10月份为宜,基质选用加适量泥炭的沙土,插穗采用直径大于0.6cm且木质化程度较低的营养枝,室外露地扦插以7月份为宜,一般以即采即插效果最好。适宜沙漠葳幼苗储藏的环境温度不能低于-5℃,沙层含水率不能大于2.5%(储藏临界值)。较好的储藏方法是室外干沙深藏法,储藏深度以1m为宜,沙层含水率要小于储藏临界值。与大田育苗相比,容器育苗具有育苗成本高、苗木质量差的弊端,因此,沙漠葳育苗一般以大田育苗为好。由于扦插苗当年生长量大,苗木木质化程度高,有利于越冬存活,是值得推广的繁殖栽培技术。沙漠葳属子叶出土型苗木,种子出土后约3~5天开始出现真叶,进入幼苗期,5月下旬进入生长期,6月下旬进入速生期,9月份进入休眠期。主根生长在根系生长中占优势。
沙漠葳在吐鲁番的适应性最好,一年生播种苗和2年生定植苗的生长量远远大于敦煌、民勤和天水,2年生定植苗的年高生长量可达3.3m,并能正常开花结实。在敦煌和民勤,沙漠葳严重受冻,小苗几乎不能越冬,生长期能开花但不能正常结实。在天水能正常生长,可以越冬,但由于生长期内的有效积温不够,不能正常开花结实。
沙漠葳总体耐热性强,耐热平均指数为1.81,总体耐热力2级,耐热半致死温度为64.79℃;抗寒性弱,单株抗寒平均指数为4.23,抗寒性总体评价为4级;沙漠葳对光照的适应性很强,在不同光照下均能正常生长,随着光照强度的增加,枝条生长量有极为明显的增加。
Chilopsis linearis, to 10m in height and 9m in crown width, deciduous shrub with dense leaves and tresses,white and pink flower with pleasant fragrance, distributes widely in desert areas of south-western America and northern Mexico. The tree has the strong resistibility to flowing sand and seasonal flood. So it can be used to control flowing sand and beautify surroundings. In 2000 when the project start, this shrub was introduced into Turpan, Dunhuang,Minqin and Tiqnshui for the adaptability to local climates and ecological features by means of comparing and trial in wild. The followings are some results:
The main propagation methods of Chilopsis linearis are seedling cultivation in field, seedling cultivation in container and seedling cultivation with cutting. For seedling cultivation in field, the way of covering seedling bed,ideal time and depth of sowing seed are the key factors influencing on the rate of sprouting. In drought sandy land, Lithosphere blanket can keep water, increase warmth and prevent from land caked so that the quality of seedling can be improved because of the shade of seedling. The ideal time for sowing seed is from the last ten-day period of April to the first ten days of May in this area. The ideal depth for sowing seed is 1.0cm-1.5cm. For seedling cultivation in container, it is proper to use medium sand mixed with organic fertilizers, and nursery container in paper cell that is only closed-down, 15cm in depth and 8cm in diameter. The key factors influencing on cutting seedling-raising is the time, a part of branches and potting mixture. It is better to use Aeolian sandy soil as potting mixture with moderate peat. Half ligneous wood cutting, more than 0.6cm in branch diameter, are good for cutting. The best time for cutting is October in greenhouses or July in the field. Generally, it had better use cutting as soon as possible. For seed storage of seedlings, the appropriate temperature for conserving seedlings of Chilopsis linearis must be above -5℃and sand water content must be below 2.5%. The dry sand (sand water content is 1.5%-2.5%) that is used as burying materials,1m in storage depth in the field, is a good choice in cold region of north China. Comparing to seedling cultivation in field, container seedling is more expensive and less quality. Therefore the seedling cultivation is suggested for the production of seedlings of Chilopsis linearis. The method of cutting seedling cultivation is worth to wide use because cutting seedling grows quickly in cutting year and is woody for seedling surviving in winter.
The seed of Chilopsis linearis is out-cotyledon. After 3-5days sowing, the true leaves of the seeding come forth for the photosynthesis. The young seedlings start growing fleetly in June. Growth and development stops in September. Seedlings height and taproot growth are more dominant than the other parts of the body.
Chilopsis linearis have best adaptability in Turpan, where the growth of 1-year and 2-year seedlings is much more than one in Dunhuang、Mingin and Tianshui. Potted 2-year-old seedlings can reach 3.3 meters in height, blossom and bear fruits normally. In Dunhuang and Mingin, they are frozen so severely that young seedlings hardly can survive winter. And it just flowers but can’t bear fruits normally. In Tianshui, they can survive winter, but can not blossom and bear fruits normally.
Chilopsis linearis has strong heat-resistance. Its mean heat-resistance index is 1.81 and general heat resistance index is 2. The temperature that causes half of dying seedlings is 64.79℃. It’s cold-resistance is poor. Mean cold- resistance index for single tree is 4.23. Mean cold-resistance index is degree 4. It has good adaptability for light. It can grow under different intensity of light. The growth of branches is obvious increase with the increase of light intensity.
沙漠葳的繁殖主要有大田育苗,容器育苗,扦插育苗等方法。苗床覆盖、播种期和播种深度是影响大田播种育苗成败的关键因素,大田育苗采用覆膜全光育苗,可达到保水、提温和防止床面板结的效果,适当遮荫保湿可提高苗木质量。在吐鲁番地区一般以4月中旬到5月中旬播种为宜,播深以1cm为宜。育苗容器可采用高15cm、直径8cm、下部封闭的牛皮纸杯容器,土壤基质以添加充分腐熟厩肥的沙土为好。扦插期、插条类型和扦插基质是沙漠葳扦插育苗的关键因素。温室扦插以10月份为宜,基质选用加适量泥炭的沙土,插穗采用直径大于0.6cm且木质化程度较低的营养枝,室外露地扦插以7月份为宜,一般以即采即插效果最好。适宜沙漠葳幼苗储藏的环境温度不能低于-5℃,沙层含水率不能大于2.5%(储藏临界值)。较好的储藏方法是室外干沙深藏法,储藏深度以1m为宜,沙层含水率要小于储藏临界值。与大田育苗相比,容器育苗具有育苗成本高、苗木质量差的弊端,因此,沙漠葳育苗一般以大田育苗为好。由于扦插苗当年生长量大,苗木木质化程度高,有利于越冬存活,是值得推广的繁殖栽培技术。沙漠葳属子叶出土型苗木,种子出土后约3~5天开始出现真叶,进入幼苗期,5月下旬进入生长期,6月下旬进入速生期,9月份进入休眠期。主根生长在根系生长中占优势。
沙漠葳在吐鲁番的适应性最好,一年生播种苗和2年生定植苗的生长量远远大于敦煌、民勤和天水,2年生定植苗的年高生长量可达3.3m,并能正常开花结实。在敦煌和民勤,沙漠葳严重受冻,小苗几乎不能越冬,生长期能开花但不能正常结实。在天水能正常生长,可以越冬,但由于生长期内的有效积温不够,不能正常开花结实。
沙漠葳总体耐热性强,耐热平均指数为1.81,总体耐热力2级,耐热半致死温度为64.79℃;抗寒性弱,单株抗寒平均指数为4.23,抗寒性总体评价为4级;沙漠葳对光照的适应性很强,在不同光照下均能正常生长,随着光照强度的增加,枝条生长量有极为明显的增加。
Chilopsis linearis, to 10m in height and 9m in crown width, deciduous shrub with dense leaves and tresses,white and pink flower with pleasant fragrance, distributes widely in desert areas of south-western America and northern Mexico. The tree has the strong resistibility to flowing sand and seasonal flood. So it can be used to control flowing sand and beautify surroundings. In 2000 when the project start, this shrub was introduced into Turpan, Dunhuang,Minqin and Tiqnshui for the adaptability to local climates and ecological features by means of comparing and trial in wild. The followings are some results:
The main propagation methods of Chilopsis linearis are seedling cultivation in field, seedling cultivation in container and seedling cultivation with cutting. For seedling cultivation in field, the way of covering seedling bed,ideal time and depth of sowing seed are the key factors influencing on the rate of sprouting. In drought sandy land, Lithosphere blanket can keep water, increase warmth and prevent from land caked so that the quality of seedling can be improved because of the shade of seedling. The ideal time for sowing seed is from the last ten-day period of April to the first ten days of May in this area. The ideal depth for sowing seed is 1.0cm-1.5cm. For seedling cultivation in container, it is proper to use medium sand mixed with organic fertilizers, and nursery container in paper cell that is only closed-down, 15cm in depth and 8cm in diameter. The key factors influencing on cutting seedling-raising is the time, a part of branches and potting mixture. It is better to use Aeolian sandy soil as potting mixture with moderate peat. Half ligneous wood cutting, more than 0.6cm in branch diameter, are good for cutting. The best time for cutting is October in greenhouses or July in the field. Generally, it had better use cutting as soon as possible. For seed storage of seedlings, the appropriate temperature for conserving seedlings of Chilopsis linearis must be above -5℃and sand water content must be below 2.5%. The dry sand (sand water content is 1.5%-2.5%) that is used as burying materials,1m in storage depth in the field, is a good choice in cold region of north China. Comparing to seedling cultivation in field, container seedling is more expensive and less quality. Therefore the seedling cultivation is suggested for the production of seedlings of Chilopsis linearis. The method of cutting seedling cultivation is worth to wide use because cutting seedling grows quickly in cutting year and is woody for seedling surviving in winter.
The seed of Chilopsis linearis is out-cotyledon. After 3-5days sowing, the true leaves of the seeding come forth for the photosynthesis. The young seedlings start growing fleetly in June. Growth and development stops in September. Seedlings height and taproot growth are more dominant than the other parts of the body.
Chilopsis linearis have best adaptability in Turpan, where the growth of 1-year and 2-year seedlings is much more than one in Dunhuang、Mingin and Tianshui. Potted 2-year-old seedlings can reach 3.3 meters in height, blossom and bear fruits normally. In Dunhuang and Mingin, they are frozen so severely that young seedlings hardly can survive winter. And it just flowers but can’t bear fruits normally. In Tianshui, they can survive winter, but can not blossom and bear fruits normally.
Chilopsis linearis has strong heat-resistance. Its mean heat-resistance index is 1.81 and general heat resistance index is 2. The temperature that causes half of dying seedlings is 64.79℃. It’s cold-resistance is poor. Mean cold- resistance index for single tree is 4.23. Mean cold-resistance index is degree 4. It has good adaptability for light. It can grow under different intensity of light. The growth of branches is obvious increase with the increase of light intensity.
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