竹材细胞壁构造的形态分析
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摘要
本文应用图像处理技术分析了竹材从竹笋到成竹整个生长阶段横截面细胞壁结晶区的大小及形态,并应用区域分割法研究了竹材微管束横截面中的纤维帽、筛管、薄壁细胞等各部分结晶区的形成过程以及分布特征。同时针对竹笋期横截面细胞壁结晶区分布特征及形成过程,应用阀值分割法得到了微管束中结晶区大小的变化规律。
成竹期的竹子,横截面微管束中各部分结晶区已经形成,结晶区图像清楚,纹理差距明显。对这一阶段的图像采取窗口过滤法和模糊C-均值聚类法可获得所需要的图像特征。窗口过滤法是针对竹材横截面细胞壁不同纹理的疏密差别,选择合适的窗口大小,过滤掉稀疏部分、保留密集部分达到图像分割的目的。薄壁细胞壁结晶区结构单元稀疏,而纤维帽细胞壁结晶区的结构单元密集,应用窗口过滤法可提取纤维帽细胞壁结晶区的密集区域。模糊C-均值聚类法是针对自然纹理中单一纹理分割方法的局限性所提出的一种综合分割图像的方法。该方法首先对图像进行小波分解,将原始图像分解为细节小图,再计算细节小图的能量,最后将计算的能量进行模糊C-均值聚类,得到所需纤维帽的结晶区域。
图像处理方法是获取竹材细胞壁结晶区特征的一个有效手段,通过图像处理分析,可以测试出竹材整个生长过程中细胞壁结晶区形态变化规律,为研究竹材特性奠定了良好的基础。
Using image processing technology, we analyze the size and shape of cell wall crystal region of bamboo's cross section during entire growth from bamboo shoot to the mature bamboo. Using region segmentation, we study the forming and distributing characteristic of crystal regions of the fiber cap、 proto-sieve 、 thin-walled cell of vascular bundle of bamboo's cross section. On the basis of analyzing the forming process and distributing characteristic, we gain the growing rule of crystal region size of vascular bundle by threshold method.The each crystal region of vascular bundle of bamboo's cross section has formed during it's mature period .The crystal region image is clear and the difference between textures is obvious. Using Micro-Windows filter and Fuzzy C-Means, we can gain the image characteristic that to want. For texture's difference of each crystal region of cell wall of bamboo's cross section, Micro-Windows filter can filter the sparse part and reserve the dense part by choosing appropriate windows. Because of thin-walled cell's structure being remote and the cell wall of fiber cap structure being dense, we can get the dense region of fiber cap by Micro-windows filter. Fuzzy C-Means is an integrate method of image segmentation in contrast with other single method of natural texture segmentation. At first this method the image is decomposed the detail by wavelet, and then second the detail image energy is summed, finally, the detail image energy is computed by Fuzzy C-Means and gain the fiber cap of crystal region.The image processing is an effective method for getting the crystal region characteristic of cell wall of the bamboo .By processing and analyzing, we can gain the shape growing rule of crystal region of cell wall during entire growth of bamboo and lay the foundation for studying bamboo's characteristic.
成竹期的竹子,横截面微管束中各部分结晶区已经形成,结晶区图像清楚,纹理差距明显。对这一阶段的图像采取窗口过滤法和模糊C-均值聚类法可获得所需要的图像特征。窗口过滤法是针对竹材横截面细胞壁不同纹理的疏密差别,选择合适的窗口大小,过滤掉稀疏部分、保留密集部分达到图像分割的目的。薄壁细胞壁结晶区结构单元稀疏,而纤维帽细胞壁结晶区的结构单元密集,应用窗口过滤法可提取纤维帽细胞壁结晶区的密集区域。模糊C-均值聚类法是针对自然纹理中单一纹理分割方法的局限性所提出的一种综合分割图像的方法。该方法首先对图像进行小波分解,将原始图像分解为细节小图,再计算细节小图的能量,最后将计算的能量进行模糊C-均值聚类,得到所需纤维帽的结晶区域。
图像处理方法是获取竹材细胞壁结晶区特征的一个有效手段,通过图像处理分析,可以测试出竹材整个生长过程中细胞壁结晶区形态变化规律,为研究竹材特性奠定了良好的基础。
Using image processing technology, we analyze the size and shape of cell wall crystal region of bamboo's cross section during entire growth from bamboo shoot to the mature bamboo. Using region segmentation, we study the forming and distributing characteristic of crystal regions of the fiber cap、 proto-sieve 、 thin-walled cell of vascular bundle of bamboo's cross section. On the basis of analyzing the forming process and distributing characteristic, we gain the growing rule of crystal region size of vascular bundle by threshold method.The each crystal region of vascular bundle of bamboo's cross section has formed during it's mature period .The crystal region image is clear and the difference between textures is obvious. Using Micro-Windows filter and Fuzzy C-Means, we can gain the image characteristic that to want. For texture's difference of each crystal region of cell wall of bamboo's cross section, Micro-Windows filter can filter the sparse part and reserve the dense part by choosing appropriate windows. Because of thin-walled cell's structure being remote and the cell wall of fiber cap structure being dense, we can get the dense region of fiber cap by Micro-windows filter. Fuzzy C-Means is an integrate method of image segmentation in contrast with other single method of natural texture segmentation. At first this method the image is decomposed the detail by wavelet, and then second the detail image energy is summed, finally, the detail image energy is computed by Fuzzy C-Means and gain the fiber cap of crystal region.The image processing is an effective method for getting the crystal region characteristic of cell wall of the bamboo .By processing and analyzing, we can gain the shape growing rule of crystal region of cell wall during entire growth of bamboo and lay the foundation for studying bamboo's characteristic.
引文
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2) 陈嵘遗等.竹的种类及栽培利用.中国林业出版社.1984.7,26-28
3) 中国林学会.竹林知识.中国林业出版社.1989.7,1-4
4) 叶诚业,王幸祥,俞视慧,李兆龙.竹类资源的综合利用.上海科学技术文献出版社.1988.9.13-18.
5) 李坚.木材波谱学.北京:科学出版社 2003.3:18～31
6) 成俊卿.木材学.北京:中国林业出版社 1985.9:57～58
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8) 刘稳生,陶灵虎,阮锡根等.棉纤维的结晶度及其与花后生长天数的关系.棉花学报.1994 6(4):221～222
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10) 沈春玉,储刚,刘发起等.X射线衍射法测定分子筛硅铝比与结晶度.辽宁:抚顺石油学院学报.2002.22(4):34～37
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19) J.M.H. Du Buf, M. Kardan, and M. spann, Texture feature performance for image segmentation, pattern recognition, 23(3/4):291-309,1990
20) K.I.Chang, kevin W. Bowyer, and munish Sivagurunath. Evaluation of texture segmentation algorithms. In IEEE Conference on computer vision and pattern Recognition. Pages 294-299,1999.
21) Tianhorng Chang and C.C. Jay Kuo. texture segmentation with tree-structured wavelet transform, in proceeding of the IEEE-SP International Symposium on time-frequency and Times Scale Analysis. pages 543-546,1992
22) AnilK. Jain and Farshid Farrokhnia. Unsupervised texture segmentation using gabor filters. Pattern Recognition, 24(12):1167-1186, 1991
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24) 李波,刘东华,梁光明,唐朝京等.一种计算任意形状封闭区域面积的新方法.国防科技大学学报,Vol.24.No.4.2002
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28) 李峰,蔡碧野,陈志坚等.利用多进制小波变换和模糊C-均值聚类进行纹理分割.计算机工程与应用.2003.3
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32) 闻新,周露,李翔,张宝伟等.Matlab6神经网络仿真与应用.北京:科技出版社.2003..7
33) 徐慧.Visual C++数字图像实用工程案例精选.北京:人民邮电出版社 2003.9
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35) 张力.Visual C++高级编程.北京:人民邮电出版社.2002.3
36) 陈兵旗.孙明等.Visual C++实用图像处理专业教程.北京:清华大学出版社.2004.3
37) 求是科技,张宏林,李锐等.Visual C++数字图像模式识别技术及工程实践.北京:人民邮电出版社 2003.12
38) 求是科技,肖宏伟等.Visual C++6.0实效编程百例.北京:人民邮电出版社 2003.9
39) Visual C++ MFC参考类库手册.北京:人民邮电出版社 2002.10
40) 王育坚、刘辰、陈万里等.Visual C++编程基础教程.北京:北京邮电大学出版社 2001.10
41) 蒋华.Visual C++5.0编程技术.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社.
42) 求是科技,张宏林,蔡锐等.Visual C++数字图像模式识别技术及工程实践.人民邮电出版社.2003.12 463～467
43) 杨枝灵,王开等.Visual C++数字图像模获取处理及实践应用.人民邮电出版社.2003.4 3～7
44) 郝红伟,施光凯等.origin 6.0实例教程.中国电力出版社.2003.8 88～90
2) 陈嵘遗等.竹的种类及栽培利用.中国林业出版社.1984.7,26-28
3) 中国林学会.竹林知识.中国林业出版社.1989.7,1-4
4) 叶诚业,王幸祥,俞视慧,李兆龙.竹类资源的综合利用.上海科学技术文献出版社.1988.9.13-18.
5) 李坚.木材波谱学.北京:科学出版社 2003.3:18～31
6) 成俊卿.木材学.北京:中国林业出版社 1985.9:57～58
7) 阮锡根,江泽慧,陶灵虎.用结晶学的观点研究纤维细胞壁的结构及形成机理.黑龙江:东北林业大学学报,2001.29(2):1～3
8) 刘稳生,陶灵虎,阮锡根等.棉纤维的结晶度及其与花后生长天数的关系.棉花学报.1994 6(4):221～222
9) 李颖.几种常用的聚合物结晶度测量方法的比较.沈阳:沈阳建筑工程学院学报.2000 16(4):269～271
10) 沈春玉,储刚,刘发起等.X射线衍射法测定分子筛硅铝比与结晶度.辽宁:抚顺石油学院学报.2002.22(4):34～37
11) 阮秋琦等.数字图像处理学.北京:电子工业出版社,2002.7.390-4
12) 艾海舟,武勃等译.图像处理分析与机器视觉.北京:人民邮电出版社 2003.9
13) 崔屺.图像处理与分析数学形态学方法及应用.科学出版社 2000.4
14) 晶辰工作室.最流行图像格式实用参考手册.电子工业出版社,1998.
15) CHI Zhi-gang. Kimura. Yamauchi. Hatakeyama Kenichi. Image Segment Consider Intensity Roughness and Color Purity. 2002. Vol. 13. No. 5.
16) Sunil hrya. David M. Mount. Algorithms for Fast Vecter Quantization. 1999, 41(2) 199～235
17) Sethian, J.A. Fast marching level set method for monotonically advancing fronts. In:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol 93.1996.1591～1595
18) Sethian, J.A. Fast marching methods. SIAM Review, 1999,41(2):199～235
19) J.M.H. Du Buf, M. Kardan, and M. spann, Texture feature performance for image segmentation, pattern recognition, 23(3/4):291-309,1990
20) K.I.Chang, kevin W. Bowyer, and munish Sivagurunath. Evaluation of texture segmentation algorithms. In IEEE Conference on computer vision and pattern Recognition. Pages 294-299,1999.
21) Tianhorng Chang and C.C. Jay Kuo. texture segmentation with tree-structured wavelet transform, in proceeding of the IEEE-SP International Symposium on time-frequency and Times Scale Analysis. pages 543-546,1992
22) AnilK. Jain and Farshid Farrokhnia. Unsupervised texture segmentation using gabor filters. Pattern Recognition, 24(12):1167-1186, 1991
23) Robert Porter and Nishan Canagarajah. A robust automatic clustering scheme for image segmentation using wavelets. IEEE Transactions on image Processing, 5(4):662-665. April 1996.
24) 李波,刘东华,梁光明,唐朝京等.一种计算任意形状封闭区域面积的新方法.国防科技大学学报,Vol.24.No.4.2002
25) 李国强,张薇,顾国庆等.用顶点链编码计算区域面积的方法.2003.Vol.25.No.3.
26) 徐朝伦,王晓湘,柯有安等.基于子波变化的纹理图像的多级分割.北京:北京理工大学学报.Vol.18.No.4 1998.8
27) 罗晓晖,李见为等.基于特征尺度及多尺度分解的纹理分割.上海:计算机工程.Vol.29 No 3.2003.3
28) 李峰,蔡碧野,陈志坚等.利用多进制小波变换和模糊C-均值聚类进行纹理分割.计算机工程与应用.2003.3
29) 吴高洪,章锍晋,林行刚等.利用小波变化和特征加权进行纹理分割.北京:中国图像图形学报.Vol 6(A) No.4 2001.1
30) 李厚强,王超,叶中付,王经松等.一种改进的基于Gabor滤波器的纹理分割方法.合肥:电路与系统学报.Vol.8 No.6.2003.11
31) 飞思科技产品研发中心.Matlab6.5辅组神经网络分析与设计.北京:电子工业出版社.2003.1
32) 闻新,周露,李翔,张宝伟等.Matlab6神经网络仿真与应用.北京:科技出版社.2003..7
33) 徐慧.Visual C++数字图像实用工程案例精选.北京:人民邮电出版社 2003.9
34) 李于剑.Visual C++实践与提高 图形图像编程篇 中国铁道出版社.
35) 张力.Visual C++高级编程.北京:人民邮电出版社.2002.3
36) 陈兵旗.孙明等.Visual C++实用图像处理专业教程.北京:清华大学出版社.2004.3
37) 求是科技,张宏林,李锐等.Visual C++数字图像模式识别技术及工程实践.北京:人民邮电出版社 2003.12
38) 求是科技,肖宏伟等.Visual C++6.0实效编程百例.北京:人民邮电出版社 2003.9
39) Visual C++ MFC参考类库手册.北京:人民邮电出版社 2002.10
40) 王育坚、刘辰、陈万里等.Visual C++编程基础教程.北京:北京邮电大学出版社 2001.10
41) 蒋华.Visual C++5.0编程技术.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社.
42) 求是科技,张宏林,蔡锐等.Visual C++数字图像模式识别技术及工程实践.人民邮电出版社.2003.12 463～467
43) 杨枝灵,王开等.Visual C++数字图像模获取处理及实践应用.人民邮电出版社.2003.4 3～7
44) 郝红伟,施光凯等.origin 6.0实例教程.中国电力出版社.2003.8 88～90