对外汉语综合教材语法编写“由易到难”原则研究
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摘要
语法教学是对外汉语教学中一个非常重要的环节,因此,承载语法教学的对外汉语教材的编写也就相当重要。教材中的语法编排必须考虑到汉语自身、学习者母语、学习对象情况等各个方面,遵循一定的编写原则。本文所要研究的“由易到难”原则就是其中十分重要的原则之一。
     本文以综合教材《实用速成汉语》为研究的最重要材料。因为这是一套初级、中级、高级各阶段划分比较明显且连贯性较好的教材,深得学生好评。本文综合了前人研究成果,结合本套书的语法编写模式,从语法点的选择、确定、编排方面对“由易到难”原则进行分析,指出现行汉语教材语法由易到难编排方面的缺陷,得到了一些选择语法点、确定语法点难易的方法和指导教材语法由易到难编排的细则。
     本文分为五个部分,第一部分为前言,第二、三、四部分是文章的主体,分别描述了《实用速成汉语》中的语法难易编排,论述了怎样确定语法点的难易程度,得出了指导教材语法由易到难编排的原则。最后对文章做了总结。
     由易到难地编排语法点,最难的就是确定语法点的难易。本文综合了各种手段,从各个方面论述了确定语法点难易的方法。首先,文章描写了《实用速成汉语》语法点编排的情况。在此基础上,本文以专家所提出的对外汉语语法难度等级框架为依托,分别阐述了如何从汉语自身特点、汉语与学生母语的对比、偏误分析、统计方法、语法点的语法化程度等几个方面来确定语法点的难易并且指出教材在选择语法点,为其难易定级时,既要具体考虑各个方面,又要综合衡量,才能得出一个较为贴切的结论。
     确定了语法点的难易,就要对语法点进行编排。本文提出了一些指导教材语法点由易到难编写的原则:首先从横向方面循序渐进编写,包括语法结构、语义、语用三个层面;其次从纵向方面保证对外汉语初、中、高级每个阶段以及整体上的循环递升。这要从语义范畴、三个平面、语法系统性以及语法解释、例句、练习方面保证语法点在各个阶段循环递升,还要注意语法点的复现。另外,由易到难编排语法点,对难点的处理是必不可少的。本文论述了处理难点的几个原则:难点分散、难点编排距离适中、就简避繁、化难为易。这样既处理了难点,又从横向、纵向上保证了语法点在每个阶段,每个方面都由易到难地排列,综合排列出语法点由易到难的顺序。
     总之,本文综合各个方面,从确定语法点的难易到对语法点进行由易到难编排方面都得出了较有实践指导意义的结论,期望能对教材语法的编写有一定的作用。
Grammar teaching is very important in Teaching Chinese as A Second Language (TCFL), and we teach Chinese through Grammar books. So, to arrange the grammars in a book is crucial. The grammar book should consider about the Chinese itself,, the learner's mother language and the learners etc. Also, the book should be written under some principles. The'from-easy-to-difficult' principle which this article is going to discuss is one of these important principles.
     is the most important research material this article used. It is a book which was obviously departed into three degrees. Also, it is a set of book popular in learners. This article tries to synthesize the research results of many professors, combine with the witting style of this book to find a from-easy-to-difficult order, including the choosing of grammars and how to arrange the grammars.
     This article was divided into five parts. The first part is the preface. The second, third and forth part is the main part of this article. It described the arrangement of grammars in, and it also discussed how to make sure the grammars are easy or difficult. It got the guidelines of how to make books to arrange grammar from easy to difficult. And at last it got its conclusion.
     To arrange grammars from easy to difficult, the biggest problem is that how to make sure a grammar is easy or difficult. This article uses many ways to solve these problems. First, this article descried and analyzed the grammars in. Then this it discussed how to utilize the characteristic of Chinese, the result of Chinese and learners' mother Lange comparing, the result of mistakes analyzing, statistical methods and the degree of grammatical etc. to certain if the grammar is easy or not. When a book was written, it should first consider about these aspects and then it can get a better conclusion.
     After make sure the grammars are easy or difficult, the book should arrange them in an appropriate order. This article point out some principles to guide the book's grammar writing: first, for the horizontal aspect, books should arrange the grammars step by step, including compile the frame of grammars, the meaning of grammars and the using of grammars from easy to difficult; Second, for the vertical aspect, books should also arrange the content of the primary stage, the junior stage and the senior stage step by step, including compile the semantic category, the three planes, the systemic grammar, the explaining, the examples and the exercises of grammars from easy to difficult. Also, the books should pay attention to the repeating of grammars. Besides, to arrange the grammars from easy to difficult, books should deal with the difficulties. This article discussed several principles on dealing with the difficulties: disperse the difficulties, arrange the difficulties in proper distance and make the difficulties easier. After this, we can make sure grammars arranged from easy to difficult in every stage and of every aspect.
     Anyway, this article integrate all the aspects to get a meaningful conclusion in making sure the grammars are easy or difficult and arranging the grammars from easy to difficult. We hope that the conclusion can have some good effect for grammars writing in the future.
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