从功能翻译理论的视角看电影片名的翻译
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摘要
电影是一种集艺术性和商业性于一体的艺术形式。经过一个多世纪的发展,电影已经成为了最具有影响力的媒体之一。自从改革开放以来,我国的影视翻译蓬勃发展,欣欣向荣。但作为影视翻译领域的一个重要组成部分,电影片名的研究工作还做得远远不够。就我国目前电影片名翻译的实际情况来看,我们的研究仍然质低量少。论述翻译的著作虽然多,但是大多数只在个别章节涉及到了电影片名翻译;探讨的文章虽然偶尔见于一些学术刊物,但是它们的研究结果远远不足以为电影片名翻译建立起一套较为完整的翻译理论体系。目前电影片名翻译还仅仅停留在一个凭借经验与悟性的阶段,电影片名翻译实践仍然缺乏有效的指导和监督。对于同一部电影,大陆、香港、台湾译名各异,译名混乱现象十分严重,不仅给广大观众造成不便,也为两岸三地间的文化交流带来障碍。
本文以新兴的功能翻译理论作为研究基础,大力提倡以观众为取向的电影片名翻译方法。功能翻译理论作为对传统翻译理论的一个重大突破和翻译理论研究的重要补充,为电影片名翻译的理论研究开辟了一个新视角。
根据功能翻译理论,翻译是一种有目的的行为,翻译过程的最高原则是该翻译活动本身的目的。同时,目的论吸收了“行为理论"的元素,认为翻译过程是人与人之间的交互行为,而不仅仅是由译者一人所决定的过程。电影片名翻译也是一种有目的的行为。电影片名翻译的首要目的是让翻译的电影片名在译语文化中吸引尽可能多的观众。基于上述目的,本文论述了电影片名翻译所使用的翻译策略,其中包括音译、直译、意译和编译四种。这些翻译策略对原片名提供的信息进行了不同的处理,即完全保留、适当选择、增加信息或全部抛弃。由此可以看出,原片名只是信息的提供者之一。除了原电影片名,电影本身也可以提供信息。本文采用对照对比分析的方法,详细分析了数个实例,旨在证明:只有既符合译语观众语言习惯与审美倾向,又符合译语文化的电影译名才有可能随着岁月的流逝永远保持活力与吸引力。
文章最后得出的结论是对电影片名的翻译已不能单纯作为一种纯文学形式用传统的“等效”翻译理论或“接受美学”等理论进行研究,而应以“目的论”为理论依据,把电影看作是一种有目的的交际行为,积极探索电影片名的翻译,以满足当今电影业快速产业化的发展对电影名翻译所提出的新要求,实现电影的市场化和商业价值。
The film is a popular art which has both artistic and commercial values. Having developed for over a century, the film has become one of the most influential mass media. Film translation has been flourishing in China since the implementation of her reform and opening up policy. However, the translation of film titles, as a special and significant part of film translation, is a far less explored field. According to our current situation in the translation of film titles, we need further research. Although we have plenty of books about translation theory, the translation of film titles was involved only in very few chapters. Although the relevant subjects occasionally appeared in some thesis, they are far too enough to set up a complete translation theory for the translation of film titles. Film title translation is still delayed in such shallow stage and still lack of effective direction and supervise. As for the same original film title, the mainland version, Hong Kong version and Taiwan version coexist, bringing confusion to the audience and bringing barrier to communication across the Straits.
The functionalist theory, a newly developed theory, is adopted as the theoretical background of this thesis and an audience-oriented film title translation approach is highly advocated. As an important complement to translation studies, the functionalist theory has given a new perspective to the study of the translation of film titles.
According to the functionalist theory, translation is a purposeful activity. The Skopos of a translation task serves as the prime rule guiding the translation process. In the functionalist theory, translation is regarded as an interpersonal interaction, rather than an action solely decided by the translator himself/herself. Therefore, a translation is the result of choices after analysis, guided by the Skopos of the translation task, of elements involved in the translation process. The translation of film titles is also a purposeful activity. The main purpose of film title translation is to render translated film titles appealing to target audience. Based on the Skopos of film title translation, the strategies used in the translation of film titles such as transliteration, literal translation, free translation and adaptation are introduced. These strategies treat the source text information in different ways such as complete preservation, proper selection, information addition or complete abandonment. It can be seen that the film title is only one of the information providers. Apart from the film title, the film itself can also offer information. A detailed study of some cases shows that only those translated film titles which not only meet the linguistic and aesthetic preferences of the target audience but also conform to the target culture are likely to remain lively and magnetic as time passes by.
The conclusion is that film titles should not be seen and translated as pure literature under the direction of "equivalence" and "reception atheistic" theories. This thesis, based on Skopostheorie, sees translation as a purposeful activity and has an exploratory discussion on film title translation. The application of Skopostheorie in film title translation would meet the new challenge of film title translation put forward by the rapid commercialization of film industry and help to realize the industrialization and commercial value of film.
本文以新兴的功能翻译理论作为研究基础,大力提倡以观众为取向的电影片名翻译方法。功能翻译理论作为对传统翻译理论的一个重大突破和翻译理论研究的重要补充,为电影片名翻译的理论研究开辟了一个新视角。
根据功能翻译理论,翻译是一种有目的的行为,翻译过程的最高原则是该翻译活动本身的目的。同时,目的论吸收了“行为理论"的元素,认为翻译过程是人与人之间的交互行为,而不仅仅是由译者一人所决定的过程。电影片名翻译也是一种有目的的行为。电影片名翻译的首要目的是让翻译的电影片名在译语文化中吸引尽可能多的观众。基于上述目的,本文论述了电影片名翻译所使用的翻译策略,其中包括音译、直译、意译和编译四种。这些翻译策略对原片名提供的信息进行了不同的处理,即完全保留、适当选择、增加信息或全部抛弃。由此可以看出,原片名只是信息的提供者之一。除了原电影片名,电影本身也可以提供信息。本文采用对照对比分析的方法,详细分析了数个实例,旨在证明:只有既符合译语观众语言习惯与审美倾向,又符合译语文化的电影译名才有可能随着岁月的流逝永远保持活力与吸引力。
文章最后得出的结论是对电影片名的翻译已不能单纯作为一种纯文学形式用传统的“等效”翻译理论或“接受美学”等理论进行研究,而应以“目的论”为理论依据,把电影看作是一种有目的的交际行为,积极探索电影片名的翻译,以满足当今电影业快速产业化的发展对电影名翻译所提出的新要求,实现电影的市场化和商业价值。
The film is a popular art which has both artistic and commercial values. Having developed for over a century, the film has become one of the most influential mass media. Film translation has been flourishing in China since the implementation of her reform and opening up policy. However, the translation of film titles, as a special and significant part of film translation, is a far less explored field. According to our current situation in the translation of film titles, we need further research. Although we have plenty of books about translation theory, the translation of film titles was involved only in very few chapters. Although the relevant subjects occasionally appeared in some thesis, they are far too enough to set up a complete translation theory for the translation of film titles. Film title translation is still delayed in such shallow stage and still lack of effective direction and supervise. As for the same original film title, the mainland version, Hong Kong version and Taiwan version coexist, bringing confusion to the audience and bringing barrier to communication across the Straits.
The functionalist theory, a newly developed theory, is adopted as the theoretical background of this thesis and an audience-oriented film title translation approach is highly advocated. As an important complement to translation studies, the functionalist theory has given a new perspective to the study of the translation of film titles.
According to the functionalist theory, translation is a purposeful activity. The Skopos of a translation task serves as the prime rule guiding the translation process. In the functionalist theory, translation is regarded as an interpersonal interaction, rather than an action solely decided by the translator himself/herself. Therefore, a translation is the result of choices after analysis, guided by the Skopos of the translation task, of elements involved in the translation process. The translation of film titles is also a purposeful activity. The main purpose of film title translation is to render translated film titles appealing to target audience. Based on the Skopos of film title translation, the strategies used in the translation of film titles such as transliteration, literal translation, free translation and adaptation are introduced. These strategies treat the source text information in different ways such as complete preservation, proper selection, information addition or complete abandonment. It can be seen that the film title is only one of the information providers. Apart from the film title, the film itself can also offer information. A detailed study of some cases shows that only those translated film titles which not only meet the linguistic and aesthetic preferences of the target audience but also conform to the target culture are likely to remain lively and magnetic as time passes by.
The conclusion is that film titles should not be seen and translated as pure literature under the direction of "equivalence" and "reception atheistic" theories. This thesis, based on Skopostheorie, sees translation as a purposeful activity and has an exploratory discussion on film title translation. The application of Skopostheorie in film title translation would meet the new challenge of film title translation put forward by the rapid commercialization of film industry and help to realize the industrialization and commercial value of film.
引文
Agar,Michael.1992. The Intercultural Frame. unpublished ms.
Boggs,Josph.1985.The Art of Watching Films. California: Mayfield Publishing Company.
Bordwell,David. 1999.On the History of Film Style. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Gentler,E.1993.Contemporary Translation Theories. London and New York: Routledge.
Goodenough, Ward H.1964. Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics. In Dell Hymes(ed.). Language in Culture and Society: A Reader in Linguistics and Anthropology. New York: Harper & Row.
Hatim,Bassil&Mason,Ian. 1990. Discourse and the Translator. Longman Group UK Limited.
Hawkins,DelI. 1998. Consumer Behavior— Building Marketing Strategy .Boston:Irwin McGraw-Hill.
Katan,David. 2004. Translating Cultures: An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Konigsberg, Ira.1987.The Complete Film Dictionary. New York: Nal Books.
Lefevere,Andre.1992. Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fan. London and New York: Routledge.
Munday, Feremy.2001. Introducing Translation Studies—Theory and Applications. London:Toutledge.
Murphy,John,M.1987. Branding:a Key Marketing Tool.London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
Newmark,Peter. 2001. A Textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Newmark,Peter.2004. Approaches to Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nida,Eugene A.&Charles Taber.1969. The Theory and Practice of Translation.Leiden:Brill.
Nida,Eugene A. 1993.Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nida,Eugene A. 2001.Language, Culture and Translating: Contexts in Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nord,Christiane.1991.Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and Didactic Application of a Model for Translation-Oriented Text Analysis. Amsterdam-Atlanta: Rodopi [1998].
Nord,Christiane.1997a.A Functional Typology of Translations. In Anna
Trosborg(ed), Text Typology and Translation. Benjamins Translation Library.
Nord,Christiane.2001.Translation as A Purposeful Action. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nord,Christiane.2004.Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approaches Explained. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Pearsall, Judy.2003. The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Reiss,Katharina & Hans, J. Vermeer. 1984.Grundlegung Einer Allgemeinen Translationstheorie. Tubinge:Niemeyer.
Reiss,Katharinsi.2004.Translation Criticism: The Potentials and Limitations.Translated by Erroll F.Rhodes. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Schaffner, Christina. 1998.Skopos Theory.In Mona Bader(ed), Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Snell,Hornby.2002.Translation Studies—An Integrated Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Snell,Hornby.2003.TranslationStudies:AnIntegrated Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Shuttleworth,Mark & Moria,Cowie.2004.Dictionary of Translation Studies.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Tanis,Nicholas.2006.Motion Picture.Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia.Microsoft Corportation.
Vermeer,H.1989a.Skopos und Translationsauftrag-Aufsatze.Heidelberg:Universitat.
Vermeer,H.1989b.Skopos and Commission in Translation Action.Heidelberg:Universitat.
Vermeer,H.2000.Skopos and Commission in Translational Action.London and New York:Routledge.
Venuti,Lawrence.2000.The Translation Studies Reader.London and New York:Routledge.
Warshow,Robert.2002.The Immediate Experience:Movies,Comics,Theatre and Other Aspects of Popular Culture.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
包惠南,2001,《文化语境与语言翻译》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
蔡东东,2000,《当代英美电影鉴赏》。北京:外文出版社。
陈福康,2000,《中国译学理论史稿》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
陈宏薇,1996,《新实用汉译英教程》。武汉:湖北教育出版社。
冯庆华,2000,《实用翻译教程》。上海:上海译文出版社。
方珍平,1995,电影片名研究,《修辞学习》第六期,第25-26页。
方珍平,1996,略谈电影片名翻译的特点,《修辞学习》第三期,第35-36页。
郭建中,1999,《文化与翻译》。 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
贺常端,1987,《电影理论基础》。北京:中国青年出版社。
贺莺,2001,电影片名的翻译理论和方法,《外语教学》第一期,第57-58页。
何宁,1998,英语电影片名翻译纵横谈,《上海科技翻译》第三期,第37-39页。
何跃敏,1997,当前西片译名中的问题与对策,《中国翻译》第四期,第41-43页。
金惠康,2002,《跨文化交际翻译》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
贾文波,2004,《应用功能翻译论》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
林煌天,1997,《中国翻译词典》。武汉:湖北教育出版社。
李群,2002,片名翻译对“忠实”的颠覆--电影片名翻译的现状及理论根据,《北京第二外国语学院学报》第五期,第41-45页。
龙千红,2003,英语电影片名佳译赏析--兼谈电影翻译对译者的要求,《西安外国语学院学报》第三期,第22-24页。
毛发生,2002,两岸三地外语影片片名翻译比较,《西安外国语学院学报》第四期,第19-23页。
毛显辉,1997,电影片名及相关术语的翻译,《中国科技翻译》第三期,第56-57页。
大卫.鲍德韦尔编,麦永雄译,2000,《后理论:重建电影研究》。北京:中国社会科学出版社。
钱绍昌,2000,影视翻译--翻译中愈来愈重要的领域,《中国翻译》第一期,第61-65页。
孙致礼,1999,《理论与实践探讨》。南京:译林出版社。
孙致礼,2002,中国的文学翻译:从归化趋向异化,《中国翻译》第一期,第40-44页。
吴敏,1995,浅谈英语电影片名的翻译,《中国翻译》第五期,第55-56页。
吴爽,2005,从电影片名看翻译中的归化与异化,《北京第二外国语学院学报》第四期,第56-60页。
王佐良,1989,《翻译:思考与试笔》。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
岳峰,2000,香港译者翻译外国电影片名的同化趋向,《北京电影学院学报》第三期,第42-45页。
岳峰,2002,回顾二十世纪中国影坛的翻译家,《北京电影学院学报》第二期,第42-48页。
张朝丽,徐美恒,2003,《中外电影文化》。天津大学出版社。
庄光明,2001,电影英语片名教学,《敦煌英语教学杂志》第三十一期,第47页。
周安华,1999,《现代影视批评艺术》。北京:中国广播出版社。
周黎明,2004,《西片碟中碟》。广州:花城出版社。
Boggs,Josph.1985.The Art of Watching Films. California: Mayfield Publishing Company.
Bordwell,David. 1999.On the History of Film Style. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Gentler,E.1993.Contemporary Translation Theories. London and New York: Routledge.
Goodenough, Ward H.1964. Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics. In Dell Hymes(ed.). Language in Culture and Society: A Reader in Linguistics and Anthropology. New York: Harper & Row.
Hatim,Bassil&Mason,Ian. 1990. Discourse and the Translator. Longman Group UK Limited.
Hawkins,DelI. 1998. Consumer Behavior— Building Marketing Strategy .Boston:Irwin McGraw-Hill.
Katan,David. 2004. Translating Cultures: An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Konigsberg, Ira.1987.The Complete Film Dictionary. New York: Nal Books.
Lefevere,Andre.1992. Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fan. London and New York: Routledge.
Munday, Feremy.2001. Introducing Translation Studies—Theory and Applications. London:Toutledge.
Murphy,John,M.1987. Branding:a Key Marketing Tool.London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
Newmark,Peter. 2001. A Textbook of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Newmark,Peter.2004. Approaches to Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nida,Eugene A.&Charles Taber.1969. The Theory and Practice of Translation.Leiden:Brill.
Nida,Eugene A. 1993.Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nida,Eugene A. 2001.Language, Culture and Translating: Contexts in Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nord,Christiane.1991.Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and Didactic Application of a Model for Translation-Oriented Text Analysis. Amsterdam-Atlanta: Rodopi [1998].
Nord,Christiane.1997a.A Functional Typology of Translations. In Anna
Trosborg(ed), Text Typology and Translation. Benjamins Translation Library.
Nord,Christiane.2001.Translation as A Purposeful Action. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Nord,Christiane.2004.Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approaches Explained. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Pearsall, Judy.2003. The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Reiss,Katharina & Hans, J. Vermeer. 1984.Grundlegung Einer Allgemeinen Translationstheorie. Tubinge:Niemeyer.
Reiss,Katharinsi.2004.Translation Criticism: The Potentials and Limitations.Translated by Erroll F.Rhodes. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Schaffner, Christina. 1998.Skopos Theory.In Mona Bader(ed), Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Snell,Hornby.2002.Translation Studies—An Integrated Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Snell,Hornby.2003.TranslationStudies:AnIntegrated Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Shuttleworth,Mark & Moria,Cowie.2004.Dictionary of Translation Studies.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Tanis,Nicholas.2006.Motion Picture.Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia.Microsoft Corportation.
Vermeer,H.1989a.Skopos und Translationsauftrag-Aufsatze.Heidelberg:Universitat.
Vermeer,H.1989b.Skopos and Commission in Translation Action.Heidelberg:Universitat.
Vermeer,H.2000.Skopos and Commission in Translational Action.London and New York:Routledge.
Venuti,Lawrence.2000.The Translation Studies Reader.London and New York:Routledge.
Warshow,Robert.2002.The Immediate Experience:Movies,Comics,Theatre and Other Aspects of Popular Culture.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
包惠南,2001,《文化语境与语言翻译》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
蔡东东,2000,《当代英美电影鉴赏》。北京:外文出版社。
陈福康,2000,《中国译学理论史稿》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
陈宏薇,1996,《新实用汉译英教程》。武汉:湖北教育出版社。
冯庆华,2000,《实用翻译教程》。上海:上海译文出版社。
方珍平,1995,电影片名研究,《修辞学习》第六期,第25-26页。
方珍平,1996,略谈电影片名翻译的特点,《修辞学习》第三期,第35-36页。
郭建中,1999,《文化与翻译》。 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
贺常端,1987,《电影理论基础》。北京:中国青年出版社。
贺莺,2001,电影片名的翻译理论和方法,《外语教学》第一期,第57-58页。
何宁,1998,英语电影片名翻译纵横谈,《上海科技翻译》第三期,第37-39页。
何跃敏,1997,当前西片译名中的问题与对策,《中国翻译》第四期,第41-43页。
金惠康,2002,《跨文化交际翻译》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
贾文波,2004,《应用功能翻译论》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
林煌天,1997,《中国翻译词典》。武汉:湖北教育出版社。
李群,2002,片名翻译对“忠实”的颠覆--电影片名翻译的现状及理论根据,《北京第二外国语学院学报》第五期,第41-45页。
龙千红,2003,英语电影片名佳译赏析--兼谈电影翻译对译者的要求,《西安外国语学院学报》第三期,第22-24页。
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