基于光干涉技术的薄膜润滑特性研究
|
摘要
随着现代机械工艺的迅速发展,许多精密仪器及工作于特定工况下的摩擦副间的油膜厚度已经减小至纳米量级,润滑状态处于薄膜润滑,如何在如此微小的间隙之间保证充分的润滑对于减少磨损、延长设备寿命和提高工作可靠性等方面具有重要的实践意义,目前对于薄膜润滑状态的理论特性及工作机理的研究工作仍需完善。
本文以光干涉法相对光强原理为基础,结合薄膜润滑机理的现有研究成果,研制了光干涉法纳米级润滑膜厚测量仪,该测量仪分辨率高,工作稳定可靠,能够用来针对低速、轻载工况下点接触式纯滑动润滑摩擦副间的薄膜润滑特性开展实验研究。研究了该测量仪的相关实验规范和实验步骤,对下一步实验的开展具有指导意义。
本文在低速、轻载工况下,针对载荷、速度、润滑剂粘度及接触表面粗糙度等因素对点接触薄膜润滑状态下油膜厚度的影响进行了实验分析,实验结果发现,Hamrock-Dowson理论公式的适用范围有一定限度,低速、膜厚较小时实测膜厚值与理论公式曲线的偏离较大,随着速度增加、膜厚增大实测膜厚值与理论公式曲线趋于吻合；油膜厚度随载荷的增大而减小,随速度、润滑剂粘度及接触表面粗糙度的增大而增大；实测膜厚值与理论公式曲线趋于吻合的过渡值受载荷、速度和润滑剂粘度的影响较大,受接触表面粗糙度的影响较小。
The oil film thicknesses between some precise friction components have been decreased into nanometer level because of the fast development of morden mechanical manufacturing techniques, which makes the friction components working in thin-film lubricating condition. It has great practical significance to guarantee the friction pares' sufficent lubrication which can help to decrease friction, increase the devices'life span and improve the working liability. For now, the characteristics and the working mechanism study of the thin-film lubrication still needs to be improved.
This paper developed an optical interference nanometer-level oil film thickness mesuring device, basing on the relative light intensity principle and the research results of thin film lubrication mechanism. This device, with high resolution ratio, can be used for the thin-film lubrication study of point-contact and pure-sliding friction pares working in low speed and low load conditions. The testing specifications of this device have been studied, which can be considered as a guideline for future researches.
The influences of the load, speed, oil viscocity and surface roughness to the oil film thickness in poin contacts thin-film lubrication have been studied using the oil film thickness mesuring device. The results show that the applicative scope of the Hamrock-Dowson formula has some limitations; when the rolling speed is lower and the film thickness is thinner, the experimental film thicknesses are deviated from the film thicknesses given by the Hamrock-Dowson formula; when the rolling speed is higher and the film thickness is thicker, the experimental results are going to be consistent with those given by the H&D formula; the oil film thickness becomes thinner as the load becoming higher; the increasing of rolling speed, oil viscosity and surface roughness makes the oil film thickness becoming thicker; the load and oil viscosity have the influence upon the transition point position where the experimental film thickness becomes to be consistent with the H&D formula, on which the surface roughness has little effect.
本文以光干涉法相对光强原理为基础,结合薄膜润滑机理的现有研究成果,研制了光干涉法纳米级润滑膜厚测量仪,该测量仪分辨率高,工作稳定可靠,能够用来针对低速、轻载工况下点接触式纯滑动润滑摩擦副间的薄膜润滑特性开展实验研究。研究了该测量仪的相关实验规范和实验步骤,对下一步实验的开展具有指导意义。
本文在低速、轻载工况下,针对载荷、速度、润滑剂粘度及接触表面粗糙度等因素对点接触薄膜润滑状态下油膜厚度的影响进行了实验分析,实验结果发现,Hamrock-Dowson理论公式的适用范围有一定限度,低速、膜厚较小时实测膜厚值与理论公式曲线的偏离较大,随着速度增加、膜厚增大实测膜厚值与理论公式曲线趋于吻合；油膜厚度随载荷的增大而减小,随速度、润滑剂粘度及接触表面粗糙度的增大而增大；实测膜厚值与理论公式曲线趋于吻合的过渡值受载荷、速度和润滑剂粘度的影响较大,受接触表面粗糙度的影响较小。
The oil film thicknesses between some precise friction components have been decreased into nanometer level because of the fast development of morden mechanical manufacturing techniques, which makes the friction components working in thin-film lubricating condition. It has great practical significance to guarantee the friction pares' sufficent lubrication which can help to decrease friction, increase the devices'life span and improve the working liability. For now, the characteristics and the working mechanism study of the thin-film lubrication still needs to be improved.
This paper developed an optical interference nanometer-level oil film thickness mesuring device, basing on the relative light intensity principle and the research results of thin film lubrication mechanism. This device, with high resolution ratio, can be used for the thin-film lubrication study of point-contact and pure-sliding friction pares working in low speed and low load conditions. The testing specifications of this device have been studied, which can be considered as a guideline for future researches.
The influences of the load, speed, oil viscocity and surface roughness to the oil film thickness in poin contacts thin-film lubrication have been studied using the oil film thickness mesuring device. The results show that the applicative scope of the Hamrock-Dowson formula has some limitations; when the rolling speed is lower and the film thickness is thinner, the experimental film thicknesses are deviated from the film thicknesses given by the Hamrock-Dowson formula; when the rolling speed is higher and the film thickness is thicker, the experimental results are going to be consistent with those given by the H&D formula; the oil film thickness becomes thinner as the load becoming higher; the increasing of rolling speed, oil viscosity and surface roughness makes the oil film thickness becoming thicker; the load and oil viscosity have the influence upon the transition point position where the experimental film thickness becomes to be consistent with the H&D formula, on which the surface roughness has little effect.
引文
[1]Reynolds 0 P. Trans. Roy. Soc.,1886, A177:175-234.
[2]Hardy W B, Hardy JK. Note on static friction and on the lubricating properties of certain chemical substances[J]. Philosophical Magazine,1919,38:33-48.
[3]GRUBIN A N & VINOGRADOVAIE. Investigation of the contact of machine components. Moscow:Kh. F. Ketova, Central Scientific Research Institute for Technology&Mechanical Engineering,1949, vol.30, non pagine.
[4]温诗铸.从弹流润滑到薄膜润滑-润滑理论研究的新领域[J].润滑与密封,1993,6：48-56.
[5]Wen S Z. On thin film lubrication[C]. Beijing:Proc of 1st International Symposium on Tribology,1993,30-37.
[6]Tichy J A. Thin film lubrication. In:Proc. of 1st international Symp. on Trib, Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,1993,1:48.
[7]温诗铸.摩擦学原理.北京：清华大学出版社,2008.4.
[8]Bowden F P, Tabor D. The Friction and Lubrication of Solid. Oxford:Oxford Univ-Press,1954.233-250.
[9]Kingsbury E P. Some aspects of the thermal desorption of a boundary lubricant. Journal of Applied Physics,1958,29(6):888-891.
[10]Homola A M, Israelachvili J N, Gee M L et al. Measurements of and relation between the adhesion and friction of two surfaces separated by moleculary thin liquid films. Proc of The 5th Inter Cong on Trib(Finland),1989,1:28-49.
[11]雒建斌,温诗铸,史兵.润滑的状态转化.材料研究学报.1997,第11卷(第2期)：120-125.
[12]雒建斌,严崇年.润滑理论中的模糊观.润滑与密封.1989,第1卷(第4期)：16-23.
[13]Wen S Z. On thin film lubrication, In:Proc of 1st international Symp. on Trib, Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,1993,1:30.
[14]Luo J B, Wen S Z, et al. Study on the mechanism and characteristics of thin film lubrication at nanometer scale. Science in China(Series A),1996,35(12):1312.
[15]Luo J B, Wen S Z, Sheng X Y, et al. Substrate surface energy effects on liquid lubrication film at nanometer scale. Lubrication Science,1998,10(11):23.
[16]Hu Y Z, Granick S, Microscopic study of thin film lubrication and its contributions to macroscopic tribology. Tribology Letter,1998,5(1):81.
[17]Tichy J A. Porous media model for thin film lubrication. ASME Trans, J of Tribology, 1995,117:16.
[18]Tichy J A. Modeling of thin film lubrication. Tribology Trans.,1995,38(1):108.
[19]Spikes H A, Guangteng G. Properties fo ultra-thin lubricating films using wedged spacer layer optical interferometry. In:Proc of the 14th Leeds-Lyon Symp on Trib, Inerface Dynamics, Ed by Dowson D, London;Elsevier Science Publishers,1990,275-279.
[20]Spikes H A, Ratio M. Molecular scale liquid lubricating films,26th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology, Sept.,1999, Leeds.
[21]Anghel V, Bovington C, Spikes H A. Thick-boundary film formation by friction modifier additives. Lubrication Science.1999,11 (4):313.
[22]雒建斌,沈明武,史兵,等.薄膜润滑与润滑状态图[J].机械工程学报,2000,36(7)：15-21.
[23]Johnston G J, Wayte R, Spikes H A. The measurement and study of very thin lubricant films in concentrated contacts [J]. Tribol Trans,1991,34(2):187-194.
[24]Luo J B, Wen S Z, Huang P. Thin film lubrication, part I:the transition between EHL and thin film lubrication [J]. Wear,1996,194:107-115.
[25]雒建斌,薄膜润滑理论和实验研究[D].北京：清华大学,1994.
[26]黄平,雒建斌,邹茜,等.NGY-2型纳米级膜厚测量仪[J].摩擦学学报,1994,14(2)：175-179.
[27]Smeeth M, Spikes H A, Gunsel S. The formation of viscous surface films by polymer solutions:boundary or elastohydrodynamic lubrication [J]. Trib Trans,1996,39(3): 720-725.
[28]Luo J B, Wen S Z. Mechanism and characteristics of thin film lubrication at nanometer scale [J]. Science in China (A),1996,39(12):1312-1322.
[29]Ehara T, Hirose H, Kobayashi H, et al. Molecular alignment in organic thin films [J]. Synthetic Metals,2000,109:43-46.
[30]刘志全,葛培琪等.弹流膜厚的测试方法及其特点.机械工程师,1996,2：40-41.
[31]Luo J B, Lawrece K Y L, Shi B and Wen S Z. Thin film lubrication and lubrication map,26th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology,14th-17th, Sept.,1999.
[32]Smeeth M, Spikes H A, Gunsel S. Boundary film lubrication by viscosity index improvers. Tribology Transactions,1996,39(3):726-734.
[33]Spikes H A, Guangteng G. Properties of Ultra-thin Lubricating Using Wedged Spacer Layer Optical Interferometery In:Dowson D. Eed. Proc of the Leeds-lyon sympoo on Trib, Interface Dynamics, Netherlands:Elsevier science publisher B V,1987,275-279.
[34]R. P. Glovnea, A. K. Forrest, A. V. Olver and H. A. Spikes. Measurement of sub-nanometer lubricant films using ultra-thin film interferometry. Tribology Letters. 2003, Vol.15, No.3:217-230.
[35]Krupka I., Hartl M., Poliscuk R. and Liska M., An Experimental Study of Elastohydrodynamic Central and Minimum Film Thicknesses for Various Material Parameters. Lubrication Science.,2000,12:239-251.
[36]Hart 1M., Molimard J., Krupka I., Vergne P., Querry M., Poliscuk R. and Liska, M.: Thin film lubrication study by colorimetric interferometry, Presented at the 26th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology 1999, In Proceeding of the 26th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology 1999, in press.
[37]Hartl M., Krupka I., Poliscuk R. and Liska M., Computer-Aided Evaluation of Chromatic Interferograms, In Proceeding of the Fifth International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics and Visualization,1997:45-54.
[38]雒建斌,温诗铸,黄平.“弹流润滑与薄膜润滑转化关系的研究”摩擦学学报,1999,19(1)：72-77.
[39]雒建斌,温诗铸.纳米级润滑膜的测试研究.仪器仪表学报,1995,16(1)：148-152.
[40]沈明武.纳米级油膜成膜机理及特性研究：(工学博士学位论文).北京：清华大学精密仪器与机械学系,2000.
[41]袁治.纳米级薄膜润滑性能的实验研究：(工学硕士学位论文).北京：清华大学精密仪器与机械学系,2003.
[42]锥建斌,钱林茂,刘姗,温诗铸.纳米级润滑膜失效实验研究.自然科学进展,2000,第10卷(第一期)：89-94.
[43]Goher R, Cammeron A. The mapping of elastohydrodynaraic contact. ASLE Trans. 1967,10:215-225.
[44]Homola A M, Israelachvili JN. Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Tribolgy, Finland,1989.28-49.
[45]Spikes H A, Guangteng G. Proceedings of 14th Leeds Lyons SymP. on Trib., Leeds Lyons.1988.275-279.
[46]Johnston G J, Wayte R, Spikes H A. The measurement and study of very thin lubricant films in concentrated contact.Trib. Trans.,1991,34:187-194.
[47]黄平,雒建斌,邹茜,温诗铸.NGY-2型纳米级润滑膜厚度测量仪.摩擦学学报,1994,第14卷(第2期)：175-179.
[48]Mor-oka, New friction tester of the flexor tendon, Journal of Biomechanics,1999, P1131-1134.
[49]李杰.用于摩擦磨损实验装置的振动信号采集系统研究：(硕士学位论文).辽宁大连：大连海事大学,2009.
[50]http://baike. baidu.com/view/266970. htm.
[51]Dowson D, Higginson G R. Elasto Hydrodynarmic lubricaiton.London:Pergamon Press,1977.
[52]宋炳坤.点接触混合润滑汕膜厚度的实验研究与数值模拟：(工学硕士学位论文).北京：清华大学精密仪器与机械学系,2004.
[53]温诗铸,黄平.摩擦学原理.第2版.北京：清华大学出版社,2002.
[2]Hardy W B, Hardy JK. Note on static friction and on the lubricating properties of certain chemical substances[J]. Philosophical Magazine,1919,38:33-48.
[3]GRUBIN A N & VINOGRADOVAIE. Investigation of the contact of machine components. Moscow:Kh. F. Ketova, Central Scientific Research Institute for Technology&Mechanical Engineering,1949, vol.30, non pagine.
[4]温诗铸.从弹流润滑到薄膜润滑-润滑理论研究的新领域[J].润滑与密封,1993,6：48-56.
[5]Wen S Z. On thin film lubrication[C]. Beijing:Proc of 1st International Symposium on Tribology,1993,30-37.
[6]Tichy J A. Thin film lubrication. In:Proc. of 1st international Symp. on Trib, Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,1993,1:48.
[7]温诗铸.摩擦学原理.北京：清华大学出版社,2008.4.
[8]Bowden F P, Tabor D. The Friction and Lubrication of Solid. Oxford:Oxford Univ-Press,1954.233-250.
[9]Kingsbury E P. Some aspects of the thermal desorption of a boundary lubricant. Journal of Applied Physics,1958,29(6):888-891.
[10]Homola A M, Israelachvili J N, Gee M L et al. Measurements of and relation between the adhesion and friction of two surfaces separated by moleculary thin liquid films. Proc of The 5th Inter Cong on Trib(Finland),1989,1:28-49.
[11]雒建斌,温诗铸,史兵.润滑的状态转化.材料研究学报.1997,第11卷(第2期)：120-125.
[12]雒建斌,严崇年.润滑理论中的模糊观.润滑与密封.1989,第1卷(第4期)：16-23.
[13]Wen S Z. On thin film lubrication, In:Proc of 1st international Symp. on Trib, Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,1993,1:30.
[14]Luo J B, Wen S Z, et al. Study on the mechanism and characteristics of thin film lubrication at nanometer scale. Science in China(Series A),1996,35(12):1312.
[15]Luo J B, Wen S Z, Sheng X Y, et al. Substrate surface energy effects on liquid lubrication film at nanometer scale. Lubrication Science,1998,10(11):23.
[16]Hu Y Z, Granick S, Microscopic study of thin film lubrication and its contributions to macroscopic tribology. Tribology Letter,1998,5(1):81.
[17]Tichy J A. Porous media model for thin film lubrication. ASME Trans, J of Tribology, 1995,117:16.
[18]Tichy J A. Modeling of thin film lubrication. Tribology Trans.,1995,38(1):108.
[19]Spikes H A, Guangteng G. Properties fo ultra-thin lubricating films using wedged spacer layer optical interferometry. In:Proc of the 14th Leeds-Lyon Symp on Trib, Inerface Dynamics, Ed by Dowson D, London;Elsevier Science Publishers,1990,275-279.
[20]Spikes H A, Ratio M. Molecular scale liquid lubricating films,26th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology, Sept.,1999, Leeds.
[21]Anghel V, Bovington C, Spikes H A. Thick-boundary film formation by friction modifier additives. Lubrication Science.1999,11 (4):313.
[22]雒建斌,沈明武,史兵,等.薄膜润滑与润滑状态图[J].机械工程学报,2000,36(7)：15-21.
[23]Johnston G J, Wayte R, Spikes H A. The measurement and study of very thin lubricant films in concentrated contacts [J]. Tribol Trans,1991,34(2):187-194.
[24]Luo J B, Wen S Z, Huang P. Thin film lubrication, part I:the transition between EHL and thin film lubrication [J]. Wear,1996,194:107-115.
[25]雒建斌,薄膜润滑理论和实验研究[D].北京：清华大学,1994.
[26]黄平,雒建斌,邹茜,等.NGY-2型纳米级膜厚测量仪[J].摩擦学学报,1994,14(2)：175-179.
[27]Smeeth M, Spikes H A, Gunsel S. The formation of viscous surface films by polymer solutions:boundary or elastohydrodynamic lubrication [J]. Trib Trans,1996,39(3): 720-725.
[28]Luo J B, Wen S Z. Mechanism and characteristics of thin film lubrication at nanometer scale [J]. Science in China (A),1996,39(12):1312-1322.
[29]Ehara T, Hirose H, Kobayashi H, et al. Molecular alignment in organic thin films [J]. Synthetic Metals,2000,109:43-46.
[30]刘志全,葛培琪等.弹流膜厚的测试方法及其特点.机械工程师,1996,2：40-41.
[31]Luo J B, Lawrece K Y L, Shi B and Wen S Z. Thin film lubrication and lubrication map,26th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology,14th-17th, Sept.,1999.
[32]Smeeth M, Spikes H A, Gunsel S. Boundary film lubrication by viscosity index improvers. Tribology Transactions,1996,39(3):726-734.
[33]Spikes H A, Guangteng G. Properties of Ultra-thin Lubricating Using Wedged Spacer Layer Optical Interferometery In:Dowson D. Eed. Proc of the Leeds-lyon sympoo on Trib, Interface Dynamics, Netherlands:Elsevier science publisher B V,1987,275-279.
[34]R. P. Glovnea, A. K. Forrest, A. V. Olver and H. A. Spikes. Measurement of sub-nanometer lubricant films using ultra-thin film interferometry. Tribology Letters. 2003, Vol.15, No.3:217-230.
[35]Krupka I., Hartl M., Poliscuk R. and Liska M., An Experimental Study of Elastohydrodynamic Central and Minimum Film Thicknesses for Various Material Parameters. Lubrication Science.,2000,12:239-251.
[36]Hart 1M., Molimard J., Krupka I., Vergne P., Querry M., Poliscuk R. and Liska, M.: Thin film lubrication study by colorimetric interferometry, Presented at the 26th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology 1999, In Proceeding of the 26th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology 1999, in press.
[37]Hartl M., Krupka I., Poliscuk R. and Liska M., Computer-Aided Evaluation of Chromatic Interferograms, In Proceeding of the Fifth International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics and Visualization,1997:45-54.
[38]雒建斌,温诗铸,黄平.“弹流润滑与薄膜润滑转化关系的研究”摩擦学学报,1999,19(1)：72-77.
[39]雒建斌,温诗铸.纳米级润滑膜的测试研究.仪器仪表学报,1995,16(1)：148-152.
[40]沈明武.纳米级油膜成膜机理及特性研究：(工学博士学位论文).北京：清华大学精密仪器与机械学系,2000.
[41]袁治.纳米级薄膜润滑性能的实验研究：(工学硕士学位论文).北京：清华大学精密仪器与机械学系,2003.
[42]锥建斌,钱林茂,刘姗,温诗铸.纳米级润滑膜失效实验研究.自然科学进展,2000,第10卷(第一期)：89-94.
[43]Goher R, Cammeron A. The mapping of elastohydrodynaraic contact. ASLE Trans. 1967,10:215-225.
[44]Homola A M, Israelachvili JN. Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Tribolgy, Finland,1989.28-49.
[45]Spikes H A, Guangteng G. Proceedings of 14th Leeds Lyons SymP. on Trib., Leeds Lyons.1988.275-279.
[46]Johnston G J, Wayte R, Spikes H A. The measurement and study of very thin lubricant films in concentrated contact.Trib. Trans.,1991,34:187-194.
[47]黄平,雒建斌,邹茜,温诗铸.NGY-2型纳米级润滑膜厚度测量仪.摩擦学学报,1994,第14卷(第2期)：175-179.
[48]Mor-oka, New friction tester of the flexor tendon, Journal of Biomechanics,1999, P1131-1134.
[49]李杰.用于摩擦磨损实验装置的振动信号采集系统研究：(硕士学位论文).辽宁大连：大连海事大学,2009.
[50]http://baike. baidu.com/view/266970. htm.
[51]Dowson D, Higginson G R. Elasto Hydrodynarmic lubricaiton.London:Pergamon Press,1977.
[52]宋炳坤.点接触混合润滑汕膜厚度的实验研究与数值模拟：(工学硕士学位论文).北京：清华大学精密仪器与机械学系,2004.
[53]温诗铸,黄平.摩擦学原理.第2版.北京：清华大学出版社,2002.