基于接触电阻法的润滑特性分析与研究
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摘要
润滑是降低摩擦和控制磨损最有效的措施,同时还有密封、降噪、冷却、清洁和防腐等作用。国内外的研究资料表明：保证摩擦副处于最佳的润滑状态是减少摩擦磨损、延长零部件使用寿命的重要途径。因此,对摩擦副的润滑状态进行研究,找出各因素对其的影响规律,才能从各方面采取措施保障摩擦副在工作过程中处于良好的润滑状态。
本文采用接触电阻法对球-盘摩擦副点接触的润滑特性进行了研究。根据试验要求,设计制作了抗干扰能力强、测试范围广、可靠性高的润滑特性测试电路,使用LabVIEW图形化编程软件,编制了能够同时实现数字示波器波形数据的外存储和球-盘点接触试验台电机无级调速的程序,将原有试验台的传动系统改进为低速下运转稳定、干扰较小的同步带传动系统,研究了外载荷、滑动速度、润滑剂黏度和摩擦副表面粗糙度对摩擦副润滑特性的影响规律,得到以下结论：
(1)接触电阻随润滑条件的变化(载荷、滑动速度、润滑油黏度和摩擦副表面粗糙度)呈现较好的规律性,可以有效地表征摩擦副的润滑特性。
(2)建立了平均接触电阻与膜厚比λ的关联曲线,可以快速、直观地判定边界润滑状态与混合润滑状态之间的过渡转换,并能判断出混合润滑状态中起主导作用的润滑状态。
Lubrication is the most effective measure to reduce friction and control wear, meanwhile, it has functions of sealing, noise reduction, refrigeration, cleaning and anticorrosion, etc. Domestic and foreign research data show that the important way of reducing frictional wear and extending the service life of the components is to ensure that friction pairs are in the best lubricating condition. Therefore, only if we study the lubricating oil film in friction pairs and find out the influence regularity which every factor impacts on it can we take measures from all sides to make sure friction pairs are in a good lubricating condition during working process.
This thesis studies the lubricating property of Ball-on-Disk friction pair by using electrical contact resistance method. According to experiment requirements, I designed and manufactured a lubricating property testing circuit with strong anti-interference ability, extensive test range and high reliability. I applied the graphic programming software Lab VIEW and compiled a program which can realize the external storage of digital oscilloscope waveforms and motor stepless speed regulation of Ball-on-Disk point contact test-bed at the same time. And I improved the original transmission system of test-bed into synchronous belt transmission system which runs stable at low speed and interfere less. I also studied influence regularity of external load, sliding velocity, lubricant viscosity and roughness of friction pair towards lubricating condition, and obtained the following conclusion:
(1) With the change of lubrication conditions (load, sliding speed, lubricating oil viscosity and friction pair surface roughness), the electrical contact resistance show better regularity, which can effectively characterize the lubricating properties of the friction pair.
(2) I established relevance curve between average electrical contact resistance and oil film thickness ratioλ, through which we can judge the transition between boundary lubrication condition and mixed lubrication condition rapidly and intuitively, and discriminate which one plays a leading role in the mixed lubrication condition.
本文采用接触电阻法对球-盘摩擦副点接触的润滑特性进行了研究。根据试验要求,设计制作了抗干扰能力强、测试范围广、可靠性高的润滑特性测试电路,使用LabVIEW图形化编程软件,编制了能够同时实现数字示波器波形数据的外存储和球-盘点接触试验台电机无级调速的程序,将原有试验台的传动系统改进为低速下运转稳定、干扰较小的同步带传动系统,研究了外载荷、滑动速度、润滑剂黏度和摩擦副表面粗糙度对摩擦副润滑特性的影响规律,得到以下结论：
(1)接触电阻随润滑条件的变化(载荷、滑动速度、润滑油黏度和摩擦副表面粗糙度)呈现较好的规律性,可以有效地表征摩擦副的润滑特性。
(2)建立了平均接触电阻与膜厚比λ的关联曲线,可以快速、直观地判定边界润滑状态与混合润滑状态之间的过渡转换,并能判断出混合润滑状态中起主导作用的润滑状态。
Lubrication is the most effective measure to reduce friction and control wear, meanwhile, it has functions of sealing, noise reduction, refrigeration, cleaning and anticorrosion, etc. Domestic and foreign research data show that the important way of reducing frictional wear and extending the service life of the components is to ensure that friction pairs are in the best lubricating condition. Therefore, only if we study the lubricating oil film in friction pairs and find out the influence regularity which every factor impacts on it can we take measures from all sides to make sure friction pairs are in a good lubricating condition during working process.
This thesis studies the lubricating property of Ball-on-Disk friction pair by using electrical contact resistance method. According to experiment requirements, I designed and manufactured a lubricating property testing circuit with strong anti-interference ability, extensive test range and high reliability. I applied the graphic programming software Lab VIEW and compiled a program which can realize the external storage of digital oscilloscope waveforms and motor stepless speed regulation of Ball-on-Disk point contact test-bed at the same time. And I improved the original transmission system of test-bed into synchronous belt transmission system which runs stable at low speed and interfere less. I also studied influence regularity of external load, sliding velocity, lubricant viscosity and roughness of friction pair towards lubricating condition, and obtained the following conclusion:
(1) With the change of lubrication conditions (load, sliding speed, lubricating oil viscosity and friction pair surface roughness), the electrical contact resistance show better regularity, which can effectively characterize the lubricating properties of the friction pair.
(2) I established relevance curve between average electrical contact resistance and oil film thickness ratioλ, through which we can judge the transition between boundary lubrication condition and mixed lubrication condition rapidly and intuitively, and discriminate which one plays a leading role in the mixed lubrication condition.
引文
[1]温诗铸,黄平.摩擦学原理.北京：清华大学出版社,2008.
[2]http://baike.baidu.com/view/29610.htm#4
[3]Reynolds 0 P. Trans. Roy. Soc.,1886, A177:175-234.
[4]Hardy W B, Hardy J K. Note on static friction and on the lubricating properties of certain chemical substances. Philosophical Magazine,1919(38):33-48.
[5]Grubin A N, Vinogradova I E. Investigation of the contact of machine components. Moscow:Kh. F. Ketova, Central Scientific Research Institute for Technology & Mechanical Engineering,1949.
[6]包大勇.高速滚动轴承油膜测试技术、润滑特性分析及寿命估算：(博士学位论文).哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,1995.
[7]Wen Shizhu. On thin film Lubrication. Proc.1st International Symposium on Tribology,1993(01):30-37.
[8]Johnston G J, Wayte R, Spikes H A. The measurement and study of very thin lubricant films in concentrated contacts. Trib. Trans.,1991 (34):187-194.
[9]温诗铸,雒建斌.纳米薄膜润滑研究.清华大学学报(自然科学版).2001,41(4/5)：63-68.
[10]Cameron A, Gohar R. Theoretical and experimental studies of the oil film in lubricated point contact. Proc. R Soc. London Series A.1966(291):520-536.
[11]Gohar R and Cameron A. The mapping of elastohydrodynamic contacts. ASLE Trans. 1967(10):215-225.
[12]宋炳砷.点接触混合润滑油膜厚度的实验研究与数值模拟：(硕士学位论文).北京：清华大学,2004.
[13]Spikes H A, Guangteng G. Properties of ultra-thin lubricating using wedged spacer layer optical interferometery in:Dowson D. Eed. Proc of the Leeds-lyonsympoo on Trib, Interface Dynamics, Netherlands:Elsevier science publisher B V, 1987:275-279.
[14]Hartl M, Krupka I, Poliscuk R, Liska M. Computer-aided evaluation of chromatic interferograms, In proceeding of the fifth international conference in central Europe on computer graphics and visualization,1997:45-54.
[15]Luo J B, Wen S Z, Huang P. Thin film lubrication, part I:The transition between EHL and thin film lubrication. Wear,1996(194):107-115.
[16]雒建斌,温诗铸.纳米级润滑膜的测试研究.仪器仪表学报,1995,16(01)：148-152.
[17]钟文定.铁磁学(中)凝聚态物理丛书.北京：科学出版社,1987.
[18]McBride S L, Boness R J, Sobczyk M, Viner M R. Acoustic emission from lubricated and unlubricated rubbing surfaces. Acoustic Emission,1989,8(12):192-197.
[19]刘国强,张鹏顺.部分弹流的声发射试验研究.润滑与密封,1991(02)：25-28.
[20]秦萍,阎兵,宋仁勇.滑动轴承接触摩擦故障的状态监测.中国机械工程,2002,13(08)：689-691.
[21]Crook A W. The lubrication of rollers. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Land.1958, 250(981):387-409.
[22]Archard J F. Single contacts and multiple encounters. Journal of Applied Physics. 1961 (32):1420-1425.
[23]Dyson A, Naylor H, Wilson A R, The measurement of oil-film thickness in elastohydrodynamic contacts. Proc Instn Mech. Engrs.,1965(180):119-134.
[24]Hamilton G M. The hydrodynamic of a cam follower. Tribology,1980(6):113-119.
[25]Hamilton G M, Moore S L. First paper:Measurement of the oil-film thickness between the piston ring and liner of a small diesel engine. Proc. Inst Meeh Engrs. 1974,188(01):253-261.
[26]Brown S R, Hamilton G M. Pressure measurements between the rings and cylinder liner of an engine. Piston Ring Scuffing,1975:99-106.
[27]Furuhama S, Asahi C, Hiruma M. Measurement of piston ring oil film thickness in an operating engine. ASLE Trans.,1983,26(03):325-332.
[28]俞海清,董福品.用电容法对内燃机凸轮-挺柱副动态弹流润滑油膜厚度的测试.内燃机学报,1987(02)：151-159.
[29]陆思聪.弹流参量的测量(三).润滑与密封.1984(06)：40-48.
[30]Brix V H. An Electrical Study of Boundary Lubrication:Further Rolls-Royce Investigations Tending to Confirm Deductions from Previous Tests. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology,1947,19(09):294-297.
[31]Furey M J. Metallic contact and friction between sliding surfaces. ASLE Trans. 1961,4(01):1-11.
[32]Tallian T E, Chiu Y P, Huttenlocher D F, et al. Lubricant films in rolling contact of rough surfaces,1964,7(02):109-126.
[33]Czichos H. Failure criteria in thin film lubrication:investigation of the different stages of film failure. Wear,1976,36(01):13-17.
[34]齐毓霖,张鹏顺,朱宝库等.部分弹流润滑状态的初步测试.机械工程学报.1983,2(01)：13-19.
[35]Lane T B, Hughes T R. A Study of Film Formation in Gears by Electrical Resistance Measurement. J Appl Phys,1952,3(10):315-318.
[36]李瑛,刘庆峋,赵学墉.点接触CATT齿轮润滑油膜厚度的实验研究.航空计测技术,1994,14(01)：7-9.
[37]李瑛,刘庆峋,赵学墉CATT齿轮润滑油膜厚度研究.润滑与密封,1996(05)：39-40.
[38]张有忱,温诗铸.用电阻法判断双圆弧齿轮润滑状态的实验研究.润滑与密封,1994(04)：11-13.
[39]张有忱,孟惠荣,范迅等.用接触电阻法判断蜗杆传动润滑状态的研究.煤炭科学技术.1999,27(09)：26-29.
[40]赵万清,于守连.用油膜电阻法监测水轮发电机组轴承的运行情况.水电站机电技术,1993(03)：28-31.
[41]Tonck A, Martin J M, Kapsa P, et al. Boundary lubrication with anti-wear additives:study of interface film formation by electrical contact resistance. Tribology International,1979:209-213.
[42]So H, Lin Y C, Huang G G S, et al. Antiwear mechanism of zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates added to paraff inic oil in the boundary lubrication condition. Wear, 1993(166):17-26.
[43]雷爱莲.电阻法测试润滑油添加剂的抗磨膜形成及其应用.润滑油与燃料,2007(01)：22-26.
[44]张明,王晓波,伏喜胜等.含纳米添加剂的润滑体系在摩擦过程中的接触电阻研究.摩擦学报,2007,27(06)：504-508.
[45]王斌球,顾虎生,姜彦.部份弹流的测量电路及其参数选择.摩擦学第四届全国学术交流会论文集(2),1987：89-101.
[46]李江全,刘恩博,胡蓉等.LabVIEW虚拟仪器数据采集与串口通信测控应用实战.北京：人民邮电出版社,2010.
[47]阮奇桢.我和LabVIEW—一个NI工程师的十年编程经验.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2009.
[48]陈树学,刘萱LabVIEW宝典.北京：电子工业出版社,2011.
[49]罗军,袁杨,廖俊必.基于labview的泰克示波器与计算机通信.计算机工程与设计,2009,30(02)：503-506.
[50]黄振宇.旋转式点接触摩擦磨损试验机研制与润滑状态转化特征研究：(硕士学位论文).大连：大连海事大学,2011.
[51]http://baike.baidu.com/view/2220595.htm
[52]雒建斌,刘珊,潘国顺,等.纳米级混合润滑研究.机械工程学报,2003,39(02)：02-07.
[53]刘苏亚,王大力,张伟.滚动轴承润滑状态的实验研究.轴承,1995(1)：30-33.
[2]http://baike.baidu.com/view/29610.htm#4
[3]Reynolds 0 P. Trans. Roy. Soc.,1886, A177:175-234.
[4]Hardy W B, Hardy J K. Note on static friction and on the lubricating properties of certain chemical substances. Philosophical Magazine,1919(38):33-48.
[5]Grubin A N, Vinogradova I E. Investigation of the contact of machine components. Moscow:Kh. F. Ketova, Central Scientific Research Institute for Technology & Mechanical Engineering,1949.
[6]包大勇.高速滚动轴承油膜测试技术、润滑特性分析及寿命估算：(博士学位论文).哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,1995.
[7]Wen Shizhu. On thin film Lubrication. Proc.1st International Symposium on Tribology,1993(01):30-37.
[8]Johnston G J, Wayte R, Spikes H A. The measurement and study of very thin lubricant films in concentrated contacts. Trib. Trans.,1991 (34):187-194.
[9]温诗铸,雒建斌.纳米薄膜润滑研究.清华大学学报(自然科学版).2001,41(4/5)：63-68.
[10]Cameron A, Gohar R. Theoretical and experimental studies of the oil film in lubricated point contact. Proc. R Soc. London Series A.1966(291):520-536.
[11]Gohar R and Cameron A. The mapping of elastohydrodynamic contacts. ASLE Trans. 1967(10):215-225.
[12]宋炳砷.点接触混合润滑油膜厚度的实验研究与数值模拟：(硕士学位论文).北京：清华大学,2004.
[13]Spikes H A, Guangteng G. Properties of ultra-thin lubricating using wedged spacer layer optical interferometery in:Dowson D. Eed. Proc of the Leeds-lyonsympoo on Trib, Interface Dynamics, Netherlands:Elsevier science publisher B V, 1987:275-279.
[14]Hartl M, Krupka I, Poliscuk R, Liska M. Computer-aided evaluation of chromatic interferograms, In proceeding of the fifth international conference in central Europe on computer graphics and visualization,1997:45-54.
[15]Luo J B, Wen S Z, Huang P. Thin film lubrication, part I:The transition between EHL and thin film lubrication. Wear,1996(194):107-115.
[16]雒建斌,温诗铸.纳米级润滑膜的测试研究.仪器仪表学报,1995,16(01)：148-152.
[17]钟文定.铁磁学(中)凝聚态物理丛书.北京：科学出版社,1987.
[18]McBride S L, Boness R J, Sobczyk M, Viner M R. Acoustic emission from lubricated and unlubricated rubbing surfaces. Acoustic Emission,1989,8(12):192-197.
[19]刘国强,张鹏顺.部分弹流的声发射试验研究.润滑与密封,1991(02)：25-28.
[20]秦萍,阎兵,宋仁勇.滑动轴承接触摩擦故障的状态监测.中国机械工程,2002,13(08)：689-691.
[21]Crook A W. The lubrication of rollers. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Land.1958, 250(981):387-409.
[22]Archard J F. Single contacts and multiple encounters. Journal of Applied Physics. 1961 (32):1420-1425.
[23]Dyson A, Naylor H, Wilson A R, The measurement of oil-film thickness in elastohydrodynamic contacts. Proc Instn Mech. Engrs.,1965(180):119-134.
[24]Hamilton G M. The hydrodynamic of a cam follower. Tribology,1980(6):113-119.
[25]Hamilton G M, Moore S L. First paper:Measurement of the oil-film thickness between the piston ring and liner of a small diesel engine. Proc. Inst Meeh Engrs. 1974,188(01):253-261.
[26]Brown S R, Hamilton G M. Pressure measurements between the rings and cylinder liner of an engine. Piston Ring Scuffing,1975:99-106.
[27]Furuhama S, Asahi C, Hiruma M. Measurement of piston ring oil film thickness in an operating engine. ASLE Trans.,1983,26(03):325-332.
[28]俞海清,董福品.用电容法对内燃机凸轮-挺柱副动态弹流润滑油膜厚度的测试.内燃机学报,1987(02)：151-159.
[29]陆思聪.弹流参量的测量(三).润滑与密封.1984(06)：40-48.
[30]Brix V H. An Electrical Study of Boundary Lubrication:Further Rolls-Royce Investigations Tending to Confirm Deductions from Previous Tests. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology,1947,19(09):294-297.
[31]Furey M J. Metallic contact and friction between sliding surfaces. ASLE Trans. 1961,4(01):1-11.
[32]Tallian T E, Chiu Y P, Huttenlocher D F, et al. Lubricant films in rolling contact of rough surfaces,1964,7(02):109-126.
[33]Czichos H. Failure criteria in thin film lubrication:investigation of the different stages of film failure. Wear,1976,36(01):13-17.
[34]齐毓霖,张鹏顺,朱宝库等.部分弹流润滑状态的初步测试.机械工程学报.1983,2(01)：13-19.
[35]Lane T B, Hughes T R. A Study of Film Formation in Gears by Electrical Resistance Measurement. J Appl Phys,1952,3(10):315-318.
[36]李瑛,刘庆峋,赵学墉.点接触CATT齿轮润滑油膜厚度的实验研究.航空计测技术,1994,14(01)：7-9.
[37]李瑛,刘庆峋,赵学墉CATT齿轮润滑油膜厚度研究.润滑与密封,1996(05)：39-40.
[38]张有忱,温诗铸.用电阻法判断双圆弧齿轮润滑状态的实验研究.润滑与密封,1994(04)：11-13.
[39]张有忱,孟惠荣,范迅等.用接触电阻法判断蜗杆传动润滑状态的研究.煤炭科学技术.1999,27(09)：26-29.
[40]赵万清,于守连.用油膜电阻法监测水轮发电机组轴承的运行情况.水电站机电技术,1993(03)：28-31.
[41]Tonck A, Martin J M, Kapsa P, et al. Boundary lubrication with anti-wear additives:study of interface film formation by electrical contact resistance. Tribology International,1979:209-213.
[42]So H, Lin Y C, Huang G G S, et al. Antiwear mechanism of zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates added to paraff inic oil in the boundary lubrication condition. Wear, 1993(166):17-26.
[43]雷爱莲.电阻法测试润滑油添加剂的抗磨膜形成及其应用.润滑油与燃料,2007(01)：22-26.
[44]张明,王晓波,伏喜胜等.含纳米添加剂的润滑体系在摩擦过程中的接触电阻研究.摩擦学报,2007,27(06)：504-508.
[45]王斌球,顾虎生,姜彦.部份弹流的测量电路及其参数选择.摩擦学第四届全国学术交流会论文集(2),1987：89-101.
[46]李江全,刘恩博,胡蓉等.LabVIEW虚拟仪器数据采集与串口通信测控应用实战.北京：人民邮电出版社,2010.
[47]阮奇桢.我和LabVIEW—一个NI工程师的十年编程经验.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2009.
[48]陈树学,刘萱LabVIEW宝典.北京：电子工业出版社,2011.
[49]罗军,袁杨,廖俊必.基于labview的泰克示波器与计算机通信.计算机工程与设计,2009,30(02)：503-506.
[50]黄振宇.旋转式点接触摩擦磨损试验机研制与润滑状态转化特征研究：(硕士学位论文).大连：大连海事大学,2011.
[51]http://baike.baidu.com/view/2220595.htm
[52]雒建斌,刘珊,潘国顺,等.纳米级混合润滑研究.机械工程学报,2003,39(02)：02-07.
[53]刘苏亚,王大力,张伟.滚动轴承润滑状态的实验研究.轴承,1995(1)：30-33.