金属（铁、镍）复合纳米粒子“核/壳”结构及其电磁特性研究
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摘要
本论文利用直流电弧法和催化裂解法制备了不同核／壳结构的复合纳米粒子,包括：金属／同质金属氧化物,金属／异质金属氧化物,Ni／C复合纳米粒子。分析了物质表面能及氧化物的氧势对粒子核／壳结构形成的影响,提出了氧化物包覆金属复合纳米粒子形成的热力学判据。通过实验分析了合成温度在催化裂解合成过程中对Ni／C复合纳米粒子结构的影响。对复合纳米粒子的结构、磁性、热稳定性进行了表征。将复合纳米粒子均匀分散在石蜡基体中,在2-18 GHz频率范围内测定了其电磁参数。通过比较不同结构复合纳米粒子的电磁参数,系统分析了粒子结构与电磁参数的关系。
分析了同质金属氧化物包覆金属纳米粒子电磁性能与结构的关系。直流电弧法制备的金属Fe、Ni纳米粒子表面为Fe、Ni氧化物壳层,铁表面的氧化铁壳层由于含有Fe的不同价态,在交变电场作用下存在方向极化(oriental polarization)过程,从而产生较大的介电损耗,有利于电磁能量的吸收,而Ni表面氧化物具有单一价态,介电损耗很小,复合样品电磁吸收性能较差。Fe、Ni及Fe-Ni合金纳米粒子的磁导率虚部在2-18GHz范围内出现自然共振峰。由于金属粒子尺寸减小,表面各向异性作用增强,自然共振频率受到有效各向异性增大的影响而移向高频。共振频率随不同金属成分的磁晶各向异性变化而发生偏移。改变合金成分不仅能够提高纳米粒子的抗氧化性,而且可以得到微波吸收性能良好的复合纳米材料。
以金属,异质金属氧化物混合料块为原料,利用直流电弧法合成了具有不同异质金属氧化物壳层的Fe, Ni复合纳米粒子。氧化物表面能较金属小得多,在蒸发过程中自发吸附于金属表面,形成具有氧化物壳层的复合金属纳米粒子。由于Fe氧化物氧化势与氧化钛、氧化锰接近,Fe复合纳米粒子形成过程中Fe与氧反应,表面形成双氧化物。氧化铝的氧化势非常低,Fe与氧化铝混合蒸发形成的复合纳米粒子表面氧化物主要是非晶态的AlOx。Ni氧化物氧化势较高,Ni复合纳米粒子表面生成单氧化物壳层。基于对同质氧化物包覆的金属纳米粒子的电磁性能的研究,对异质氧化物包覆的金属纳米粒子电磁特性进行了分析。表面壳层不仅提高了金属纳米粒子的热稳定性,而且改变了粒子的电磁特性。含有异质氧化物壳层的金属复合纳米颗粒,介电常数和磁导率相对于同质氧化物包覆金属纳米粒子,明显减小,但变化趋势相同,这同样是纳米金属粒子中的多重极化综合作用的结果。异质金属氧化物包覆Fe纳米粒子,介电损耗及磁损耗比同质金属氧化物包覆Fe纳米粒子小,吸收频率移向高频,样品厚度增加。而异质金属氧化物包覆的Ni复合纳米粒子,由于其本征的磁化强度较低,磁损耗较小,随介电常数降低,介电损耗同时减小,电磁波损耗性能没有明显改善。双氧化物包覆的金属纳米粒子介电损耗较高,电磁波吸收厚度比单氧化物包覆金属纳米粒子小。
为了改善Ni纳米粒子的电磁波损耗性能,利用催化裂解法,将Ni纳米粒子在甲烷中退火处理得到了结构均匀的碳包覆复合纳米粒子。对复合粒子的结构,磁性,热稳定性及电磁特性进行了表征。复合纳米粒子中的包覆层结构随反应温度呈现不同的状态,Ni纳米粒子在反应过程中未发生烧结。随着石墨壳层增加,Ni纳米粒子氧化温度提高,氧化速度减缓。通过对Ni／C复合纳米粒子的电磁性能的分析发现,石墨壳层结晶、厚度、形态的不同对粒子介电性能影响明显。由于石墨壳层具有良好的导电性,而且其中存在大量缺陷,本方法制备的Ni／C复合纳米粒子具有较高的介电常数。石墨壳层中自由电子运动及壳层与金属核间的界面极化带来较大的介电损耗,其中500℃制备的纳米粒子介电常数最大,介电常数实部最大值达到66,介电损耗最大值47,较低的粒子添加量即能获得良好的微波吸收性能。
In this work, DC arc-discharge and catalytic pyrogenation methods were employed to prepare core/shell structure composite nanoparticles, such as metal/homogeneity metal oxides, metal/heterogeneity metal oxides and Ni/C composite nanoparticles. By the analysis of the influences of the oxidation potential and surface energy on the formation of core/shell type composite nanoparticles, a thermodynamics criterion about the particle formation was brought forward. It was also investigated how the reaction temperature determine the structure of Ni/C composite nanoparticles for the catalytic pyrogenation method. The particle structures, magnetic properties and thermal stability of the samples were characterized. The electromagnetic parameters were measured in the 2-18GHz frequency range by dispersing the particles in a paraffine matrix. The relation between the particle structure and electromagnetic parameters was construed by comparison of the electromagnetic parameters for various samples.
The relation was discussed between the electromagnetic characteristics and the structure of metal nanoparticles coated by homogeneity metal oxide. It was discovered that the Fe and Ni nanoparticles fabricated by DC arc-discharge method are encapsulated by Fe and Ni oxide and the oxides present enormous influences on the dielectric loss of the composite nanoparticles. The Fe oxides outside Fe nanoparticles containing Fe ions with various valence states show high dielectric loss for the oriental polarization favoring excellent microwave absorption properties, while the Ni nanoparticles possess low dielectric loss and microwave attenuation for the single valence state of Ni ions. Natural resonance peaks appear in the imaginary permeability curves of Fe, Ni and Fe-Ni alloy nanoparticles at high frequency for the enhanced surface anisotropy of the magnetic nanoparticles. The resonance frequencies shift with the alloy component, and the adjusting of alloy component can not only improve antioxidation property of the metal nanoparticles, but also achieve excellent microwave absorption property.
Fe and Ni nanoparticles encapsulated in heterogeneity metal oxides were prepared by a DC arc-discharge method using the mixture compacts containing metal and oxides as precursors. The oxidation potential of Fe oxides is so low that double-oxides, Fe/Fe3-xTixO4 and Fe3-xMnxO4 formed outside the particles for the reactivity of Fe with oxygen, while AlOX shell formed due to the low oxidation potential of aluminum oxide. The oxidation potential of Ni oxide is much higher than Fe, and TiO2, Al2O3, MnO formed outside Ni nanoparticles. The electromagnetic characteristics of the composite nanoparticles were discussed based on the analysis of the metal nanoparticles coated by homogeneity oxides. The heterogeneity metal oxide not only improves the thermal stability but also change the electromagnetic characteristics. The permittivity of the composite nanoparticles present smaller values than the metal nanoparticles coated by homogeneity oxides, and constants in the whole frequency range for the synthetic action of diverse polarization machinism. The changing permittivity and permeability enable the nanoparticles show different attenuation properties, the effective absorption frequency shifts to high frequency and matching thickness increases as the lowing dielectric and magnetic loss. Differing from the Fe composite nanoparticles, the microwave attenuation properties of Ni composite nanoparticles have not improved markedly for the lower intrinsic magnetization and dielectric loss, though the permittivities reduced.
With the purpose of improving the attenuation property of Ni nanoparticles, the Ni nanoparticles were annealed in methane atmosphere to synthesize C coated Ni nanoparticles by the catalytic pyrogenation method. The structures, magnetic properties, thermal stability and electromagnetic characteristics were investigated. The graphite in the composite nanoparticles exhibits different morphology for various reaction temperatures, and the Ni nanoparticle were not sintered during the reaction process. The oxidation temperatures increase and oxidation rates drop with the increasing thickness of graphit shell in the composite nanoparticles. The analysis of electromagnetic property indicates that the crystalline, thickness and structure of the graphite phase influence the dielectric prperties obviously. The defects and conductivity of the shell bring about much higher permittivity in the composite nanoparticles than in Ni nanoparticles and the Ni/C composite nanoparticles fabricated by DC arc-discharge method. The composite nanoparticles exhibit much higher dielectric loss due to the motion of free electron in graphite shells and interface polarization between cores and shells. Among the samples, the particles synthesized at 500℃exhibit highest permittivity values. The real permittivity and imaginary parts can reachs 66 and 47 in the sample containing 50wt.% composite nanoparticles. For the high dielectric loss, excellent attenuation property can be achieved in the samples with smaller additive amount of the composite nanoparticles.
分析了同质金属氧化物包覆金属纳米粒子电磁性能与结构的关系。直流电弧法制备的金属Fe、Ni纳米粒子表面为Fe、Ni氧化物壳层,铁表面的氧化铁壳层由于含有Fe的不同价态,在交变电场作用下存在方向极化(oriental polarization)过程,从而产生较大的介电损耗,有利于电磁能量的吸收,而Ni表面氧化物具有单一价态,介电损耗很小,复合样品电磁吸收性能较差。Fe、Ni及Fe-Ni合金纳米粒子的磁导率虚部在2-18GHz范围内出现自然共振峰。由于金属粒子尺寸减小,表面各向异性作用增强,自然共振频率受到有效各向异性增大的影响而移向高频。共振频率随不同金属成分的磁晶各向异性变化而发生偏移。改变合金成分不仅能够提高纳米粒子的抗氧化性,而且可以得到微波吸收性能良好的复合纳米材料。
以金属,异质金属氧化物混合料块为原料,利用直流电弧法合成了具有不同异质金属氧化物壳层的Fe, Ni复合纳米粒子。氧化物表面能较金属小得多,在蒸发过程中自发吸附于金属表面,形成具有氧化物壳层的复合金属纳米粒子。由于Fe氧化物氧化势与氧化钛、氧化锰接近,Fe复合纳米粒子形成过程中Fe与氧反应,表面形成双氧化物。氧化铝的氧化势非常低,Fe与氧化铝混合蒸发形成的复合纳米粒子表面氧化物主要是非晶态的AlOx。Ni氧化物氧化势较高,Ni复合纳米粒子表面生成单氧化物壳层。基于对同质氧化物包覆的金属纳米粒子的电磁性能的研究,对异质氧化物包覆的金属纳米粒子电磁特性进行了分析。表面壳层不仅提高了金属纳米粒子的热稳定性,而且改变了粒子的电磁特性。含有异质氧化物壳层的金属复合纳米颗粒,介电常数和磁导率相对于同质氧化物包覆金属纳米粒子,明显减小,但变化趋势相同,这同样是纳米金属粒子中的多重极化综合作用的结果。异质金属氧化物包覆Fe纳米粒子,介电损耗及磁损耗比同质金属氧化物包覆Fe纳米粒子小,吸收频率移向高频,样品厚度增加。而异质金属氧化物包覆的Ni复合纳米粒子,由于其本征的磁化强度较低,磁损耗较小,随介电常数降低,介电损耗同时减小,电磁波损耗性能没有明显改善。双氧化物包覆的金属纳米粒子介电损耗较高,电磁波吸收厚度比单氧化物包覆金属纳米粒子小。
为了改善Ni纳米粒子的电磁波损耗性能,利用催化裂解法,将Ni纳米粒子在甲烷中退火处理得到了结构均匀的碳包覆复合纳米粒子。对复合粒子的结构,磁性,热稳定性及电磁特性进行了表征。复合纳米粒子中的包覆层结构随反应温度呈现不同的状态,Ni纳米粒子在反应过程中未发生烧结。随着石墨壳层增加,Ni纳米粒子氧化温度提高,氧化速度减缓。通过对Ni／C复合纳米粒子的电磁性能的分析发现,石墨壳层结晶、厚度、形态的不同对粒子介电性能影响明显。由于石墨壳层具有良好的导电性,而且其中存在大量缺陷,本方法制备的Ni／C复合纳米粒子具有较高的介电常数。石墨壳层中自由电子运动及壳层与金属核间的界面极化带来较大的介电损耗,其中500℃制备的纳米粒子介电常数最大,介电常数实部最大值达到66,介电损耗最大值47,较低的粒子添加量即能获得良好的微波吸收性能。
In this work, DC arc-discharge and catalytic pyrogenation methods were employed to prepare core/shell structure composite nanoparticles, such as metal/homogeneity metal oxides, metal/heterogeneity metal oxides and Ni/C composite nanoparticles. By the analysis of the influences of the oxidation potential and surface energy on the formation of core/shell type composite nanoparticles, a thermodynamics criterion about the particle formation was brought forward. It was also investigated how the reaction temperature determine the structure of Ni/C composite nanoparticles for the catalytic pyrogenation method. The particle structures, magnetic properties and thermal stability of the samples were characterized. The electromagnetic parameters were measured in the 2-18GHz frequency range by dispersing the particles in a paraffine matrix. The relation between the particle structure and electromagnetic parameters was construed by comparison of the electromagnetic parameters for various samples.
The relation was discussed between the electromagnetic characteristics and the structure of metal nanoparticles coated by homogeneity metal oxide. It was discovered that the Fe and Ni nanoparticles fabricated by DC arc-discharge method are encapsulated by Fe and Ni oxide and the oxides present enormous influences on the dielectric loss of the composite nanoparticles. The Fe oxides outside Fe nanoparticles containing Fe ions with various valence states show high dielectric loss for the oriental polarization favoring excellent microwave absorption properties, while the Ni nanoparticles possess low dielectric loss and microwave attenuation for the single valence state of Ni ions. Natural resonance peaks appear in the imaginary permeability curves of Fe, Ni and Fe-Ni alloy nanoparticles at high frequency for the enhanced surface anisotropy of the magnetic nanoparticles. The resonance frequencies shift with the alloy component, and the adjusting of alloy component can not only improve antioxidation property of the metal nanoparticles, but also achieve excellent microwave absorption property.
Fe and Ni nanoparticles encapsulated in heterogeneity metal oxides were prepared by a DC arc-discharge method using the mixture compacts containing metal and oxides as precursors. The oxidation potential of Fe oxides is so low that double-oxides, Fe/Fe3-xTixO4 and Fe3-xMnxO4 formed outside the particles for the reactivity of Fe with oxygen, while AlOX shell formed due to the low oxidation potential of aluminum oxide. The oxidation potential of Ni oxide is much higher than Fe, and TiO2, Al2O3, MnO formed outside Ni nanoparticles. The electromagnetic characteristics of the composite nanoparticles were discussed based on the analysis of the metal nanoparticles coated by homogeneity oxides. The heterogeneity metal oxide not only improves the thermal stability but also change the electromagnetic characteristics. The permittivity of the composite nanoparticles present smaller values than the metal nanoparticles coated by homogeneity oxides, and constants in the whole frequency range for the synthetic action of diverse polarization machinism. The changing permittivity and permeability enable the nanoparticles show different attenuation properties, the effective absorption frequency shifts to high frequency and matching thickness increases as the lowing dielectric and magnetic loss. Differing from the Fe composite nanoparticles, the microwave attenuation properties of Ni composite nanoparticles have not improved markedly for the lower intrinsic magnetization and dielectric loss, though the permittivities reduced.
With the purpose of improving the attenuation property of Ni nanoparticles, the Ni nanoparticles were annealed in methane atmosphere to synthesize C coated Ni nanoparticles by the catalytic pyrogenation method. The structures, magnetic properties, thermal stability and electromagnetic characteristics were investigated. The graphite in the composite nanoparticles exhibits different morphology for various reaction temperatures, and the Ni nanoparticle were not sintered during the reaction process. The oxidation temperatures increase and oxidation rates drop with the increasing thickness of graphit shell in the composite nanoparticles. The analysis of electromagnetic property indicates that the crystalline, thickness and structure of the graphite phase influence the dielectric prperties obviously. The defects and conductivity of the shell bring about much higher permittivity in the composite nanoparticles than in Ni nanoparticles and the Ni/C composite nanoparticles fabricated by DC arc-discharge method. The composite nanoparticles exhibit much higher dielectric loss due to the motion of free electron in graphite shells and interface polarization between cores and shells. Among the samples, the particles synthesized at 500℃exhibit highest permittivity values. The real permittivity and imaginary parts can reachs 66 and 47 in the sample containing 50wt.% composite nanoparticles. For the high dielectric loss, excellent attenuation property can be achieved in the samples with smaller additive amount of the composite nanoparticles.
引文
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