茶多糖分离纯化及理化性质的研究
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摘要
茶多糖(Tea polysaccharide)是茶叶中的重要的生物活性成分,具有许多特殊的生理功能。但是它的分离纯化却一直是个亟待解决的问题,而且茶多糖的含量与组成会随着提取方法和工艺的不同而有很大的差异。
     本论文是以重庆雅安茶厂生产的康砖为原料,通过几种不同提取工艺的比较来选择出一种适合工业化大生产的成本低廉,步骤简单,产量较高的TPS提取纯化新流程。并通过实验确定此流程中一些重要参数的配比以得到最佳的提取效果。
     超滤法是一种较为理想的工业化提取TPS的工艺,其加入无水乙醇、去离子水、提取温度及时间等的最佳比例分别为2倍、1:4、60℃和3.5h。利用Sevag脱蛋白,加入1/4体积的氯仿和1/16体积的正丁醇,氯仿使蛋白质变性,变性的蛋白质溶于正丁醇中,而多糖不溶于有机层,则可将蛋白质除去。但是蛋白质减少的同时多糖类也在减少,而且Sevag法脱蛋白主要集中在前3次,其所占比例可达90%以上。另外,氯仿是有毒物质,容易造成多糖活性的下降和溶剂的沉积。因此,从成本的低廉和环境的清洁考虑,Sevag脱蛋白3次较适宜。
     超滤法提取操作条件温和,不会引起多糖的降解,而且设备简单,操作方便,没有相的转移。但是膜的选择和压力的调试也比较重要。通过试验确定了截留分子量为10000d的超滤膜在0.2MPa的压力下进行为宜。
     通过纸层析及其组分的研究,可以确定TPS是由多糖类、蛋白质、灰分、水分及其它成分所组成,而且蛋白质含量较高,猜测其与多糖呈紧密结合态,因此所得到的TPS可能是一种蛋白多糖。
     超滤法提取的TPS在沸水中有较好的溶解性,但不溶于高浓度的有机溶剂中。而且其热稳定性较差,在高温或过酸和偏碱的情况下,均会使其中的多糖部分水解而造成损失。
     利用纸层析和气相色谱分析TPS的单糖组成,发现它是由阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、半乳糖和半乳糖醛酸组成。纸层析与气相色谱分析的结果接近,只是由于半乳糖醛酸极性大,不易气化而未能出峰,其摩尔比例为,Ara:Man:Gal:Glc=8.24:3.38:23.82:24.56,它们的平均分子量为95000。
Tea polysaccharide is a kind of important active composition of tea which has many special physiological functions. But the purification of TPS is very hard and the composition and yield of TPS will vary with the technology of purification.
    A sort of technology of isolating and purifying TPS which adapts to industrialization will be opted from four kinds of technology that is low-cost, simple-process and high-yield. And this technology will be tested to determine the best technical parameter.
    Ultra-filtrate is a sort of unearthly industrialization technology and the best ratio of alcohol volume ,distilled water, temperature, time are 2 doubles, 1:4, 60 , and 3.5h. Sevag deprotein should plus 1/4 chloroform and 1/16 butyalcohol. Chloroform can denaturalize protein and make it dissolve in butyalcohol which may wipe off protein because TPS don't dissolve in it But as the reduce of protein, TPS also will decrease and the mostly effect of Sevag deprotein operates in former 3 times which accounts for 90 percent. In addition, chloroform is venomousness which can descend activity of TPS and enhance deposition of impregnant So, taking into account of cost and entironment, Sevag deprotein is carried through 3 tunes.
    The manipulation condition of ultra-filtrate is moderation mat won't decompose TPS and It has briefness equipment, simple operation and unshift substance. But choose of velum and pressure are crucial. Through examination, molecular weight of block suits to 10000dal and the pressure is 0.2MPa.
    TPS consists of polysaccharide, protein, water, ash and others by paper chromatography,
    
    
    
    
    and the research of ingredient. The content of protein is rather high. Protein maybe links to polysaccharide compact. So, TPS probably is a kind of protein-polysaccharide.
    TPS with ultra-filtrate can dissolve in boiling-water but not in organic impregnant. Polysaccharide of TPS will decompound in high temperature, strong-acid and intensity-alkali.
    By paper chromatography and gas chromatography analyses, their compositions of monosaccharides were gained: Ara, Man, Glc, Gal and Gal-aid. The Gal-aid can't be determined In paper chromatography because of it's polarity. Their molecular ratio is Ara: Man: Gal: Glc - 8.24: 3,38: 23.82: 24.56 and their mean molecular weight is 95000.
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