零偏VSP衰减特性Q值正反演研究
|
摘要
当地震波在地层中传播时,能量的衰减是传播介质非弹性性质的反映。实验已证明,衰减特性对储层岩石的弹性性质和流体性质等反映灵敏。通常,这种介质所固有的衰减特性用品质因子Q值(Quality factor)来描述。另一方面,由于垂直地震剖面( Vertical Seismic Profiling,简称VSP)方法能够深入了解地震波传播的基本特性,在井下不同深度直接观测地震波的变化,帮助了解反射和透射过程,因而被认为是唯一能够提供有价值的地震波衰减资料的来源。
本文在对地震波衰减特性及其影响因素分析的基础上,对Q值正、反演过程进行了深入的研究。基于Ganley的正演理论,考虑反射和透射,对法线入射情况下带有衰减的层状地质模型进行了合成地震记录的生成,并与不具有衰减的地震剖面进行了对比,揭示衰减特性造成了地震波能量及主频的降低;另一方面,在对求取Q值的质心频率偏移法(简称CFS)进行理论分析的基础上,对正演零偏VSP模型进行了反演计算,并通过与振幅衰减法、频谱比法等结果的对比,总结出该方法在薄层识别、分层能力、抗界面干扰方面优于上述两种方法,同时也分析了频带宽度、速度选取、震源点位置对反演结果的影响。最后,通过对两组实际资料的处理,证明了CFS方法的实用性和可行性。
The energy attenuation of propagation medium shows the nonelastic property during waves propagating in it. Many tests have confirmed that the attenuation characteristics is sensitive to the elastic and fluid property of reservoirs. Generally, Q value, short for Quality factor, is used to show the intrinsic attenuation. On the other hand, VSP, which can thoroughly show the basic propagation characteristic, directly receive seismic waves in the different depthes to help people understand the reflection and transmittion, is regarded as the only way to reply the attenuation from seismic datas.
This paper has studied the forward and inverse of Q basing on the analysis of attenuation characteristics and influence factors. Considering the reflection and refraction, the synthetic seismograms of layered attenuation models are generated basing on Ganley’s theory, which is fit for the normal incident. Compared with the unattenuation records, the decreases of energy and frequency display the characteristic of the unelastic models. Secondly, with the discussion on the theory of CFS, short for Centroid Frequency Shift method, the paper inverses the Q value for the forward zero-offset VSP model and compares the results with amplitude attenuation method and the ratio of frequency spectrum method. It shows that CFS is superior in the recognition of thin layers, the separation of multi-layers, the anti-disturbance of interfaces, the adaptation of shot’s location. It also discusses the influence of the frequency band and the choice of velocity used to inverse. Finally, the processing of two field datas reveals its practicality and feasibility.
本文在对地震波衰减特性及其影响因素分析的基础上,对Q值正、反演过程进行了深入的研究。基于Ganley的正演理论,考虑反射和透射,对法线入射情况下带有衰减的层状地质模型进行了合成地震记录的生成,并与不具有衰减的地震剖面进行了对比,揭示衰减特性造成了地震波能量及主频的降低;另一方面,在对求取Q值的质心频率偏移法(简称CFS)进行理论分析的基础上,对正演零偏VSP模型进行了反演计算,并通过与振幅衰减法、频谱比法等结果的对比,总结出该方法在薄层识别、分层能力、抗界面干扰方面优于上述两种方法,同时也分析了频带宽度、速度选取、震源点位置对反演结果的影响。最后,通过对两组实际资料的处理,证明了CFS方法的实用性和可行性。
The energy attenuation of propagation medium shows the nonelastic property during waves propagating in it. Many tests have confirmed that the attenuation characteristics is sensitive to the elastic and fluid property of reservoirs. Generally, Q value, short for Quality factor, is used to show the intrinsic attenuation. On the other hand, VSP, which can thoroughly show the basic propagation characteristic, directly receive seismic waves in the different depthes to help people understand the reflection and transmittion, is regarded as the only way to reply the attenuation from seismic datas.
This paper has studied the forward and inverse of Q basing on the analysis of attenuation characteristics and influence factors. Considering the reflection and refraction, the synthetic seismograms of layered attenuation models are generated basing on Ganley’s theory, which is fit for the normal incident. Compared with the unattenuation records, the decreases of energy and frequency display the characteristic of the unelastic models. Secondly, with the discussion on the theory of CFS, short for Centroid Frequency Shift method, the paper inverses the Q value for the forward zero-offset VSP model and compares the results with amplitude attenuation method and the ratio of frequency spectrum method. It shows that CFS is superior in the recognition of thin layers, the separation of multi-layers, the anti-disturbance of interfaces, the adaptation of shot’s location. It also discusses the influence of the frequency band and the choice of velocity used to inverse. Finally, the processing of two field datas reveals its practicality and feasibility.
引文
[1]辛可锋,李振春,王永刚等.地层等效吸收系数反演.石油物探,2001,40(4):14-20.
[2] Tommy Toverud, Bjorn Ursin. Comparion of seismic attenuation models using zero-offset seismic profiling( VSP ) data. Geophysics, 2005,70( 2).
[3] Youli Quan, Jerry M. Harris. Seismic attenuation tomography using the frequency shift method. Geophysics, 1997, 62(3): 895-905.
[4] Rainer Tonn. The determination of the seismic quality factor Q from VSP data. A comparison of different computational methods[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 1991, 39 :1-27.
[5] Q Estimation using Gabor-Morlet Joint Time-Frequency Analysis Techniques, SEG/New Orleans 2006 Annual Meeting. Scott Singleton, M Turbn Taner, Sven Treitel: 1610-1613.
[6]孙学继,杨晓.合成地震记录制作方法研究[J].石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(增刊2):34-39.
[7]朱光明.垂直地震剖面方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1988:177-191.
[8] Best A I, McCann C, Sothcott J. The relationships between the velocities, attenuations, and petrophysical properties of reservoir sedimentary rocks[J]. Geophys. Prosp , 1994 , 42(1) : 151-178.
[9]严又生,宜明理,魏新等.井间地震速度和Q值联合层析成像及应用.石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(1):9-17.
[10] Spencer T W. Seismic wave attenuation in nonresolvable cyclic stratification. Geophysics , 1977 , 42(5) : 939-949.
[11]李振春,王清振.地震波衰减机理及能量补偿研究综述.地球物理学进展.2008,22(4):1147-1152.
[12] Biot MA. Theory of propagation of clastic waves in a fluid-sarurated porous solid. I.Low frequency range [J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am, 1956, Vol.28: 168-178.
[13] Murphy WF. Effect of parrial water saturation on attenuation in Massillon sandstone and porous glass[J]. J Acoust Soc Am, 1982, 71: 1458-1468.
[14] Dvorkin J, Nur A, Dynamic poroelasticity: A unified model with the squirt and the Bior mechnisms[J].Geopjysics, 1993, 58: 524-533.
[15] Hudson J A, Knopoff L. Predicting the overall propetties of composites materials withsmall-scale inclusions or cracks[J]. Pure Appl Geophys, 1989, 131: 551-576.
[16] O’Connell RJ, Budiansky B. Viscoelaslutic properties of fluid saturated cracked solids[J]. Geophys, Res. 1977, 82: 5719-5735.
[17]尹军杰,刘学伟,李文慧.地震波散射理论及应用研究综述[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(1):123-134.
[18]熊翥著.复杂地区地震数据处理思路[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2002,5:199-204.
[19]席道瑛等.岩石中应力弛珠的衰减和模且色散[J].石油物探,1995,34(3):103-108.
[20]黄凯,徐群洲等.地震波能量的衰减及其影响因素.新疆石油地质,1997(18):212-216.
[21]席道瑛,邱文亮,程经毅等.饱和多孔岩石的衰减与孔隙率和饱和度的关系[J].石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(2):196-201.
[22]王大兴,辛可锋,李幼铭等.地层条件下砂岩含水饱和度对波速及衰减影响的实验研究[J] .地球物理学报,2006,49(3):908-914.
[23]ShatiloAP, SondergeldCS. Ultra sonic attenuation in Glenn Pool rocks, northeastern Oklahoma[J]. Geophysics,1998, 63:465-478.
[24]高静怀,王玉贵.制作包括吸收和波散效应的VSP合成记录.西安地质学院学报,1991,13(2):78-87.
[25]朱定,陈国俊,蔡成国.利用VSP直达波资料反演粘弹介质的相速度及品质因子.勘探地球物理学进展,2004,27(5):337-342.
[26] Alessandra Ribodetti, Jean Virieux. Asymptotic theory for imaging the attenuation factor Q. Geophysics, 1998, 63 (5): 1767-1778.
[27] James Rickett. Integrated estimation of interval-attenuation profiles. Geophysics, 2006, 71(4): A19-A23.
[28] Hongbing Li, Wenzhi Zhao, Hong Cao. Measures of scale based on the wavelet scalogram with applications to seismic attenuation. Geophysics, 2006, 71(5): V111-V118.
[29] Ward R W, Young C Y. Mapping seismic attenuation within geothermal systems using teleseisms with application to the Geysers2 Clear Lake region[J] . Geophys. Res. 1980 , 85: 5227-5236.
[30] Brzostowski M, McMechan G. 32D tomographic imaging of near-surface seismic velocity and attenuation[J ] . Geophysics , 1992 ,57(2) : 396-403.
[31] MLeggett , et al . Study of traveltime and amplitude time-lapse tomography using physical model data[J ] . Geophysical Prospecting ,1993 , 41 (4): 599-619.
[32] Toshiki , Watanabe, Koichi Sassa. Seismic Attenuation tomography and its application to rock mass evaluation[J ] . Int . J . Rock Mech.Min. Sic. & Geomech. Abstr, 1996, 33 (5): 467-477.
[33] Yih Jeng, Jing-Yih Tsai,Chen Song-Hong. An improved method of determining near-surface[J]. Geophysics, 1999, 64(5):1608-1617.
[34] Jacobson RS ,George. G. Shor, Jr , et al. Linear inversion of body wave data-Part II: Attenuation versus depth using spectral ratios[J]. Geophysics, 1981, 46(2):152-162.
[35] Dasgupta R, Roger A, Clark. Estimation of Q from surface seismic reflection data[J]. Geophysics, 1998, 63(6): 2120-2128.
[36] Sams M, Goldberg D. The validity of Q estimates from bore-hole data using spectral ratios[J]. Geophysics, 1990, 55(1):97-101.
[37] Patton SW. Robust and least-squares estimation of acoustic attenuation from well-data[J]. Geophysics, 1988, 53(9): 1225-1232.
[38] Pujol J, Smithson S. Seismic wave attenuation in volcanic rocks from VSP[J]. Geophysics, 1991, 56(9): 1441-1455.
[39] Ward R W, Toksoz.MN. Causes of regional variation of magnitudes[J ] . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 1979, 44: 681-690.
[40] Elsey RK, Tittman BR, Nadler HR, et, al. Defect characterization by ultrasonic signal process techniques[A]. Proceedings of Ultrasonic Symposium[C]. IEEE ,1977 : 48-52.
[41] Sears E M, Bonner BP. Ultrasonic attenuation measurement by spectral ratio utilizing signal processing techniques[A]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing GE219[C] , 1981 , 2: 95～99.
[42]李宏兵,赵文智,曹宏等.小波尺度域含气储层地震波衰减特征.地球物理学报,2004,47(5):892-898.
[43]任浩然,王华忠,张立彬.沿射线路径的波动方程延拓吸收与衰减补偿方法.石油物探,2007,46(6):557-561.
[44]徐彦,苏有锦等.Q值研究动态.地震研究,2004,27(4):385-389.
[45] Qingbo Liao, George A. McMechan. Tomographic imaging of velocity and Q, withapplication to crosswell seismic data from the Gypsu Pilot Site, Oklahoma. Geophysics, 1997, 62 (6): 1804-1810.
[46]马昭军,刘洋.地震波衰减反演研究综述.地球物理学进展,2005(20):1074-1082.
[47]刘喜武,年静波等.利用广义S变换提取地震旋回的方法.石油物探,2006(3):129-133.
[48] Shenghong Tai, De-hua Han. Attenuation estimation with continuous wavelet transform. SEG/New Orleans 2006 Annual Meeting.
[49] Ganley,D.C.,1981. A method for calculating Synthetic Seismograms Which include the effects of absorption and dispersion,Geophysics, V. 46. P1100.
[50]王辉,常旭,高峰.井间地震波衰减成像的几种方法.地球物理学进展.2001,16(1):104-109.
[51] P Tarif , T Bourbie. Experimental comparison between spectral ratio and rise time techniques for attenuation measurement [J ] .Geophysical Prospecting ,1987 , 35 : 668～680.
[52]安慧,黄德济,赵宪生.VSP资料的程变反Q滤波.物探化探计算技术.1998,20(1):19-24.
[53] N. D. hargreaves等.一维射线偏移:一种准确而快速的反Q滤波.国外油气勘探.1992,6.
[54]朱定,闵小刚,顾汉明.基于主频偏移反演地层的吸收系数,勘探地球物理进展.2006,29(1):30-33.
[55] Richard Bale. The impact of attenuation on the resolution of multicomponent seismic data. SEG international Exposition and 72nd Annual Meeting.
[56] Wyatt, D. C., 1981. Synthetic vertical seismic profile.Geophysics, V46, P880.
[57] Temme, P., and Muller, G., 1982. Numerical simulation of vertical seismic profiling. J. Geophys., 50: 177-188.
[2] Tommy Toverud, Bjorn Ursin. Comparion of seismic attenuation models using zero-offset seismic profiling( VSP ) data. Geophysics, 2005,70( 2).
[3] Youli Quan, Jerry M. Harris. Seismic attenuation tomography using the frequency shift method. Geophysics, 1997, 62(3): 895-905.
[4] Rainer Tonn. The determination of the seismic quality factor Q from VSP data. A comparison of different computational methods[J]. Geophysical Prospecting, 1991, 39 :1-27.
[5] Q Estimation using Gabor-Morlet Joint Time-Frequency Analysis Techniques, SEG/New Orleans 2006 Annual Meeting. Scott Singleton, M Turbn Taner, Sven Treitel: 1610-1613.
[6]孙学继,杨晓.合成地震记录制作方法研究[J].石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(增刊2):34-39.
[7]朱光明.垂直地震剖面方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1988:177-191.
[8] Best A I, McCann C, Sothcott J. The relationships between the velocities, attenuations, and petrophysical properties of reservoir sedimentary rocks[J]. Geophys. Prosp , 1994 , 42(1) : 151-178.
[9]严又生,宜明理,魏新等.井间地震速度和Q值联合层析成像及应用.石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(1):9-17.
[10] Spencer T W. Seismic wave attenuation in nonresolvable cyclic stratification. Geophysics , 1977 , 42(5) : 939-949.
[11]李振春,王清振.地震波衰减机理及能量补偿研究综述.地球物理学进展.2008,22(4):1147-1152.
[12] Biot MA. Theory of propagation of clastic waves in a fluid-sarurated porous solid. I.Low frequency range [J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am, 1956, Vol.28: 168-178.
[13] Murphy WF. Effect of parrial water saturation on attenuation in Massillon sandstone and porous glass[J]. J Acoust Soc Am, 1982, 71: 1458-1468.
[14] Dvorkin J, Nur A, Dynamic poroelasticity: A unified model with the squirt and the Bior mechnisms[J].Geopjysics, 1993, 58: 524-533.
[15] Hudson J A, Knopoff L. Predicting the overall propetties of composites materials withsmall-scale inclusions or cracks[J]. Pure Appl Geophys, 1989, 131: 551-576.
[16] O’Connell RJ, Budiansky B. Viscoelaslutic properties of fluid saturated cracked solids[J]. Geophys, Res. 1977, 82: 5719-5735.
[17]尹军杰,刘学伟,李文慧.地震波散射理论及应用研究综述[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(1):123-134.
[18]熊翥著.复杂地区地震数据处理思路[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2002,5:199-204.
[19]席道瑛等.岩石中应力弛珠的衰减和模且色散[J].石油物探,1995,34(3):103-108.
[20]黄凯,徐群洲等.地震波能量的衰减及其影响因素.新疆石油地质,1997(18):212-216.
[21]席道瑛,邱文亮,程经毅等.饱和多孔岩石的衰减与孔隙率和饱和度的关系[J].石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(2):196-201.
[22]王大兴,辛可锋,李幼铭等.地层条件下砂岩含水饱和度对波速及衰减影响的实验研究[J] .地球物理学报,2006,49(3):908-914.
[23]ShatiloAP, SondergeldCS. Ultra sonic attenuation in Glenn Pool rocks, northeastern Oklahoma[J]. Geophysics,1998, 63:465-478.
[24]高静怀,王玉贵.制作包括吸收和波散效应的VSP合成记录.西安地质学院学报,1991,13(2):78-87.
[25]朱定,陈国俊,蔡成国.利用VSP直达波资料反演粘弹介质的相速度及品质因子.勘探地球物理学进展,2004,27(5):337-342.
[26] Alessandra Ribodetti, Jean Virieux. Asymptotic theory for imaging the attenuation factor Q. Geophysics, 1998, 63 (5): 1767-1778.
[27] James Rickett. Integrated estimation of interval-attenuation profiles. Geophysics, 2006, 71(4): A19-A23.
[28] Hongbing Li, Wenzhi Zhao, Hong Cao. Measures of scale based on the wavelet scalogram with applications to seismic attenuation. Geophysics, 2006, 71(5): V111-V118.
[29] Ward R W, Young C Y. Mapping seismic attenuation within geothermal systems using teleseisms with application to the Geysers2 Clear Lake region[J] . Geophys. Res. 1980 , 85: 5227-5236.
[30] Brzostowski M, McMechan G. 32D tomographic imaging of near-surface seismic velocity and attenuation[J ] . Geophysics , 1992 ,57(2) : 396-403.
[31] MLeggett , et al . Study of traveltime and amplitude time-lapse tomography using physical model data[J ] . Geophysical Prospecting ,1993 , 41 (4): 599-619.
[32] Toshiki , Watanabe, Koichi Sassa. Seismic Attenuation tomography and its application to rock mass evaluation[J ] . Int . J . Rock Mech.Min. Sic. & Geomech. Abstr, 1996, 33 (5): 467-477.
[33] Yih Jeng, Jing-Yih Tsai,Chen Song-Hong. An improved method of determining near-surface[J]. Geophysics, 1999, 64(5):1608-1617.
[34] Jacobson RS ,George. G. Shor, Jr , et al. Linear inversion of body wave data-Part II: Attenuation versus depth using spectral ratios[J]. Geophysics, 1981, 46(2):152-162.
[35] Dasgupta R, Roger A, Clark. Estimation of Q from surface seismic reflection data[J]. Geophysics, 1998, 63(6): 2120-2128.
[36] Sams M, Goldberg D. The validity of Q estimates from bore-hole data using spectral ratios[J]. Geophysics, 1990, 55(1):97-101.
[37] Patton SW. Robust and least-squares estimation of acoustic attenuation from well-data[J]. Geophysics, 1988, 53(9): 1225-1232.
[38] Pujol J, Smithson S. Seismic wave attenuation in volcanic rocks from VSP[J]. Geophysics, 1991, 56(9): 1441-1455.
[39] Ward R W, Toksoz.MN. Causes of regional variation of magnitudes[J ] . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America , 1979, 44: 681-690.
[40] Elsey RK, Tittman BR, Nadler HR, et, al. Defect characterization by ultrasonic signal process techniques[A]. Proceedings of Ultrasonic Symposium[C]. IEEE ,1977 : 48-52.
[41] Sears E M, Bonner BP. Ultrasonic attenuation measurement by spectral ratio utilizing signal processing techniques[A]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing GE219[C] , 1981 , 2: 95～99.
[42]李宏兵,赵文智,曹宏等.小波尺度域含气储层地震波衰减特征.地球物理学报,2004,47(5):892-898.
[43]任浩然,王华忠,张立彬.沿射线路径的波动方程延拓吸收与衰减补偿方法.石油物探,2007,46(6):557-561.
[44]徐彦,苏有锦等.Q值研究动态.地震研究,2004,27(4):385-389.
[45] Qingbo Liao, George A. McMechan. Tomographic imaging of velocity and Q, withapplication to crosswell seismic data from the Gypsu Pilot Site, Oklahoma. Geophysics, 1997, 62 (6): 1804-1810.
[46]马昭军,刘洋.地震波衰减反演研究综述.地球物理学进展,2005(20):1074-1082.
[47]刘喜武,年静波等.利用广义S变换提取地震旋回的方法.石油物探,2006(3):129-133.
[48] Shenghong Tai, De-hua Han. Attenuation estimation with continuous wavelet transform. SEG/New Orleans 2006 Annual Meeting.
[49] Ganley,D.C.,1981. A method for calculating Synthetic Seismograms Which include the effects of absorption and dispersion,Geophysics, V. 46. P1100.
[50]王辉,常旭,高峰.井间地震波衰减成像的几种方法.地球物理学进展.2001,16(1):104-109.
[51] P Tarif , T Bourbie. Experimental comparison between spectral ratio and rise time techniques for attenuation measurement [J ] .Geophysical Prospecting ,1987 , 35 : 668～680.
[52]安慧,黄德济,赵宪生.VSP资料的程变反Q滤波.物探化探计算技术.1998,20(1):19-24.
[53] N. D. hargreaves等.一维射线偏移:一种准确而快速的反Q滤波.国外油气勘探.1992,6.
[54]朱定,闵小刚,顾汉明.基于主频偏移反演地层的吸收系数,勘探地球物理进展.2006,29(1):30-33.
[55] Richard Bale. The impact of attenuation on the resolution of multicomponent seismic data. SEG international Exposition and 72nd Annual Meeting.
[56] Wyatt, D. C., 1981. Synthetic vertical seismic profile.Geophysics, V46, P880.
[57] Temme, P., and Muller, G., 1982. Numerical simulation of vertical seismic profiling. J. Geophys., 50: 177-188.