柔性夹具技术的研究与创新设计
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摘要
多品种、小批量、短周期是现代机械制造业的主要特征。这一特征的生产方式,导致了柔性夹具理念的产生与技术的发展。但是,目前人们对柔性夹具技术研究的深度和广度,还远不能适应生产领域的迫切要求。主要表现是尚未构建柔性夹具技术的系统分类体系,对非机械夹紧的特种柔性夹具重视不够,以及在实际生产过程中过分依赖成本高、调整操作费时的组合夹具等。因此,有必要针对上述问题,开展较为系统而深入的研究,并创新设计出不同种类的反应快速、调整方便、工艺性好、制造成本低的新型柔性夹具,从而在一个侧面上促进夹具技术的发展。论文的主要研究内容如下:
(1)构建了柔性夹具技术的分类体系。这一分类体系,便于人们从整体上全面认识和掌握柔性夹具技术,并为科学选择柔性夹具提供理论依据。
(2)对偏心轮定位柔性夹具进行了重点研究。对创新设计的多种偏心轮定位柔性夹具,建立了数学模型,给出了能够指导工程设计的误差计算公式。
(3)对可调压板式柔性夹具、冲击式自锁手动柔性夹具、螺旋定位式柔性夹具等,进行了一定研究。结合工作原理图,对所创新设计的柔性夹具进行了力学建模和力学分析,给出了力学计算公式。
(4)对非机械夹紧的特种柔性夹具,进行了较为系统的总结,重点针对基于不同液固两相转变材料的特种柔性夹具,分析归纳出了相应的技术特点与选择方法。此外,对发展前景较好的冰固夹具的制冷技术进行了分析和总结,并对半导体制冷、电化学制冷及涡流制冷等几种制冷技术的原理、实用性进行了比较,便于工程领域借鉴与选用。
(5)总结了柔性夹具的发展现状及未来的发展趋势,并对论文所涉及的柔性夹具技术,进行了分析和展望。
The primary character of modern mechanical manufacturing is assortments, little bath and short period. This kind of production way results in the generation of flexible fixture and its development. But the depth and width researched now can’t adapt to the needs of production domain. The main behave are that we haven’t constructed the logic sort system of flexible fixture, haven’t taken much importance to the special type flexible fixture which using non-mechanical clamping, and depend on the combination fixture excessively whose cost is high and taken much time to adjust. So we need to research flexible fixture systemically and design different kinds of new flexible fixture which response quickly, adjust expediently, manufacture easily, cost lowly. This can accelerate the development of flexible fixture.
The main contents of this thesis are as follows:
(1) The logic sort system of flexible fixture is built. This system can help us to know the technology of flexible fixture roundly and provide theory basis to choose them scientifically.
(2) The flexible fixture using eccentric-cams as locators is researched. Several kinds of flexible fixtures using eccentric-cams are designed, and the location error calculation formulas which can be used to guide engineering design are given too.
(3) Flexible fixtures using adjustable pressure plate, impulse force and screw are researched on a certain extent. The mechanical modeling and calculating formulae are also given.
(4) The special type flexible fixture using non-mechanical clamping is summarized systemically, and the characteristics of the flexible fixture based on liquid-solid are concluded. The refrigeration technologies of ice clamping fixture which has good prospect are introduced. The operation principles and technical practicability among semiconductor refrigeration, electro-chemical refrigeration and vortex refrigeration are compared.
(5) The actuality and trend of flexible fixture are summarized in this thesis, and the further research on the technologies of flexible fixture is analyzed too.
(1)构建了柔性夹具技术的分类体系。这一分类体系,便于人们从整体上全面认识和掌握柔性夹具技术,并为科学选择柔性夹具提供理论依据。
(2)对偏心轮定位柔性夹具进行了重点研究。对创新设计的多种偏心轮定位柔性夹具,建立了数学模型,给出了能够指导工程设计的误差计算公式。
(3)对可调压板式柔性夹具、冲击式自锁手动柔性夹具、螺旋定位式柔性夹具等,进行了一定研究。结合工作原理图,对所创新设计的柔性夹具进行了力学建模和力学分析,给出了力学计算公式。
(4)对非机械夹紧的特种柔性夹具,进行了较为系统的总结,重点针对基于不同液固两相转变材料的特种柔性夹具,分析归纳出了相应的技术特点与选择方法。此外,对发展前景较好的冰固夹具的制冷技术进行了分析和总结,并对半导体制冷、电化学制冷及涡流制冷等几种制冷技术的原理、实用性进行了比较,便于工程领域借鉴与选用。
(5)总结了柔性夹具的发展现状及未来的发展趋势,并对论文所涉及的柔性夹具技术,进行了分析和展望。
The primary character of modern mechanical manufacturing is assortments, little bath and short period. This kind of production way results in the generation of flexible fixture and its development. But the depth and width researched now can’t adapt to the needs of production domain. The main behave are that we haven’t constructed the logic sort system of flexible fixture, haven’t taken much importance to the special type flexible fixture which using non-mechanical clamping, and depend on the combination fixture excessively whose cost is high and taken much time to adjust. So we need to research flexible fixture systemically and design different kinds of new flexible fixture which response quickly, adjust expediently, manufacture easily, cost lowly. This can accelerate the development of flexible fixture.
The main contents of this thesis are as follows:
(1) The logic sort system of flexible fixture is built. This system can help us to know the technology of flexible fixture roundly and provide theory basis to choose them scientifically.
(2) The flexible fixture using eccentric-cams as locators is researched. Several kinds of flexible fixtures using eccentric-cams are designed, and the location error calculation formulas which can be used to guide engineering design are given too.
(3) Flexible fixtures using adjustable pressure plate, impulse force and screw are researched on a certain extent. The mechanical modeling and calculating formulae are also given.
(4) The special type flexible fixture using non-mechanical clamping is summarized systemically, and the characteristics of the flexible fixture based on liquid-solid are concluded. The refrigeration technologies of ice clamping fixture which has good prospect are introduced. The operation principles and technical practicability among semiconductor refrigeration, electro-chemical refrigeration and vortex refrigeration are compared.
(5) The actuality and trend of flexible fixture are summarized in this thesis, and the further research on the technologies of flexible fixture is analyzed too.
引文
[1] 贾建华,范建培.柔性夹具在现代制造业中的应用与展望[J].机电工程,2005(12):53～55
[2] 王成焘.现代机械设计——思想与方法[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1999
[3] 融亦鸣,朱耀祥.计算机辅助夹具设计[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002
[4] 钟康民,金济南.张新民.类 V 型定位夹具[J].机械制造,1995(11):24～27
[5] 钟康民,王德云.用双圆柱代 V 形块的机床夹具[J].机械工艺师,1988(9):22～23
[6] 钟康民,史锦屏.双偏心轮定位夹具的定位误差计算[J].工具技术,1999(8):36～373
[7] 王德云,钟康民.双圆柱定位误差的计算[J].机械工艺师,1991(1):32～33
[8] 崔金岭,钟康民.双偏心轮定位的柔性夹具及其误差计算[J].工具技术,2007(7):80～81
[9] 崔金岭,钟康民.以偏心轮为定位和夹紧元件的柔性夹具[J].机械设计与制造,2007(10):196～197
[10] 曹华,钟康民.“一面三销”定位偏心夹紧盖板式钻模[J].机械制造,2005(12):75
[11] 崔金岭,钟康民.一种方圆两用的形封闭型柔性夹具[J].机床与液压,2008(4)
[12] 袁相瑾,邢春和.国外实用机床夹具[M].北京:北京科学技术出版社,1988
[13] Edward G Hoffman. Jig and Fixture[M]. Fourth Edition. Albany[M].USA: Delmar Publishers, 1996
[14] 林文焕,陈本通.机床夹具设计[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1987
[15] 刘文剑,夹具工程师手册[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1992
[16] 施光林,周爱国,钟庭修,吕刚.启动人工肌肉与标准气缸的力特性比较[J].上海交通大学学报,2004,(38):1346～1353
[17] HIRAM E.GEANT 编著.北京机床研究所译.夹具—非标准夹紧装置[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1975
[18] 钟康民,詹葵华,司广琚.基于冲击与自锁原理以圆柱体为夹紧元件的手动夹具[J].工具技术,2007(8):62～64
[19] 钟康民,刘可人.类 V 型定位夹具的机构研究与定位(二)[J].机械工人,1995(5):10～12
[20] 钟康民,郭培全,宋强.夹紧螺钉及压板的结构改进与创新[J].制造技术与机床.1999(3):37～38
[21] 刘 璇 , 王 小 北 . 基 于 相 变 材 料 的 柔 性 夹 具 [J]. 机 械 设 计 与 制 造 工程,2000(5):53～56
[22] 方和平.柔性夹具的发展与应用[J].现代制造工程,2000(1):55～57
[23] 朱耀祥,融亦鸣.柔性夹具与计算机辅助夹具设计技术的进展[J].制造技术与机床,2000(8):5～8
[24] E V Korobko ,R G Gorodkin , M M Ragotner. ERF used for fix2ing blanks when machining their surface[C] .Belarus Academy of Sciences of Belarus ,1993,1
[25] Thomas J Bruno.Laboratiory applications of the vortex tube[J].Journal of Chemical Education,1987,987～988
[26] Lancelot A Fekete.Vortex tube separator may solve weight / space limitations[J]. World Oil,1986,40～44
[27] D J Kingenberg. Making fluids into solids with magnets[J ].Scientific American ,1993 ,112～1131
[28] 郭茶秀,陈俊.相变材料的研究与应用新进展[J].河南化工,2006(23):5～7
[29] 钟康民,郭培全,王红岩.基于液固两相转变的夹具技术[J].制造技术与机床,1998(8):5～6
[30] 汪庆洲.新颖的冷冻夹具[J].机床电器,1994(4):14
[31] 魏克湘,朱石沙,王启新.电流变材料及其工程应用[J].机电工程技术,2002(5):19～20
[32] 张兆东.电流变技术[J].新材料产业,2002(5):29～31
[33] Gina Goldstein. Electrorheological Fluid: Application Begins to Gel [J]. Mechanical Engineering, 1990(10): 48
[34] Matsuzaki Y. Smart structure in Japan. Smart Mater[J]. Struct,1997(6):1～10
[35] Huston, Dryver R. Smart civil structures: an overview[M]. SPEL,1991
[36] Tautzenberger P. Engineering aspects of shape memory alloys[J]. Butterworth Heineman n Ltd.1990:207～217
[37] 徐烈,周淑亮.电化学制冷研究[J].低温工程,1995(5):1～4
[38] 安可民,文胜.半导体制冷技术在量热仪中的应用[J].媒质技术,2006(6):28～29
[39] 张 先 周 , 王 琪 民 , 张 培 强 . 基 于 此 流 变 技 术 的 柔 性 夹 具 [J]. 实 验 力学,2003(2):185～192
[40] 孙光飞,强文江.磁功能材料[M].北京:化学工业出版社
[41] 钟康民.简论对称性美学思想指导下的机械设计创新[J].机械设计,2004(专辑):94～95
[42] 黄继昌,徐巧鱼.实用机械机构图册[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,1996
[43] 孙国华,陈国邦.涡流管制冷器的原理及应用[J]。低温与特气,1989(2):44～48
[2] 王成焘.现代机械设计——思想与方法[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1999
[3] 融亦鸣,朱耀祥.计算机辅助夹具设计[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002
[4] 钟康民,金济南.张新民.类 V 型定位夹具[J].机械制造,1995(11):24～27
[5] 钟康民,王德云.用双圆柱代 V 形块的机床夹具[J].机械工艺师,1988(9):22～23
[6] 钟康民,史锦屏.双偏心轮定位夹具的定位误差计算[J].工具技术,1999(8):36～373
[7] 王德云,钟康民.双圆柱定位误差的计算[J].机械工艺师,1991(1):32～33
[8] 崔金岭,钟康民.双偏心轮定位的柔性夹具及其误差计算[J].工具技术,2007(7):80～81
[9] 崔金岭,钟康民.以偏心轮为定位和夹紧元件的柔性夹具[J].机械设计与制造,2007(10):196～197
[10] 曹华,钟康民.“一面三销”定位偏心夹紧盖板式钻模[J].机械制造,2005(12):75
[11] 崔金岭,钟康民.一种方圆两用的形封闭型柔性夹具[J].机床与液压,2008(4)
[12] 袁相瑾,邢春和.国外实用机床夹具[M].北京:北京科学技术出版社,1988
[13] Edward G Hoffman. Jig and Fixture[M]. Fourth Edition. Albany[M].USA: Delmar Publishers, 1996
[14] 林文焕,陈本通.机床夹具设计[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1987
[15] 刘文剑,夹具工程师手册[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江科学技术出版社,1992
[16] 施光林,周爱国,钟庭修,吕刚.启动人工肌肉与标准气缸的力特性比较[J].上海交通大学学报,2004,(38):1346～1353
[17] HIRAM E.GEANT 编著.北京机床研究所译.夹具—非标准夹紧装置[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1975
[18] 钟康民,詹葵华,司广琚.基于冲击与自锁原理以圆柱体为夹紧元件的手动夹具[J].工具技术,2007(8):62～64
[19] 钟康民,刘可人.类 V 型定位夹具的机构研究与定位(二)[J].机械工人,1995(5):10～12
[20] 钟康民,郭培全,宋强.夹紧螺钉及压板的结构改进与创新[J].制造技术与机床.1999(3):37～38
[21] 刘 璇 , 王 小 北 . 基 于 相 变 材 料 的 柔 性 夹 具 [J]. 机 械 设 计 与 制 造 工程,2000(5):53～56
[22] 方和平.柔性夹具的发展与应用[J].现代制造工程,2000(1):55～57
[23] 朱耀祥,融亦鸣.柔性夹具与计算机辅助夹具设计技术的进展[J].制造技术与机床,2000(8):5～8
[24] E V Korobko ,R G Gorodkin , M M Ragotner. ERF used for fix2ing blanks when machining their surface[C] .Belarus Academy of Sciences of Belarus ,1993,1
[25] Thomas J Bruno.Laboratiory applications of the vortex tube[J].Journal of Chemical Education,1987,987～988
[26] Lancelot A Fekete.Vortex tube separator may solve weight / space limitations[J]. World Oil,1986,40～44
[27] D J Kingenberg. Making fluids into solids with magnets[J ].Scientific American ,1993 ,112～1131
[28] 郭茶秀,陈俊.相变材料的研究与应用新进展[J].河南化工,2006(23):5～7
[29] 钟康民,郭培全,王红岩.基于液固两相转变的夹具技术[J].制造技术与机床,1998(8):5～6
[30] 汪庆洲.新颖的冷冻夹具[J].机床电器,1994(4):14
[31] 魏克湘,朱石沙,王启新.电流变材料及其工程应用[J].机电工程技术,2002(5):19～20
[32] 张兆东.电流变技术[J].新材料产业,2002(5):29～31
[33] Gina Goldstein. Electrorheological Fluid: Application Begins to Gel [J]. Mechanical Engineering, 1990(10): 48
[34] Matsuzaki Y. Smart structure in Japan. Smart Mater[J]. Struct,1997(6):1～10
[35] Huston, Dryver R. Smart civil structures: an overview[M]. SPEL,1991
[36] Tautzenberger P. Engineering aspects of shape memory alloys[J]. Butterworth Heineman n Ltd.1990:207～217
[37] 徐烈,周淑亮.电化学制冷研究[J].低温工程,1995(5):1～4
[38] 安可民,文胜.半导体制冷技术在量热仪中的应用[J].媒质技术,2006(6):28～29
[39] 张 先 周 , 王 琪 民 , 张 培 强 . 基 于 此 流 变 技 术 的 柔 性 夹 具 [J]. 实 验 力学,2003(2):185～192
[40] 孙光飞,强文江.磁功能材料[M].北京:化学工业出版社
[41] 钟康民.简论对称性美学思想指导下的机械设计创新[J].机械设计,2004(专辑):94～95
[42] 黄继昌,徐巧鱼.实用机械机构图册[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,1996
[43] 孙国华,陈国邦.涡流管制冷器的原理及应用[J]。低温与特气,1989(2):44～48