汉语谚语意义构建的概念整合分析
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摘要
谚语是人们对客观现实进行观察、思考而形成的，能揭示纷纭的事像，表明深奥的道理。作为一种人类语言中的普遍现象，谚语一直受到国内外语言研究者的关注，对谚语的研究也从其修辞、历史、句法结构、文化、语义等不同视角展开。目前，对汉语谚语的研究主要从修辞、文化、社会等角度进行，而对其意义构建的认知过程的研究尚未引起足够的重视，也缺乏系统的理论分析。概念合成理论及其概念整合网络模式则可以用来深入细致地分析汉语谚语的意义构建和推理机制。
Fauconnier(1997)在心理空间理论的基础上提出概念合成理论及其概念整合网络模式，该网络中的四大空间(输入空间1，输入空间2，类属空间，合成空间)相互联系、作用，输入空间的对应联系由跨空间映射完成，其结构被选择性地投射到合成空间，并通过组合、完善和扩展形成层创结构，即意义的运演与产生的过程结构。该理论的宗旨在于揭示话语意义在线构建背后的那座认知冰山。
本文以意义具有双层性的汉语谚语为研究对象，运用概念合成理论从认知层面将它们分为四类，并对每一类谚语意义构建的幕后操作进行探索和分析，以揭示谚语在线理解过程中这种无意识的、动态的概念整合现象，从而进一步地证明了概念整合是一种普遍的认知活动，具有较强的认知阐释力。同时，通过分析说明汉语谚语的意义构建过程可以从认知角度运用概念合成理论来阐释，为汉语谚语的研究提供了新的视角和分析方法。此外，本研究中对汉语谚语的认知分类突破了传统上从形式、内容等方面进行的分类，为汉语谚语研究提供了一定的参考价值。
The proverb is the creation of masses on the basis of careful observation and consideration of the entities in the world, it can not only reveal the diverse natural phenomena but also express certain truth. As a universal phenomenon of natural language, the proverb has always been noticed by the language researchers at home and abroad, the study has also been done from different levels such as rhetoric, history, syntactic structure, semantics, culture, and so on. Presently, the study on the Chinese proverb is mainly carried out in terms of rhetoric, culture and society, while the cognitive study on its meaning construction has not received enough attention and lacks a systematic analysis. The conceptual blending theory and its conceptual integration network can be applied to probe into the meaning construction and reasoning mechanism of Chinese proverbs in a deep way.
Fauconnier (1997) proposes the conceptual blending theory and conceptual integration network based on the mental space theory. In the network model of conceptual integration, four mental spaces are advanced (inputⅠ, inputⅡ, generic space, blended space) which can interrelate and mirror each other through cross-space mapping and selective projection, finally, the blended space occurs and the emergent structure is engendered by composition, pattern completion and elaboration. The whole process makes the meaning produced. The conceptual blending theory aims to show us the cognitive iceberg behind the on-line meaning construction of any discourse.
The non-literal Chinese proverbs are taken as the subject in the study, they are categorized into four types from the cognitive level and investigated respectively in four integration network models so that the invisible, unconscious and dynamic cognitive operation in the on-line meaning construction of Chinese proverbs are made explicit. In this way, the study can further prove that conceptual integration is a universal cognitive operation and serves a variety of cognitive purposes. Meanwhile, it can be verified that the mental process of Chinese proverb meaning construction can be illustrated from the cognitive aspect by applying the conceptual blending theory, which can provide an alternative perspective for the study on the Chinese proverb. Furthermore, the cognitive classification of Chinese proverbs in the study differs from the traditional one in terms of the proverb form and content, which may also contribute to the Chinese proverb study.
Fauconnier(1997)在心理空间理论的基础上提出概念合成理论及其概念整合网络模式，该网络中的四大空间(输入空间1，输入空间2，类属空间，合成空间)相互联系、作用，输入空间的对应联系由跨空间映射完成，其结构被选择性地投射到合成空间，并通过组合、完善和扩展形成层创结构，即意义的运演与产生的过程结构。该理论的宗旨在于揭示话语意义在线构建背后的那座认知冰山。
本文以意义具有双层性的汉语谚语为研究对象，运用概念合成理论从认知层面将它们分为四类，并对每一类谚语意义构建的幕后操作进行探索和分析，以揭示谚语在线理解过程中这种无意识的、动态的概念整合现象，从而进一步地证明了概念整合是一种普遍的认知活动，具有较强的认知阐释力。同时，通过分析说明汉语谚语的意义构建过程可以从认知角度运用概念合成理论来阐释，为汉语谚语的研究提供了新的视角和分析方法。此外，本研究中对汉语谚语的认知分类突破了传统上从形式、内容等方面进行的分类，为汉语谚语研究提供了一定的参考价值。
The proverb is the creation of masses on the basis of careful observation and consideration of the entities in the world, it can not only reveal the diverse natural phenomena but also express certain truth. As a universal phenomenon of natural language, the proverb has always been noticed by the language researchers at home and abroad, the study has also been done from different levels such as rhetoric, history, syntactic structure, semantics, culture, and so on. Presently, the study on the Chinese proverb is mainly carried out in terms of rhetoric, culture and society, while the cognitive study on its meaning construction has not received enough attention and lacks a systematic analysis. The conceptual blending theory and its conceptual integration network can be applied to probe into the meaning construction and reasoning mechanism of Chinese proverbs in a deep way.
Fauconnier (1997) proposes the conceptual blending theory and conceptual integration network based on the mental space theory. In the network model of conceptual integration, four mental spaces are advanced (inputⅠ, inputⅡ, generic space, blended space) which can interrelate and mirror each other through cross-space mapping and selective projection, finally, the blended space occurs and the emergent structure is engendered by composition, pattern completion and elaboration. The whole process makes the meaning produced. The conceptual blending theory aims to show us the cognitive iceberg behind the on-line meaning construction of any discourse.
The non-literal Chinese proverbs are taken as the subject in the study, they are categorized into four types from the cognitive level and investigated respectively in four integration network models so that the invisible, unconscious and dynamic cognitive operation in the on-line meaning construction of Chinese proverbs are made explicit. In this way, the study can further prove that conceptual integration is a universal cognitive operation and serves a variety of cognitive purposes. Meanwhile, it can be verified that the mental process of Chinese proverb meaning construction can be illustrated from the cognitive aspect by applying the conceptual blending theory, which can provide an alternative perspective for the study on the Chinese proverb. Furthermore, the cognitive classification of Chinese proverbs in the study differs from the traditional one in terms of the proverb form and content, which may also contribute to the Chinese proverb study.
引文
Bobrow, S. & S. Bell. 1973. On catching on to idiomatic expressions. Memory and Cognition 1: 343-346.
Cacciari, C. & P. Tabossi. 1988. The comprehension of idioms. Journal of Memory and Language 2: 668-683.
Cacciari, C. & S. Glucksberg. 1991. Understanding idiomatic expressions: the contribution of word meanings. In G. B. Simpson(ed.). Understanding Words and Sentences. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Coulson, S. 2000. Semantic Leaps: Frame-Shifting and Conceptual Blending in Meaning Construction. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Coulson, S. & T. Oakley. 2000. Blending basics. Cognitive Linguistics 11/3-4: 175-196.
Coulson, S. & T. Oakley. 2005. Blending and coded meaning: literal and figurative meaning in cognitive semantics. Journal of Pragmatics 37: 1510-1536.
Cronk, B. C. & W. A. Schweigert. 1992. The Comprehension of Idioms: The Effects of Familiarity, Literalness and Usage. Applied Psycholinguistics.
Cronk, B. C., S. D. Lima, & W. A. Schweigert. 1993. Idioms in sentences: effect of frequency, literalness and familiarity. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 22: 59-82.
Dong, P. R. 2003. Conceptual Blending as a Cognitive Means of Meaning Construction in Jueju Text. M. A. thesis., Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
Fauconnier, G. 199411985]. Mental Spaces: Aspects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fauconnier, G. 1997. Mappings in Thought and Language. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fauconnier, G. 1998. Mental spaces, language modalities, and conceptual integration. In M. Tomasello(ed.). The New Psychology of Language. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. 251-279.
Fauconnier, G. & M. Turner. 1994. Conceptual Projection and Middle Spaces. San Diego: University of California, Department of Cognitive Science.
Fauconnier, G. & M. Turner. 1995. Conceptual integration and formal expression. Journal of Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10/3: 183-204.
Fauconnier, G & M. Turner. 1996. Blending as a central process of grammar. In A. E. Goldberg (ed.). Conceptual Structure, Discourse, and Language. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. 113-131.
Fauconnier, G. & M. Turner. 1998. Conceptual integration networks. Cognitive Science 22/2: 133-187.
Fauconnier, G & M. Turner. 1998. Principles of conceptual integration. In J. P. Koening (ed.). Discourse and Cognition. Stanford: CSLI Publications. 269-283.
Fauconnier, G. & M. Turner. 2000. Compression and global insight. Cognitive Linguistics 11: 283-304.
Fauconnier, G. & M. Turner. 2002. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and Mind's Hidden Complexities. New York: Basic Books.
Fauconnier, G. & E. Sweetser. 1996. Spaces, Worlds and Grammar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Fraser, B. 1970. Idioms within a transformational grammar. Foundation of Language 6: 22-42.
Gibbs, R. W. 1980. Spilling the beans on understanding and memory for idioms in conversation. Memory and Cognition 8: 449-456.
Gibbs, R. W. 1994. The Poetics of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language and Understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gibbs, R. W. & T. Matlock. 1999. Psycholinguistics and mental representations. Cognitive Linguistics 10/3: 263-269.
Gibbs, R. 2000. Making good psychology out of blending theory. Cognitive Linguistics 11/3-4: 347-358.
Glucksberg, S. 1993. Idiom meaning and allusional content. In C. Cacciari & P. Tabossi (eds.). Idioms: Processing, Structure and Interpretation. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Glucksberg, S. 2001. Understanding Figurative Language: From Metaphors to Idioms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grady, J. 2000. Cognitive mechanisms of conceptual integration. Cognitive Linguistics 11/3-4: 335-345.
Harley, T. A. 2001. The Psychology of Language (2nd edition). Psychology Press Ltd.
Honeck, C. E 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York: Macmillan.
Honeck, R. D. 1997. A Proverb in Mind: A Cognitive Science of Proverbial Wit and Wisdom. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hu, A. H. 2004. A Study on Conceptual Integration Theory and the Cognitive Process in Translation. M. A. thesis., Hunan University, Hunan, China.
Huang, J. 2004. The Meaning Construction of Chinese Wisecrack and the Conceptual Integration Networks. M. A. thesis., Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
Hutchins, E. 1995. Cognition in the Wild. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Hutchins, E. 2005. Material anchors for conceptual blends. Journal of Pragmatics 37: 1555-1577.
Kata, J. J. & P. M. Postal. 1963. Semantic interpretation of idioms and sentences containing them. MIT Quarterly Progress Report 70: 275-282.
Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. & M. Turner. 1989. More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Langacker, R. W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Vol. I, Theoretical Prerequisites. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Langacker, R. W. 2001. Discourse in cognitive grammar. Cognitive Linguistics. 12/2: 143-188.
Ma, H. F. 2005. Blended Space Theory and Proverb Comprehension. M. A. thesis., Hunan Normal University, Hunan, China.
Makkai, A. 1972. Idiom Structure in English. The Hage: Mouton de Gruyter.
Nunberg, G., I. Sag, & T. Wasow. 1994. Idoims. Language 70, 3: 491-538.
Oakley, T. 1995. Presence: the conceptual basis of rhetorical effect. PhD diss., University of Maryland, Maryland.
Smith, C. S. 2003. Modes of Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sperber, D. & D. Wilson. 1995. Relevance: Communication and Cognition (2nd edition). Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Stevenson, R. J. 1993. Language, Thought and Representation. John Wiley & Sons.
Sweetser, E. 1996. Mental spaces and the grammar of Conditional constructions. In G. Fauconnier and E. Sweetser (eds.). Spaces, Worlds, and Grammar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Swinney, D. & A. Culter. 1979. The access and processing of idiomatic expressions. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18: 523-534.
Turner, M. 1991. Reading Minds. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Turner, M. 1996. The Literary Mind: the Origin of Thought and Language. Oxford University Press.
崔希亮，1997，《汉语熟语与中国人文世界》。北京：北京语言文化大学出版社。
廖永民、曹一凡、钟毅，1981，《谚语选》。河南：河南人民出版社。
刘洁修，1985，《成语》。北京：商务印书馆。
覃胜勇，2001，转喻与概念整合理论，《湖南师范大学学报》(4)：164-166。
孙维张，1989，《汉语熟语学》。吉林：吉林教育出版社。
王斌，2001，映射及其认知运作，《外语研究》(3)：36-40。
王德春，1983，《词汇学研究》。济南：山东教育出版社。
王德春，2002，《多角度研究语言》。北京：清华大学出版社。
汪少华，2001，合成空间理论对隐喻的阐释力，《外国语》(3)：37-43。
王寅，2005，《认知语言学探索》。重庆：．重庆出版社。
武占坤，2000，《中华谚谣研究》。河北：河北大学出版社。
武占坤、马国凡，1998，《谚语》。呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社。
余渭深，2004，复合空间模式在语言理解研究中的应用，《语言的认知研究—认知语言学论文精选》。上海：上海外语教育出版社。551-565。
曾麟，2002，《谚语词典》。新疆：新疆人民出版社。
张辉，2003，《熟语及其理解的认知语义学研究》。北京：军事谊文出版社。
Cacciari, C. & P. Tabossi. 1988. The comprehension of idioms. Journal of Memory and Language 2: 668-683.
Cacciari, C. & S. Glucksberg. 1991. Understanding idiomatic expressions: the contribution of word meanings. In G. B. Simpson(ed.). Understanding Words and Sentences. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Coulson, S. 2000. Semantic Leaps: Frame-Shifting and Conceptual Blending in Meaning Construction. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Coulson, S. & T. Oakley. 2000. Blending basics. Cognitive Linguistics 11/3-4: 175-196.
Coulson, S. & T. Oakley. 2005. Blending and coded meaning: literal and figurative meaning in cognitive semantics. Journal of Pragmatics 37: 1510-1536.
Cronk, B. C. & W. A. Schweigert. 1992. The Comprehension of Idioms: The Effects of Familiarity, Literalness and Usage. Applied Psycholinguistics.
Cronk, B. C., S. D. Lima, & W. A. Schweigert. 1993. Idioms in sentences: effect of frequency, literalness and familiarity. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 22: 59-82.
Dong, P. R. 2003. Conceptual Blending as a Cognitive Means of Meaning Construction in Jueju Text. M. A. thesis., Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
Fauconnier, G. 199411985]. Mental Spaces: Aspects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fauconnier, G. 1997. Mappings in Thought and Language. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fauconnier, G. 1998. Mental spaces, language modalities, and conceptual integration. In M. Tomasello(ed.). The New Psychology of Language. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. 251-279.
Fauconnier, G. & M. Turner. 1994. Conceptual Projection and Middle Spaces. San Diego: University of California, Department of Cognitive Science.
Fauconnier, G. & M. Turner. 1995. Conceptual integration and formal expression. Journal of Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 10/3: 183-204.
Fauconnier, G & M. Turner. 1996. Blending as a central process of grammar. In A. E. Goldberg (ed.). Conceptual Structure, Discourse, and Language. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. 113-131.
Fauconnier, G. & M. Turner. 1998. Conceptual integration networks. Cognitive Science 22/2: 133-187.
Fauconnier, G & M. Turner. 1998. Principles of conceptual integration. In J. P. Koening (ed.). Discourse and Cognition. Stanford: CSLI Publications. 269-283.
Fauconnier, G. & M. Turner. 2000. Compression and global insight. Cognitive Linguistics 11: 283-304.
Fauconnier, G. & M. Turner. 2002. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and Mind's Hidden Complexities. New York: Basic Books.
Fauconnier, G. & E. Sweetser. 1996. Spaces, Worlds and Grammar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Fraser, B. 1970. Idioms within a transformational grammar. Foundation of Language 6: 22-42.
Gibbs, R. W. 1980. Spilling the beans on understanding and memory for idioms in conversation. Memory and Cognition 8: 449-456.
Gibbs, R. W. 1994. The Poetics of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language and Understanding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gibbs, R. W. & T. Matlock. 1999. Psycholinguistics and mental representations. Cognitive Linguistics 10/3: 263-269.
Gibbs, R. 2000. Making good psychology out of blending theory. Cognitive Linguistics 11/3-4: 347-358.
Glucksberg, S. 1993. Idiom meaning and allusional content. In C. Cacciari & P. Tabossi (eds.). Idioms: Processing, Structure and Interpretation. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Glucksberg, S. 2001. Understanding Figurative Language: From Metaphors to Idioms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grady, J. 2000. Cognitive mechanisms of conceptual integration. Cognitive Linguistics 11/3-4: 335-345.
Harley, T. A. 2001. The Psychology of Language (2nd edition). Psychology Press Ltd.
Honeck, C. E 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York: Macmillan.
Honeck, R. D. 1997. A Proverb in Mind: A Cognitive Science of Proverbial Wit and Wisdom. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hu, A. H. 2004. A Study on Conceptual Integration Theory and the Cognitive Process in Translation. M. A. thesis., Hunan University, Hunan, China.
Huang, J. 2004. The Meaning Construction of Chinese Wisecrack and the Conceptual Integration Networks. M. A. thesis., Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
Hutchins, E. 1995. Cognition in the Wild. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Hutchins, E. 2005. Material anchors for conceptual blends. Journal of Pragmatics 37: 1555-1577.
Kata, J. J. & P. M. Postal. 1963. Semantic interpretation of idioms and sentences containing them. MIT Quarterly Progress Report 70: 275-282.
Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. & M. Turner. 1989. More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Langacker, R. W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Vol. I, Theoretical Prerequisites. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Langacker, R. W. 2001. Discourse in cognitive grammar. Cognitive Linguistics. 12/2: 143-188.
Ma, H. F. 2005. Blended Space Theory and Proverb Comprehension. M. A. thesis., Hunan Normal University, Hunan, China.
Makkai, A. 1972. Idiom Structure in English. The Hage: Mouton de Gruyter.
Nunberg, G., I. Sag, & T. Wasow. 1994. Idoims. Language 70, 3: 491-538.
Oakley, T. 1995. Presence: the conceptual basis of rhetorical effect. PhD diss., University of Maryland, Maryland.
Smith, C. S. 2003. Modes of Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sperber, D. & D. Wilson. 1995. Relevance: Communication and Cognition (2nd edition). Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Stevenson, R. J. 1993. Language, Thought and Representation. John Wiley & Sons.
Sweetser, E. 1996. Mental spaces and the grammar of Conditional constructions. In G. Fauconnier and E. Sweetser (eds.). Spaces, Worlds, and Grammar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Swinney, D. & A. Culter. 1979. The access and processing of idiomatic expressions. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18: 523-534.
Turner, M. 1991. Reading Minds. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Turner, M. 1996. The Literary Mind: the Origin of Thought and Language. Oxford University Press.
崔希亮，1997，《汉语熟语与中国人文世界》。北京：北京语言文化大学出版社。
廖永民、曹一凡、钟毅，1981，《谚语选》。河南：河南人民出版社。
刘洁修，1985，《成语》。北京：商务印书馆。
覃胜勇，2001，转喻与概念整合理论，《湖南师范大学学报》(4)：164-166。
孙维张，1989，《汉语熟语学》。吉林：吉林教育出版社。
王斌，2001，映射及其认知运作，《外语研究》(3)：36-40。
王德春，1983，《词汇学研究》。济南：山东教育出版社。
王德春，2002，《多角度研究语言》。北京：清华大学出版社。
汪少华，2001，合成空间理论对隐喻的阐释力，《外国语》(3)：37-43。
王寅，2005，《认知语言学探索》。重庆：．重庆出版社。
武占坤，2000，《中华谚谣研究》。河北：河北大学出版社。
武占坤、马国凡，1998，《谚语》。呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社。
余渭深，2004，复合空间模式在语言理解研究中的应用，《语言的认知研究—认知语言学论文精选》。上海：上海外语教育出版社。551-565。
曾麟，2002，《谚语词典》。新疆：新疆人民出版社。
张辉，2003，《熟语及其理解的认知语义学研究》。北京：军事谊文出版社。