第三方物流企业的运作管理研究
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摘要
1962年著名经济管理学大师彼得·杜拉克(Peter Drucker)在美国《财富》杂志上发表《经济的黑暗大陆》一文，首次明确地提出物流是节约成本的最后领域。40年来，物流的概念在不断地拓展，人们对物流管理越来越重视，特别是80年代中期至今，随着经济全球化竞争的加剧、信息技术的飞速发展，许多生产企业回归主业，将精力集中于产品开发、生产、销售等具有竞争优势的核心专长业务的呼声日益高涨，理论界和企业界已不再浅层次的探讨物流管理的重要性问题了，他们开始探讨物流管理的模式问题，即：究竟是自营物流业务，还是将物流业务外包给专门从事物流管理的企业去做。于是，第三方物流(TPL)得以诞生，并日渐成为西方物流研究和实践的热点。在发达国家，先进物流企业已实现向第三方物流模式的转变，而我国物流业的发展尚处于起步阶段，与世界上发达国家的物流业相比，尚有很大差距。中国加入WTO后，中国的物流业应该如何发展?应该采取怎样的策略?是有待于我们进行研究和探讨的问题。
鉴于此，本文分析了发达国家第三方物流事业的发展及其第三方物流运作管理的经验，结合中国物流行业的现状和环境，进行了如下研究：首先，基于第三方物流的基本概念及相关理论与技术方面，提出了关于第三方物流的见解；其次，应用SWOT分析方法分析了企业实施第三方物流的战略决策，研究了基于Ballow开发的TPL二维决策标准，提出了第三方物流战略决策基本模式，剖析了几种第三方物流的运作管理模式，即：基于核心能力的专业化和个性化运作模式、基于供应链管理的整合运作模式、基于现代电子信息技术的虚拟经营模式和综合物流代理模式；然后，从物流的角度，分析了第三方物流企业在物流流程重组的过程中应注重的原则，从而以物流重组生产流程，重组物流业务流程，对第三方物流企业的组织结构进行了分析与设计；进而对第三方物流信息管理系统方案设计模式进行了研究，对当前典型的物流信息系统方案进行了比较与分析。
最后，应用上述模式和方法，对CQZJ物流公司向现代物流(第三方物流)企业的转型进行了战略分析，并以它的一个分公司为试点，提出了业务流程重组和组织重组的策略，并对CQZJ物流公司的信息系统进行了规划。
In 1962, Peter Drucker, the famous master of economics and management, presents definitely that logistics was the last area for decreasing cost in his paper Economy's Dark Continent published in fortune. For 40 years, the concept of logistics was expanded continually and more and more attentions were paid on it. Especially from middle of 1980's to this day, with the increase of economic globalization and development of the information technology, more and more enterprises go back to their main businesses, and pay their points on these businesses such as product development, manufacture, marketing, which are their core businesses and they are good at. These businesses embody the competitive advantages of the enterprises. Experts and enterprises do not argue of the importance of the logistics management superficially. Instead, they begin to research the mode of logistics management, whether the enterprises transact the logistics themselves or contract it out to the enterprises which expert in logistics management. In this way, third party logistics (TPL) is appeared and become the keystone of research and practice of logistics with the time escaping. In developed counties, advancing enterprises have realized the mode of TPL, while it still at the phase of commencement in china. Compared with developed countries, there are great gap between them. After china entered WTO, there are many problems which are worthy of research and practice, such as, which way should be selected and what tactics should be taken by logistics enterprises?
Under this condition, this paper analyses the development of third-part logistics and its operational management in developed countries. Integrated with the present condition and environment of TPL in China, author complete the following research work., At first, based on the concept of TPL and relative theory and technology, author issue his/her opinion on TPL. Secondly, with SWOT analysis method, author analyses the decision-making tactic for enterprises to implement TPL; based on the binary decision-making criterion developed by Ballow, author present the essential mode of decision-making on logistics, and analyses several operational management mode of TPL
-the specialization and individuation operational mode based on core competitive
ability, the conformity mode based on supply chain, virtual business mode based on modem electronic technology, and integrated logistics agent mode. And then, in the view of logistics, author analyses the principle abided by TPL enterprises in the process of
reengineering the process of logistic business, analysing and designing the structure of TPL enterprises based on reengineering the process of manufacture and business. Further more, author study the design mode of information management system for TPL, comparing and analysing typical information management system for logistics.
At last, using the mode and method mentioned above, author analyses the transformation of CQZJ from a general logistics enterprise to modem one (TPL). Based on a branch of CQZJ, author presents the tactic for business process reengineering and structure reorganizing, and completes the planning for CQZJ's information system.
鉴于此，本文分析了发达国家第三方物流事业的发展及其第三方物流运作管理的经验，结合中国物流行业的现状和环境，进行了如下研究：首先，基于第三方物流的基本概念及相关理论与技术方面，提出了关于第三方物流的见解；其次，应用SWOT分析方法分析了企业实施第三方物流的战略决策，研究了基于Ballow开发的TPL二维决策标准，提出了第三方物流战略决策基本模式，剖析了几种第三方物流的运作管理模式，即：基于核心能力的专业化和个性化运作模式、基于供应链管理的整合运作模式、基于现代电子信息技术的虚拟经营模式和综合物流代理模式；然后，从物流的角度，分析了第三方物流企业在物流流程重组的过程中应注重的原则，从而以物流重组生产流程，重组物流业务流程，对第三方物流企业的组织结构进行了分析与设计；进而对第三方物流信息管理系统方案设计模式进行了研究，对当前典型的物流信息系统方案进行了比较与分析。
最后，应用上述模式和方法，对CQZJ物流公司向现代物流(第三方物流)企业的转型进行了战略分析，并以它的一个分公司为试点，提出了业务流程重组和组织重组的策略，并对CQZJ物流公司的信息系统进行了规划。
In 1962, Peter Drucker, the famous master of economics and management, presents definitely that logistics was the last area for decreasing cost in his paper Economy's Dark Continent published in fortune. For 40 years, the concept of logistics was expanded continually and more and more attentions were paid on it. Especially from middle of 1980's to this day, with the increase of economic globalization and development of the information technology, more and more enterprises go back to their main businesses, and pay their points on these businesses such as product development, manufacture, marketing, which are their core businesses and they are good at. These businesses embody the competitive advantages of the enterprises. Experts and enterprises do not argue of the importance of the logistics management superficially. Instead, they begin to research the mode of logistics management, whether the enterprises transact the logistics themselves or contract it out to the enterprises which expert in logistics management. In this way, third party logistics (TPL) is appeared and become the keystone of research and practice of logistics with the time escaping. In developed counties, advancing enterprises have realized the mode of TPL, while it still at the phase of commencement in china. Compared with developed countries, there are great gap between them. After china entered WTO, there are many problems which are worthy of research and practice, such as, which way should be selected and what tactics should be taken by logistics enterprises?
Under this condition, this paper analyses the development of third-part logistics and its operational management in developed countries. Integrated with the present condition and environment of TPL in China, author complete the following research work., At first, based on the concept of TPL and relative theory and technology, author issue his/her opinion on TPL. Secondly, with SWOT analysis method, author analyses the decision-making tactic for enterprises to implement TPL; based on the binary decision-making criterion developed by Ballow, author present the essential mode of decision-making on logistics, and analyses several operational management mode of TPL
-the specialization and individuation operational mode based on core competitive
ability, the conformity mode based on supply chain, virtual business mode based on modem electronic technology, and integrated logistics agent mode. And then, in the view of logistics, author analyses the principle abided by TPL enterprises in the process of
reengineering the process of logistic business, analysing and designing the structure of TPL enterprises based on reengineering the process of manufacture and business. Further more, author study the design mode of information management system for TPL, comparing and analysing typical information management system for logistics.
At last, using the mode and method mentioned above, author analyses the transformation of CQZJ from a general logistics enterprise to modem one (TPL). Based on a branch of CQZJ, author presents the tactic for business process reengineering and structure reorganizing, and completes the planning for CQZJ's information system.
引文
[1] 骆温平编著．物流与供应链管理．电子工业出版社．2002年
[2] 叶谷松．季建华．浅议第三方物流．机械工程学报．2002．1
[3] The use of third party logistics services: a Malaysian perspective, Technovation, May, 2003
[4] 安岗整理．什么是第三方物流 http://mount8848.vip.sina.com
[5] 牛鱼龙．第三方物流模式与运作．海天出版社．2003年
[6] 徐天亮．马永光．我国第三方物流的现状及发展思路．中国物流与采购 2002．10
[7] James C. Johnson, Contemporary Logistics,Prentice-Hall, 1998
[8] Robert B. Handfield, Supply Chain Management,Prentice-Hall, 1996
[9] Russell A. Gilmore, Third Party Logistics,Prentice-Hall, 1998
[10] 彭望勤．上海建立物流基地初探．国际产业技术．1998第158号
[11] 张学艺．供应链管理在我国连锁经营配送中的应用．物流技术．1998．6
[12] 骆温平．第三方物流理论、操作与案例．上海社会科学出版社．2001年
[13] 董大海．战略管理．大连理工大学出版社．2001年
[14] 郝聚民．第三方物流．四川人民出版社．2002
[15] The impact of operating environment on the formation of cooperative logistics relationships, Transportation Research Part E:Logistics and Transportation Review, March, 1997
[16] 刘志学．龚凤美．关于大规模定制物流的思考．物流技术．2003．1
[17] 陈亚绒译．陈方建校．一种集成的MRP与JIT结构．物流技术．2003．2
[18] An evaluation of freight consolidation policies in global third party logistics, Omega, February, 2003
[19] 王岳峰．谢如鹤．供应链管理述略．物流技术．2002．12
[20] Towards better coordinate of the supply chain, Transportation Research Part E:Logistics and Transportation Review, March, 2001
[21] 蒋贵善．王东华等．生产与运作管理．大连理工大学出版社．1998年
[22] Jan B. Barney, Gaining and Sustainig Competitive Advantage, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1997
[23] A lemons market? An incentive scheme to induce truth-telling in third party logistics providers, European Journal of Operational Research, September, 2000
[24] 尤安军．庄玉良．第三方物流决策专家系统初探．物流技术．2002．2
[25] 刘立喜．第三方物流的产生、发展及其运作方式．http://www.ec56.com/field/theoty_show
[26] 郑晓娣．季建华．供应链思想与第三方物流http://www.shts.org/New_Folder
[27] Logistics Strategy, Organizational Design, and Performance in a Cross-Border Environment, Transportation Research Part E:Logistics and Transportation Review, March, 1998
[28] Strategic development of third party logistics providers, Industrial Marketing Management, February, 2003
[29] 田宇．虚拟企业物流研究．http://www.elogistics.com.cn/hx/b/b4_12.htm
[30] 王继祥．虚拟经营模式．http://www.e3356.com.cn
[31] 高丽英．黄湘民．发展适合中国国情的第三方物流．http://www.e3356.com/infor/subjectlist
[32] Case Study: Material requirement planning and the supply chain at Alenia Aircraft, European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management,March, 1997
[33] 汤银英．周勇．基于BPR理论的企业重组．物流技术．2003．1
[34] 王之泰．物流再造生产流程与福特制．物流技术．2002．9
[35] 刘丽文．生产与运作管理．清华大学出版社．1998年
[36] 宋承嗣．龙子泉．用价值工程理论重构供应链．物流技术．2002．12
[37] 张和平．张显东．需求链优化设计的原则与方法．物流技术．2002．11
[38] A supply chain model of vendor managed inventory, Transportation Research Part E:Logistics and Transportation Review, April, 2002,
[39] An integrated inventory model for a single vendor and multiple buyers with ordering cost reduction, Internatikonal Journal of Production Economics,October,2001
[40] Case study: Organizing for order-based logistics, European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, September, 1994
[41] Stephen P. Robbins, Organization Behavior, Prentice Hall,1997
[42] 罗云．面向电子商务的现代物流管理信息系统的开发．物流技术．2002．12
[43] 现代物流发展的国际趋势．www.China logistics source.com
[44] 王微．现代信息技术革命与物流产业的发展趋势．物流技术．2003．1
[45] 吴耀华．王莹．等．现代物流技术的研究现状及发展趋势．机械工程学报．2001．3
[46] 陈柳钦．现代物流信息管理系统的构建．www.ekun.com.cn
[47] The e-supply chain portal: a core business model, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, March, 2003
[48] Business-to-business data sharing: A source for integration of supply chains, International Journal of Production Economics, January, 2002
[49] 周城．物流信息化解决方案．四川人民出版社．2002年
[50] Gary P. Schneider, James T. Perry, Electronic Commerce, China Machine Press, 2000
[51] 李海俊．陈三宝．基于多层C／S模式的数据库管理系统在物流企业的应用研究．物流技术．2002．5
[52] 田俊峰．薄云．基于外购模式的物流管理信息系统．物流技术．2002．5
[53] Roses dawson, Developing Knowledge-based Client, Publishing House of Electronic Industry,2002
[54] 秦明森．物流作业优化方法．中国物资出版社．2003年
[55] Integrating the warehousing and transportation functions of the supply chain, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review March, 2003
[2] 叶谷松．季建华．浅议第三方物流．机械工程学报．2002．1
[3] The use of third party logistics services: a Malaysian perspective, Technovation, May, 2003
[4] 安岗整理．什么是第三方物流 http://mount8848.vip.sina.com
[5] 牛鱼龙．第三方物流模式与运作．海天出版社．2003年
[6] 徐天亮．马永光．我国第三方物流的现状及发展思路．中国物流与采购 2002．10
[7] James C. Johnson, Contemporary Logistics,Prentice-Hall, 1998
[8] Robert B. Handfield, Supply Chain Management,Prentice-Hall, 1996
[9] Russell A. Gilmore, Third Party Logistics,Prentice-Hall, 1998
[10] 彭望勤．上海建立物流基地初探．国际产业技术．1998第158号
[11] 张学艺．供应链管理在我国连锁经营配送中的应用．物流技术．1998．6
[12] 骆温平．第三方物流理论、操作与案例．上海社会科学出版社．2001年
[13] 董大海．战略管理．大连理工大学出版社．2001年
[14] 郝聚民．第三方物流．四川人民出版社．2002
[15] The impact of operating environment on the formation of cooperative logistics relationships, Transportation Research Part E:Logistics and Transportation Review, March, 1997
[16] 刘志学．龚凤美．关于大规模定制物流的思考．物流技术．2003．1
[17] 陈亚绒译．陈方建校．一种集成的MRP与JIT结构．物流技术．2003．2
[18] An evaluation of freight consolidation policies in global third party logistics, Omega, February, 2003
[19] 王岳峰．谢如鹤．供应链管理述略．物流技术．2002．12
[20] Towards better coordinate of the supply chain, Transportation Research Part E:Logistics and Transportation Review, March, 2001
[21] 蒋贵善．王东华等．生产与运作管理．大连理工大学出版社．1998年
[22] Jan B. Barney, Gaining and Sustainig Competitive Advantage, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1997
[23] A lemons market? An incentive scheme to induce truth-telling in third party logistics providers, European Journal of Operational Research, September, 2000
[24] 尤安军．庄玉良．第三方物流决策专家系统初探．物流技术．2002．2
[25] 刘立喜．第三方物流的产生、发展及其运作方式．http://www.ec56.com/field/theoty_show
[26] 郑晓娣．季建华．供应链思想与第三方物流http://www.shts.org/New_Folder
[27] Logistics Strategy, Organizational Design, and Performance in a Cross-Border Environment, Transportation Research Part E:Logistics and Transportation Review, March, 1998
[28] Strategic development of third party logistics providers, Industrial Marketing Management, February, 2003
[29] 田宇．虚拟企业物流研究．http://www.elogistics.com.cn/hx/b/b4_12.htm
[30] 王继祥．虚拟经营模式．http://www.e3356.com.cn
[31] 高丽英．黄湘民．发展适合中国国情的第三方物流．http://www.e3356.com/infor/subjectlist
[32] Case Study: Material requirement planning and the supply chain at Alenia Aircraft, European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management,March, 1997
[33] 汤银英．周勇．基于BPR理论的企业重组．物流技术．2003．1
[34] 王之泰．物流再造生产流程与福特制．物流技术．2002．9
[35] 刘丽文．生产与运作管理．清华大学出版社．1998年
[36] 宋承嗣．龙子泉．用价值工程理论重构供应链．物流技术．2002．12
[37] 张和平．张显东．需求链优化设计的原则与方法．物流技术．2002．11
[38] A supply chain model of vendor managed inventory, Transportation Research Part E:Logistics and Transportation Review, April, 2002,
[39] An integrated inventory model for a single vendor and multiple buyers with ordering cost reduction, Internatikonal Journal of Production Economics,October,2001
[40] Case study: Organizing for order-based logistics, European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, September, 1994
[41] Stephen P. Robbins, Organization Behavior, Prentice Hall,1997
[42] 罗云．面向电子商务的现代物流管理信息系统的开发．物流技术．2002．12
[43] 现代物流发展的国际趋势．www.China logistics source.com
[44] 王微．现代信息技术革命与物流产业的发展趋势．物流技术．2003．1
[45] 吴耀华．王莹．等．现代物流技术的研究现状及发展趋势．机械工程学报．2001．3
[46] 陈柳钦．现代物流信息管理系统的构建．www.ekun.com.cn
[47] The e-supply chain portal: a core business model, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, March, 2003
[48] Business-to-business data sharing: A source for integration of supply chains, International Journal of Production Economics, January, 2002
[49] 周城．物流信息化解决方案．四川人民出版社．2002年
[50] Gary P. Schneider, James T. Perry, Electronic Commerce, China Machine Press, 2000
[51] 李海俊．陈三宝．基于多层C／S模式的数据库管理系统在物流企业的应用研究．物流技术．2002．5
[52] 田俊峰．薄云．基于外购模式的物流管理信息系统．物流技术．2002．5
[53] Roses dawson, Developing Knowledge-based Client, Publishing House of Electronic Industry,2002
[54] 秦明森．物流作业优化方法．中国物资出版社．2003年
[55] Integrating the warehousing and transportation functions of the supply chain, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review March, 2003