Web环境下信息可视化模型研究
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摘要
“一幅图胜过万语千言”,信息可视化技术使人们可以通过观看可视化的图形图像获取信息的内涵和潜在结构,这大大降低了人的认知负担,大量成熟的信息可视化技术已经涌现出来,许多面向信息可视化的应用系统都开始出现,但将信息可视化技术应用于Web还处于初始阶段。Web作为最大范围的信息共享、信息交流与协作的平台,为应用和普及信息可视化技术提供了巨大的舞台。而要将信息可视化技术应用于Web环境,则需要解决许多相关问题：该把信息可视化技术用在Web的哪些范围；应该采用何种实现方法具体实施；如何解决多用户协作可视化问题。本文围绕这些问题,并结合国家自然科学基金项目课题“我国数字化信息资源管理的可视化模型研究”进行了Web环境下信息可视化模型研究,研究成果包括如下六个方面。
(1)以“信息构建”为视角构建了Web信息可视化模型(第2章)
在解决信息可视化技术在Web上的适用范围时,本文选取“信息构建”作为研究视角,以Web2.0作为研究背景,构建了Web信息可视化模型。该模型融合了信息可视化过程的核心步骤,将信息构建理论中的信息空间、功能系统(导航、组织、标引和检索)引入其中,通过五个映射层(功能空间映射、可视化空间映射、可视化映射、视图映射和交互映射)和六个空间层(角色空间、Web信息空间、功能空间、可视化信息空间、可视化对象空间、可视化视图空间),描述了以信息构建中用户体验模型为目标的可视化应用构建过程。Web2.0理念也被引入该模型,这主要体现在信息构建中信息空间的划分上,划分出三类Web信息空间：微信息空间、中信息空间和宏信息空间,为可视化提供信息内容。
本文给出了Web信息可视化的实证研究“大学信息库”,对大学信息的采集、组织、导航、标引及可视化进行了详细的论述,提出了大学关联网的采集方法及节点重要度隐喻方法。
(2)提出了Web信息可视化的三种实现方式(第2章)
在解决如何将信息可视化技术在Web上实施的问题时,本文根据功能组件在浏览器端及服务器端部署方式的不同,划分了三种实现方式：可视化结果传输型、可视化程序组件加载型和本地可视化运行型。其中又将可视化结果传输型划分为传输结果图像和传输结果描述文件两类。并从“运行时”“功能部署”“数据传输”“交互性”四个角度对三种实现方式进行了分析比较。
(3)采用Ajax技术完善了多视图协调可视化模型(第3章)
首先界定了多视图协调可视化的内容,总结了三种视图生成策略：替换、复制和重叠。分析了多视图之间的关系,划分了直接操纵、间接操纵两种多视图交互操纵技术。介绍了“以数据为中心”和“基于MVC模式”的两类多视图协调可视化模型,对模型的结构和机理进行了阐释。
在解决如何在Web上实现多视图协调可视化的问题时,提出了基于Ajax的多视图协调模型,该模型能够解决浏览器端可视化视图异构及互操作问题,能保证视图与服务器协调交互时Web页面不重复刷新。
(4)探讨了采用Web服务技术构建信息可视化应用的方法(第4章)
介绍了两类不同风格Web服务：传统基于SOAP的Web服务以及REST风格的Web服务,并给出了二者的特点和区别以及适用情境。
提出了信息可视化Web服务的分解方法,即按照可视化流程分解为：数据采集服务、数据处理服务、可视化映射服务,其中可视化映射服务是核心。
介绍了Web服务组配方法以及成熟的信息可视化服务,对Google Chart和Google可视化API进行了介绍。并给出了一个以关键词推荐为背景的可视化服务的具体实现,提出了基于电阻距离的椭圆隐喻可视化方法。
(5)提出了信息可视化协作模型(第5章)
在解决Web环境下信息可视化协作的问题上,本文借鉴了计算机支持协同工作CSCW的定义、概念、模型和方法,提出信息可视化协作是CSCW的特殊形式,其特殊点在于协作过程中是以信息可视化的五个原子任务组成,且任务执行具有清晰的顺序性及迭代特征。
在此基础上,对信息可视化流程进行了修正,添加了“数据采集”和“可视化分析”两个步骤,构建了包含五类基本元素(对象、角色、参与者、任务、组)及各元素间相互关系的信息可视化协作模型,并在分析协作感知的过程中强调了可视化技术的重要作用,提出了“协作感知可视化”的概念。
以协作范围和协作关系紧密程度为依据,对Web信息可视化协作进行了分类。并针对同步功能的实现问题,总结了三种支持Web可视化同步协作的技术：浏览器端套接口、Comet和HTML 5 Web Socket。
(6)构建了Web信息可视化原型系统——InfoVisModel(第6章)
本文进行了Web信息可视化的实践,开发了基于Web的信息资源可视化检索系统(InfoVisModel)。该系统采用了多种可视化技术,通过信息资源采集、信息资源标引、信息资源检索、可视化展示四个功能模块,实现了文本信息、图像信息、音频信息的可视化检索。
"A picture is worth a thousand words". Information visualization makes it easy to acquire the semantics and latent structure of information in visual way, which greatly alleviate human cognitive load. Many information visualization technologies have been developed and applied to applications of different fields. But most of them are desktop application and applying the technologies to World Wide Web is promising because web is the biggest platform for people to sharing information, communicating and collaborating globally. Web provides a wide context for people to utilize information visualization technology. In order to develop information visualization application on the web, several issues have to be think about, that is where the information visualization technology can be used, how to implement it and how to support information visualization collaboration with other users. Based on the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China in the project of "information visualization model research on information resource management", the dissertation tries to solve these problems and the research results list below:
1) A web information architecture based information visualization model is presented.
"information architecture, IA" are taken as the view of the range for information visualization technology to apply, and based on the Web2.0, a information visualization model is presented. By adding the concept of information space in IA and four functional module of navigating, organizing, labeling and searching, through five mapping layers of function space mapping, visualization space mapping, visualization mapping, view mapping and interaction mapping, and six space layers of role space, web information space, function space, visualization information space, visualization object space and view space, this model describes the components of information visualization as well as the relationship among them under the goal of user experience defined in IA. The characteristic of Web 2.0 is mainly embodied in the classification of information space:micro information space, median information space and macro information space, which make up the whole information space.
This paper gives a case study about the database of university in China. A method of getting university association network and a way of information visualization by methor of node importance by calculation of PageRank.
2) Three implementing architectures of web information visualization are presented.
In resolving the problem of how to implement the information visualization application, three architectures are presented. According to the different ways of deployment of visualization functional components in the browser client and server-side, three styles are mentioned:the style of transmitting visualization results, the style of loading visualization program component and the style of running locally. They are compared in four aspects of runtime, visualization function deployment, data transmission and interaction.
3) Coordinated & multiple views information visualization model is improved by utilizing Aj ax technology.
At first the content of coordinated & multiple views information visualization are presented. Three strategies of generation of views:replace, duplicate and override are summarized. By analyzing the relationship between multiple views, two kinds of multiple views manipulation technique are introduced:direct manipulation and indirect manipulate. Two style of method of modeling coordinated & multiple views information visualization of data centric and MVC design pattern based are described.
In the settlement of how to implement multiple views visualization, an Ajax-based model is presented. This model could solve the coordination and interoperability issues among the browser-side heterogeneous views. This model ensures that web page will refresh on demand when browser-side coordinating with the server.
4) The methods of how to construct information visualization application with web services are investigated.
Two classes of web services are SOAP based and RESTful. They are introduced and compared in fifth chapter. This chapter solves the problem of how to break down visualization application into web service by giving three functional web services of data collecting service, data processing service and visualization mapping service.
Google chart and Google visualization API, as two powerful information visualization web serviced, are introduced in detail. I also present a case study by implementing keyword recommendation visualization as web service, which utilize a resistance distance based and ellipse base information visualization method.
5) An information visualization collaboration model is constructed.
By drawing on the definitions, concepts, models and methods of CSCW, information visualization collaboration can be treated as the special form of CSCW. The special points are that the collaborative process of information visualization is based on five atom visualization tasks, and the process is in order as well as iterative.
On this basis, through revising information visualization process by add two important stages of data collection and visualization analysis an information visualization collaboration model is constructed and the concept of "collaborative awareness visualization" is presented. The model contains five fundamental elements of object, role, actor, task and group as well as the relations between them.
Four class of web-based information visualization collaboration are given by two dimensions of closeness among actors and the amount of actors in collaboration. To achieve synchronization of web information visualization collaboration, three technologies are proposed:a browser client socket, Comet and HTML 5 Web Socket.
6) InfoVisModel:A prototype of Web based information visualization system is implemented.
In the prototype, the main function is retrieval oriented. Three modules of text visualization retrieval, image visualization retrieval and music visualization retrieval are constructed by procedure of four steps:information resource collecting, information resource indexing, information resource retrieving and information resource visualization.
(1)以“信息构建”为视角构建了Web信息可视化模型(第2章)
在解决信息可视化技术在Web上的适用范围时,本文选取“信息构建”作为研究视角,以Web2.0作为研究背景,构建了Web信息可视化模型。该模型融合了信息可视化过程的核心步骤,将信息构建理论中的信息空间、功能系统(导航、组织、标引和检索)引入其中,通过五个映射层(功能空间映射、可视化空间映射、可视化映射、视图映射和交互映射)和六个空间层(角色空间、Web信息空间、功能空间、可视化信息空间、可视化对象空间、可视化视图空间),描述了以信息构建中用户体验模型为目标的可视化应用构建过程。Web2.0理念也被引入该模型,这主要体现在信息构建中信息空间的划分上,划分出三类Web信息空间：微信息空间、中信息空间和宏信息空间,为可视化提供信息内容。
本文给出了Web信息可视化的实证研究“大学信息库”,对大学信息的采集、组织、导航、标引及可视化进行了详细的论述,提出了大学关联网的采集方法及节点重要度隐喻方法。
(2)提出了Web信息可视化的三种实现方式(第2章)
在解决如何将信息可视化技术在Web上实施的问题时,本文根据功能组件在浏览器端及服务器端部署方式的不同,划分了三种实现方式：可视化结果传输型、可视化程序组件加载型和本地可视化运行型。其中又将可视化结果传输型划分为传输结果图像和传输结果描述文件两类。并从“运行时”“功能部署”“数据传输”“交互性”四个角度对三种实现方式进行了分析比较。
(3)采用Ajax技术完善了多视图协调可视化模型(第3章)
首先界定了多视图协调可视化的内容,总结了三种视图生成策略：替换、复制和重叠。分析了多视图之间的关系,划分了直接操纵、间接操纵两种多视图交互操纵技术。介绍了“以数据为中心”和“基于MVC模式”的两类多视图协调可视化模型,对模型的结构和机理进行了阐释。
在解决如何在Web上实现多视图协调可视化的问题时,提出了基于Ajax的多视图协调模型,该模型能够解决浏览器端可视化视图异构及互操作问题,能保证视图与服务器协调交互时Web页面不重复刷新。
(4)探讨了采用Web服务技术构建信息可视化应用的方法(第4章)
介绍了两类不同风格Web服务：传统基于SOAP的Web服务以及REST风格的Web服务,并给出了二者的特点和区别以及适用情境。
提出了信息可视化Web服务的分解方法,即按照可视化流程分解为：数据采集服务、数据处理服务、可视化映射服务,其中可视化映射服务是核心。
介绍了Web服务组配方法以及成熟的信息可视化服务,对Google Chart和Google可视化API进行了介绍。并给出了一个以关键词推荐为背景的可视化服务的具体实现,提出了基于电阻距离的椭圆隐喻可视化方法。
(5)提出了信息可视化协作模型(第5章)
在解决Web环境下信息可视化协作的问题上,本文借鉴了计算机支持协同工作CSCW的定义、概念、模型和方法,提出信息可视化协作是CSCW的特殊形式,其特殊点在于协作过程中是以信息可视化的五个原子任务组成,且任务执行具有清晰的顺序性及迭代特征。
在此基础上,对信息可视化流程进行了修正,添加了“数据采集”和“可视化分析”两个步骤,构建了包含五类基本元素(对象、角色、参与者、任务、组)及各元素间相互关系的信息可视化协作模型,并在分析协作感知的过程中强调了可视化技术的重要作用,提出了“协作感知可视化”的概念。
以协作范围和协作关系紧密程度为依据,对Web信息可视化协作进行了分类。并针对同步功能的实现问题,总结了三种支持Web可视化同步协作的技术：浏览器端套接口、Comet和HTML 5 Web Socket。
(6)构建了Web信息可视化原型系统——InfoVisModel(第6章)
本文进行了Web信息可视化的实践,开发了基于Web的信息资源可视化检索系统(InfoVisModel)。该系统采用了多种可视化技术,通过信息资源采集、信息资源标引、信息资源检索、可视化展示四个功能模块,实现了文本信息、图像信息、音频信息的可视化检索。
"A picture is worth a thousand words". Information visualization makes it easy to acquire the semantics and latent structure of information in visual way, which greatly alleviate human cognitive load. Many information visualization technologies have been developed and applied to applications of different fields. But most of them are desktop application and applying the technologies to World Wide Web is promising because web is the biggest platform for people to sharing information, communicating and collaborating globally. Web provides a wide context for people to utilize information visualization technology. In order to develop information visualization application on the web, several issues have to be think about, that is where the information visualization technology can be used, how to implement it and how to support information visualization collaboration with other users. Based on the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China in the project of "information visualization model research on information resource management", the dissertation tries to solve these problems and the research results list below:
1) A web information architecture based information visualization model is presented.
"information architecture, IA" are taken as the view of the range for information visualization technology to apply, and based on the Web2.0, a information visualization model is presented. By adding the concept of information space in IA and four functional module of navigating, organizing, labeling and searching, through five mapping layers of function space mapping, visualization space mapping, visualization mapping, view mapping and interaction mapping, and six space layers of role space, web information space, function space, visualization information space, visualization object space and view space, this model describes the components of information visualization as well as the relationship among them under the goal of user experience defined in IA. The characteristic of Web 2.0 is mainly embodied in the classification of information space:micro information space, median information space and macro information space, which make up the whole information space.
This paper gives a case study about the database of university in China. A method of getting university association network and a way of information visualization by methor of node importance by calculation of PageRank.
2) Three implementing architectures of web information visualization are presented.
In resolving the problem of how to implement the information visualization application, three architectures are presented. According to the different ways of deployment of visualization functional components in the browser client and server-side, three styles are mentioned:the style of transmitting visualization results, the style of loading visualization program component and the style of running locally. They are compared in four aspects of runtime, visualization function deployment, data transmission and interaction.
3) Coordinated & multiple views information visualization model is improved by utilizing Aj ax technology.
At first the content of coordinated & multiple views information visualization are presented. Three strategies of generation of views:replace, duplicate and override are summarized. By analyzing the relationship between multiple views, two kinds of multiple views manipulation technique are introduced:direct manipulation and indirect manipulate. Two style of method of modeling coordinated & multiple views information visualization of data centric and MVC design pattern based are described.
In the settlement of how to implement multiple views visualization, an Ajax-based model is presented. This model could solve the coordination and interoperability issues among the browser-side heterogeneous views. This model ensures that web page will refresh on demand when browser-side coordinating with the server.
4) The methods of how to construct information visualization application with web services are investigated.
Two classes of web services are SOAP based and RESTful. They are introduced and compared in fifth chapter. This chapter solves the problem of how to break down visualization application into web service by giving three functional web services of data collecting service, data processing service and visualization mapping service.
Google chart and Google visualization API, as two powerful information visualization web serviced, are introduced in detail. I also present a case study by implementing keyword recommendation visualization as web service, which utilize a resistance distance based and ellipse base information visualization method.
5) An information visualization collaboration model is constructed.
By drawing on the definitions, concepts, models and methods of CSCW, information visualization collaboration can be treated as the special form of CSCW. The special points are that the collaborative process of information visualization is based on five atom visualization tasks, and the process is in order as well as iterative.
On this basis, through revising information visualization process by add two important stages of data collection and visualization analysis an information visualization collaboration model is constructed and the concept of "collaborative awareness visualization" is presented. The model contains five fundamental elements of object, role, actor, task and group as well as the relations between them.
Four class of web-based information visualization collaboration are given by two dimensions of closeness among actors and the amount of actors in collaboration. To achieve synchronization of web information visualization collaboration, three technologies are proposed:a browser client socket, Comet and HTML 5 Web Socket.
6) InfoVisModel:A prototype of Web based information visualization system is implemented.
In the prototype, the main function is retrieval oriented. Three modules of text visualization retrieval, image visualization retrieval and music visualization retrieval are constructed by procedure of four steps:information resource collecting, information resource indexing, information resource retrieving and information resource visualization.
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