厦门外来物种入侵风险评估研究
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摘要
在全球范围内,生物入侵已成为21世纪最棘手的环境问题之一,它是继生境破坏之后的严重影响生物多样性的第二大威胁因素,而对岛屿型生态系统而言,外来物种入侵更是岛屿生物多样性丧失的最重要因素。外来物种的成功入侵,常常会造成入侵地生态系统、生物多样性的破坏,社会经济乃至人群健康的巨大损失。
我国幅员辽阔,拥有丰富的生态系统多样性,外来物种在不同生态系统的入侵危害状况有着巨大的差别。当前从国家到地方,针对外来物种管理的法律法规以及可依据的风险评估的方法研究仍不完善,现有的法律法规及风险评估工具大多针对全国生物入侵的整体情况,虽然对地方外来物种的管理具有指导和框架作用,但存在针对性差,难以付诸实际应用的问题。而针对某一地方生态系统或行政管理辖区的,以生态环境保护为目的的外来物种入侵风险研究仍较为缺乏。
厦门作为我国东南沿海的海湾型生态城市,海岛型生态系统等特点使得其特别容易遭受外来物种入侵,面临严峻的生物入侵形势,地方外来物种管理者亟需有效的风险评估工具及相应的法律制度来应对外来物种的引入及管理。本文根据厦门市生物入侵现状及当地外来物种管理者的需求,系统地开展了厦门市外来生物入侵风险研究,主要的研究结论如下:
(1)通过对生物入侵过程的探讨和研究,从外来物种(生态环境保护领域)及有害生物(检疫领域)两个范畴及其相互关联的角度对外来入侵物种的内涵及其相关的术语和定义进行了系统的分析、归纳和阐释。
(2)对厦门市外来植物的入侵现状进行了调查和分析,识别整理了目前厦门地区主要的外来入侵植物(13种)及潜在的外来入侵植物(51种),共计64种外来植物名录及其在厦门的主要分布情况。
(3)基于对完整的生物入侵过程及其各阶段关键特性的分析和探讨,提出了外来物种风险评估指标框架;根据厦门市的区域生态系统特点、外来植物入侵现状以及地方生物入侵管理事务的需求,应用这一指标框架,构建了适应厦门地区的外来植物入侵风险评估指标体系。由于包括了“引入型的评估指标体系”和“存在型的评估指标体系”两套评价指标,该评估体系可同时满足地方外来物种管理者对预防高入侵风险的外来植物的引入以及对已定殖的外来物种实施管理两方面的需要。50种在本地及周边区域代表不同危害及影响程度的外来植物物种被用于对指标体系的验证评价,评价结果与外来物种的实际危害情况相符合。根据评价结果确定了厦门市外来植物的引入风险分级标准。
(4)采用所构建的厦门外来植物入侵风险评估指标体系(引入型的评估指标体系)对2007年厦门环东海域海岸带红树林生态恢复种植工程拟引入的两种红树植物一无瓣海桑和拉贡木的引入风险进行实例评估分析。结论为:无瓣海桑风险分值42(41),拉贡木风险分值40(36.5),风险等级为“具有一定的风险,需要获取相关信息进一步加以研究或应采取相应的防范监控措施”。评估结果为厦门市湿地红树林生态恢复工程的外来植物引种提供了有价值的参考和相应的管控建议。
(5)探讨了环境影响评价工具应用于外来物种引入风险评估的可行性,并提出了应用于外来物种引入的环境影响评价的基本程序、评价内容及相应的要求。
(6)通过对国内当前外来物种的法律法规及管理现状的研究和分析,提出厦门市外来物种立法和管理的对策及建议:包括地方外来物种法规及管理体制的完善及具体管理制度的健全,为当地生物入侵的管理和决策提供了有益的参考。
Bio-invasion is one of the most significant global environmental issues in 21~(st) century, and it becomes the second leading threat to biodiversity next to habitat losses, particularly to an island type ecosystem. Successful bio-invasion will cause serious ecosystem damage, biodiversity reduction and losses of the social economy and public health.
China, with a vast territory, possesses of abundant ecosystem diversity, there are significant difference in the effects of alien species among different ecosystems. Nowadays, from the central to the local government, it is far form perfect in the special laws and regulations as well as the risk assessment research related to the management of alien species. Current regulations and risk assessment tools mostly aim at the whole national circumstance of bio-invasion. Although they can provide the guidance and framework, They do not offer the practical tools for the local management of alien species. And there are very few of case studies about the alien species risk assessment aiming at ecosystem protection on the local scale, such as local ecosystem or administrative area.
Xiamen, as a gulf-typed eco-city in the southeast coast of China, is particularly vulnerable to bio-invasion for its typical island ecosystem and other attributes. Facing to the serious bio-invasion situation, effective risk assessment tool and relevant legislation for introduced alien species and their management are urgently needed by the local decision-makers. Based on the status quo of bio-invasion in Xiamen as well as the requirement of the local managers, this thesis will conduct systematically research on the risk assessment for the alien species. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) Based on the discussion and research of the the bio-invasion process, the connotation and definition of "alien invasive species" and other relevant glossaries have been systematically analyzed, classified and explained from the aspects of alien species and pest categories and their relationship.
(2) Based on the investigation and analysis of the status quo of bio-invasion in Xiamen, a list of alien plants togethered with their distribution identified as major invaders (13 species) and emerging invaders (55 species) has been compiled.
(3) Based on the analysis of the integrated bio-invasion process and the attributes of each stage of this process, a risk assessment framework for alien species has been proposed. Considering the characteristics of the ecosystem, status quo of alien plants invasion and the requirement of the local manager, a risk assessment indicator system for alien plants in Xiamen has also been established on the basis of the framework. The assessment system can meet the requirements of the policy-makers in preventing the introduction of high-risk species and the management of established alien species, since it has been designed to consist of two parts: "Introduced type risk assessment system" and "Existence type risk assessment system". 50 well-known species, which represent different degree of hazards and impacts in the local and adjacent areas, has been chosen as candidates for the validation of the proposed risk assessment system, and it works well, since the results of the assessment basically accord with the actual hazards caused by these plants. According to the result, the risk rank of the introduced alien plants in Xiamen has been determined.
(4) Using the established "Introduced type risk assessment system", we assessed the introduced risk for two species of mangrove plants, Sonneratia apetala and Laguncularia racemosa, which were planned to be introduced for Coastal Zone Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration Project along east sea area of Xiamen in 2007. The results are as follows: Sonneratia apetala gained the risk values of 42(41), and Laguncularia racemosa as 40(36.5), they all been ranked as "Represents certain risk, gaining relevant information for further research or taking some measures for prevention and supervision is needed". This work can provide the valuable consultation and relevant control proposition for the introduced plants in the Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration Project in Xiamen.
(5) After discussing the feasibility of applying environment impact assessment (EIA) as a tool in the risk assessment of introduced species, we proposed the procedures, contents and relevant requirements in EIA for alien species risk assessment.
(6) On the basis of the research and analysis on the current situation of the relevant laws and regulations and bio-invasion management in China, recommendation and countermeasures for legislation and management on alien species in Xiamen has been proposed, which involves enacting a special law or regulation, strengthening the management constitution and establishing the concrete management systems. These propositions would provide useful consultation for the local bio-invasion management and dicision-making.
我国幅员辽阔,拥有丰富的生态系统多样性,外来物种在不同生态系统的入侵危害状况有着巨大的差别。当前从国家到地方,针对外来物种管理的法律法规以及可依据的风险评估的方法研究仍不完善,现有的法律法规及风险评估工具大多针对全国生物入侵的整体情况,虽然对地方外来物种的管理具有指导和框架作用,但存在针对性差,难以付诸实际应用的问题。而针对某一地方生态系统或行政管理辖区的,以生态环境保护为目的的外来物种入侵风险研究仍较为缺乏。
厦门作为我国东南沿海的海湾型生态城市,海岛型生态系统等特点使得其特别容易遭受外来物种入侵,面临严峻的生物入侵形势,地方外来物种管理者亟需有效的风险评估工具及相应的法律制度来应对外来物种的引入及管理。本文根据厦门市生物入侵现状及当地外来物种管理者的需求,系统地开展了厦门市外来生物入侵风险研究,主要的研究结论如下:
(1)通过对生物入侵过程的探讨和研究,从外来物种(生态环境保护领域)及有害生物(检疫领域)两个范畴及其相互关联的角度对外来入侵物种的内涵及其相关的术语和定义进行了系统的分析、归纳和阐释。
(2)对厦门市外来植物的入侵现状进行了调查和分析,识别整理了目前厦门地区主要的外来入侵植物(13种)及潜在的外来入侵植物(51种),共计64种外来植物名录及其在厦门的主要分布情况。
(3)基于对完整的生物入侵过程及其各阶段关键特性的分析和探讨,提出了外来物种风险评估指标框架;根据厦门市的区域生态系统特点、外来植物入侵现状以及地方生物入侵管理事务的需求,应用这一指标框架,构建了适应厦门地区的外来植物入侵风险评估指标体系。由于包括了“引入型的评估指标体系”和“存在型的评估指标体系”两套评价指标,该评估体系可同时满足地方外来物种管理者对预防高入侵风险的外来植物的引入以及对已定殖的外来物种实施管理两方面的需要。50种在本地及周边区域代表不同危害及影响程度的外来植物物种被用于对指标体系的验证评价,评价结果与外来物种的实际危害情况相符合。根据评价结果确定了厦门市外来植物的引入风险分级标准。
(4)采用所构建的厦门外来植物入侵风险评估指标体系(引入型的评估指标体系)对2007年厦门环东海域海岸带红树林生态恢复种植工程拟引入的两种红树植物一无瓣海桑和拉贡木的引入风险进行实例评估分析。结论为:无瓣海桑风险分值42(41),拉贡木风险分值40(36.5),风险等级为“具有一定的风险,需要获取相关信息进一步加以研究或应采取相应的防范监控措施”。评估结果为厦门市湿地红树林生态恢复工程的外来植物引种提供了有价值的参考和相应的管控建议。
(5)探讨了环境影响评价工具应用于外来物种引入风险评估的可行性,并提出了应用于外来物种引入的环境影响评价的基本程序、评价内容及相应的要求。
(6)通过对国内当前外来物种的法律法规及管理现状的研究和分析,提出厦门市外来物种立法和管理的对策及建议:包括地方外来物种法规及管理体制的完善及具体管理制度的健全,为当地生物入侵的管理和决策提供了有益的参考。
Bio-invasion is one of the most significant global environmental issues in 21~(st) century, and it becomes the second leading threat to biodiversity next to habitat losses, particularly to an island type ecosystem. Successful bio-invasion will cause serious ecosystem damage, biodiversity reduction and losses of the social economy and public health.
China, with a vast territory, possesses of abundant ecosystem diversity, there are significant difference in the effects of alien species among different ecosystems. Nowadays, from the central to the local government, it is far form perfect in the special laws and regulations as well as the risk assessment research related to the management of alien species. Current regulations and risk assessment tools mostly aim at the whole national circumstance of bio-invasion. Although they can provide the guidance and framework, They do not offer the practical tools for the local management of alien species. And there are very few of case studies about the alien species risk assessment aiming at ecosystem protection on the local scale, such as local ecosystem or administrative area.
Xiamen, as a gulf-typed eco-city in the southeast coast of China, is particularly vulnerable to bio-invasion for its typical island ecosystem and other attributes. Facing to the serious bio-invasion situation, effective risk assessment tool and relevant legislation for introduced alien species and their management are urgently needed by the local decision-makers. Based on the status quo of bio-invasion in Xiamen as well as the requirement of the local managers, this thesis will conduct systematically research on the risk assessment for the alien species. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) Based on the discussion and research of the the bio-invasion process, the connotation and definition of "alien invasive species" and other relevant glossaries have been systematically analyzed, classified and explained from the aspects of alien species and pest categories and their relationship.
(2) Based on the investigation and analysis of the status quo of bio-invasion in Xiamen, a list of alien plants togethered with their distribution identified as major invaders (13 species) and emerging invaders (55 species) has been compiled.
(3) Based on the analysis of the integrated bio-invasion process and the attributes of each stage of this process, a risk assessment framework for alien species has been proposed. Considering the characteristics of the ecosystem, status quo of alien plants invasion and the requirement of the local manager, a risk assessment indicator system for alien plants in Xiamen has also been established on the basis of the framework. The assessment system can meet the requirements of the policy-makers in preventing the introduction of high-risk species and the management of established alien species, since it has been designed to consist of two parts: "Introduced type risk assessment system" and "Existence type risk assessment system". 50 well-known species, which represent different degree of hazards and impacts in the local and adjacent areas, has been chosen as candidates for the validation of the proposed risk assessment system, and it works well, since the results of the assessment basically accord with the actual hazards caused by these plants. According to the result, the risk rank of the introduced alien plants in Xiamen has been determined.
(4) Using the established "Introduced type risk assessment system", we assessed the introduced risk for two species of mangrove plants, Sonneratia apetala and Laguncularia racemosa, which were planned to be introduced for Coastal Zone Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration Project along east sea area of Xiamen in 2007. The results are as follows: Sonneratia apetala gained the risk values of 42(41), and Laguncularia racemosa as 40(36.5), they all been ranked as "Represents certain risk, gaining relevant information for further research or taking some measures for prevention and supervision is needed". This work can provide the valuable consultation and relevant control proposition for the introduced plants in the Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration Project in Xiamen.
(5) After discussing the feasibility of applying environment impact assessment (EIA) as a tool in the risk assessment of introduced species, we proposed the procedures, contents and relevant requirements in EIA for alien species risk assessment.
(6) On the basis of the research and analysis on the current situation of the relevant laws and regulations and bio-invasion management in China, recommendation and countermeasures for legislation and management on alien species in Xiamen has been proposed, which involves enacting a special law or regulation, strengthening the management constitution and establishing the concrete management systems. These propositions would provide useful consultation for the local bio-invasion management and dicision-making.
引文
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