基于耦合度的虚拟企业自组织研究
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摘要
网络经济下的企业表现为松散联盟,这种经济组织为虚拟企业,虚拟企业动态地响应市场机遇。研究发现虚拟企业在复杂多变的外部环境下的运营与组织过程印非全周期也非全随机式。探索虚拟企业形成过程的‘实存'与‘演进'问题成为该论文研究主要焦点。研究虚拟企业的动态变化规律:形成的条件、机理和动因,有利于清晰的认识当前快速增长的虚拟企业;有利于对虚拟企业进行有效管理,并按其发展规律实施政策和创造外部有利环境。提高虚拟企业的自组织性是现代虚拟企业环境的客观要求和虚拟企业生存的必然选择。有利于我国企业在由“世界工厂”向产品设计和品牌价值角色转型、参与供应链上的竞争和管理。
耗散结构理论在自然科学中的应用较为普遍,在社会和经济领域的应用也亦然。复杂科学研究中的理论与研究学科领域无关只与研究的复杂程度有关。复杂系统研究的普适性为本研究提供了理论支持。
本项目把系统科学的自组织理论与现代虚拟企业管理相结合,运用虚拟企业有代表性的500强企业数据,研究在现代虚拟企业管理中如何运用系统自组织理论提高虚拟企业的自组织性。将耗散结构理论引入虚拟企业管理中,就是管理耗散。根据熵增原理,任何虚拟企业组织管理的政策、体制、文化等因素在运营过程中,都会伴随有效能量的逐步减少,无效能逐渐增加的情况。这种情况会使虚拟企业逐渐向无效,无序和混乱的方向运行。进行组织的再造和管理的创新,形成管理耗散结构,让组织有序度的增加大于自身无序度的增加,虚拟企业系统负熵增加大于正熵增加,进而形成新的有序结构和产生新的能量。虚拟企业管理的实质是一个增加负熵和建立耗散结构的过程。
本项目创新点一:对虚拟企业的藕合度进行界定;
本课题借用了耦合度这一名词,作为成员因素的衡量评价标准。关于虚拟企业伙伴选择的评价指标,本课题定义耦合度为对成员同协同运作程度的度量,并总结前人的理论或实践作为依据,总结出耦合度所包含的四个属性:一致性、共享性,灵活性与互补性。难度在于研究耦合度各属性指标内容与确定方法。
创新点二:分析虚拟企业的规模边界问题;
本课题分析了虚拟企业边界的影响因素,将其分为成员与环境两大因素,从关系论与系统论的角度指出核心企业的协调力与控制力,优势资源与核心能力以及组织柔性与相容性是成员因素的主要成份;对环境因素的分析则仅考察了市场因素:规模、成本与周期。
本课题以“耦合度”指标考量成员间的相互作用,研究成员问合作产生的能量高低对“组织熵”的影响。度量由组织对环境应对能力,从而找到最佳合作伙伴与规模,即虚拟企业的最佳规模边界。
创新点三:对虚拟企业自组织中的序参量进行界定和测定;
本课题利用500强企业作为典型试验结果的分析中,发现了具有典型性虚拟企业特征的功能状态参数,找出了典型企业的在演进过程中的稳定态、非稳定态和远离平衡态的属性;测度外部熵增对企业的影响,进而发现虚拟企业的序参量。以使其衡长发展。
创新点四:供应链管理机制探索研究;
探索虚拟企业在供应链上的自组织实现机制。利用世界500强数据对假设进行了检验。利用利丰集团案例阐明虚拟企业管理问题。在多Agent的虚拟企业管理中,核心企业的管理者角色的认定问题。建立了500强监测数据库系统,并开发了虚拟企业自组织的决策支持系统。
The enterprise under cybereconomy shows loose alliance,that is virtual enterprise which responses to market opportunity dynamiclly.Exploring operation and organization process of virtual enterprises under the complex outer environment is neither full-cycle nor full-random. This thesis focuses on exploring the existence and evolution problem in the forming process of virtual enterprise.Studying the dynamic laws of virtual enterprise:formation condition, mechanism,and cause,can help people recognize virtual enterprise with rapid growth;can help people manage virtual enterprise effectlly.and implement plicy and creat positive environment according its laws.Enhancing the self-organization of virtual enterprise is the objective demand of modern virtual enterprise environment and the necessary choice for survive.It can help enterprises in China change their role from“world factory”to product design and brand value and participate the compete and manage in supply chain.
Cybereconomy is the product of IT development in recent years.Both research depth and research systematic reflect from the existing reference books show their limits in content, especially the methods combined with multi-sciences theory,which needs to be researched further.
Dissipativity structure theory is widely applied both in natural science and social and economic fields.The theory in complex science study has no relation with science field,but relates to the degree of complexity.The university of complex system research provides theoretical supports for this research.
This project combines self-organized theory in system science and modern virtual enterprise management,and explores how to use system self-organized theory to enhance self-organized degree of virtual enterprise.Applying dissipative structure theory into virtual enterprise management is managerial dissipativity.According to the principle of entropy increase,the elements,such as policy,system,and culture,of any virtual enterprise management often accompany with the phenomenon of effective energy decreasing gradually and ineffective energy increasing gradually in the process of operation.This phenomenon will lead to an ineffective,disorder and confused state.The managerial dissipative structure makes the increase of organization order degree greater than disorder degree;and increase of negative entropy greater than positive entropy,so as to form new order structure and new energy.The essence of virtual enterprise management is a process of increasing negative entropy and establishing dissipative structure.
The project has four innovation ideas.
1.Defining the coupling degree of virtual enterprise.
This project applies the item“coupling degree”as the assessment criterions of member factors.As for the assessment criterions of partner selection,this project defines coupling degree as the measurement of cooperation degree among members,uses preceding theory and practice for reference,and summarizes the four properties of coupling degree:consistency, sharing,flexibility and complementarity.This difficulty is exploring the contents and determination of the four properties.
2.Analyzing the grey boundary problem of virtual enterprise.
This project uses“coupling degree”to measure the interaction among members,explores the relationship between prosperity and coupling degree,studies how the energy,developed from the cooperation,influences“organization entropy”,measures the ability of organization, so as to find the perfect cooperative partner and scope,that is,optimum scope boundary.
3.Defining and measuring the parameters of virtual enterprise self-organization.
This project uses self-organized theory to explore stability,non-stability and far from the balance state of virtual enterprise,measures how external entropy increase influences enterprise,so as to discover order parameter,which improve enterprise long-term development.
4.Exploring management mechanism of supply chain
This project explores self-organization and its realizing mechanism of virtual enterprise in supply chain,uses the data of the 500 strong enterprises in the world to test the hypothesis, and applies the case of Lifung Group to explain the problem of virtual enterprise management.
耗散结构理论在自然科学中的应用较为普遍,在社会和经济领域的应用也亦然。复杂科学研究中的理论与研究学科领域无关只与研究的复杂程度有关。复杂系统研究的普适性为本研究提供了理论支持。
本项目把系统科学的自组织理论与现代虚拟企业管理相结合,运用虚拟企业有代表性的500强企业数据,研究在现代虚拟企业管理中如何运用系统自组织理论提高虚拟企业的自组织性。将耗散结构理论引入虚拟企业管理中,就是管理耗散。根据熵增原理,任何虚拟企业组织管理的政策、体制、文化等因素在运营过程中,都会伴随有效能量的逐步减少,无效能逐渐增加的情况。这种情况会使虚拟企业逐渐向无效,无序和混乱的方向运行。进行组织的再造和管理的创新,形成管理耗散结构,让组织有序度的增加大于自身无序度的增加,虚拟企业系统负熵增加大于正熵增加,进而形成新的有序结构和产生新的能量。虚拟企业管理的实质是一个增加负熵和建立耗散结构的过程。
本项目创新点一:对虚拟企业的藕合度进行界定;
本课题借用了耦合度这一名词,作为成员因素的衡量评价标准。关于虚拟企业伙伴选择的评价指标,本课题定义耦合度为对成员同协同运作程度的度量,并总结前人的理论或实践作为依据,总结出耦合度所包含的四个属性:一致性、共享性,灵活性与互补性。难度在于研究耦合度各属性指标内容与确定方法。
创新点二:分析虚拟企业的规模边界问题;
本课题分析了虚拟企业边界的影响因素,将其分为成员与环境两大因素,从关系论与系统论的角度指出核心企业的协调力与控制力,优势资源与核心能力以及组织柔性与相容性是成员因素的主要成份;对环境因素的分析则仅考察了市场因素:规模、成本与周期。
本课题以“耦合度”指标考量成员间的相互作用,研究成员问合作产生的能量高低对“组织熵”的影响。度量由组织对环境应对能力,从而找到最佳合作伙伴与规模,即虚拟企业的最佳规模边界。
创新点三:对虚拟企业自组织中的序参量进行界定和测定;
本课题利用500强企业作为典型试验结果的分析中,发现了具有典型性虚拟企业特征的功能状态参数,找出了典型企业的在演进过程中的稳定态、非稳定态和远离平衡态的属性;测度外部熵增对企业的影响,进而发现虚拟企业的序参量。以使其衡长发展。
创新点四:供应链管理机制探索研究;
探索虚拟企业在供应链上的自组织实现机制。利用世界500强数据对假设进行了检验。利用利丰集团案例阐明虚拟企业管理问题。在多Agent的虚拟企业管理中,核心企业的管理者角色的认定问题。建立了500强监测数据库系统,并开发了虚拟企业自组织的决策支持系统。
The enterprise under cybereconomy shows loose alliance,that is virtual enterprise which responses to market opportunity dynamiclly.Exploring operation and organization process of virtual enterprises under the complex outer environment is neither full-cycle nor full-random. This thesis focuses on exploring the existence and evolution problem in the forming process of virtual enterprise.Studying the dynamic laws of virtual enterprise:formation condition, mechanism,and cause,can help people recognize virtual enterprise with rapid growth;can help people manage virtual enterprise effectlly.and implement plicy and creat positive environment according its laws.Enhancing the self-organization of virtual enterprise is the objective demand of modern virtual enterprise environment and the necessary choice for survive.It can help enterprises in China change their role from“world factory”to product design and brand value and participate the compete and manage in supply chain.
Cybereconomy is the product of IT development in recent years.Both research depth and research systematic reflect from the existing reference books show their limits in content, especially the methods combined with multi-sciences theory,which needs to be researched further.
Dissipativity structure theory is widely applied both in natural science and social and economic fields.The theory in complex science study has no relation with science field,but relates to the degree of complexity.The university of complex system research provides theoretical supports for this research.
This project combines self-organized theory in system science and modern virtual enterprise management,and explores how to use system self-organized theory to enhance self-organized degree of virtual enterprise.Applying dissipative structure theory into virtual enterprise management is managerial dissipativity.According to the principle of entropy increase,the elements,such as policy,system,and culture,of any virtual enterprise management often accompany with the phenomenon of effective energy decreasing gradually and ineffective energy increasing gradually in the process of operation.This phenomenon will lead to an ineffective,disorder and confused state.The managerial dissipative structure makes the increase of organization order degree greater than disorder degree;and increase of negative entropy greater than positive entropy,so as to form new order structure and new energy.The essence of virtual enterprise management is a process of increasing negative entropy and establishing dissipative structure.
The project has four innovation ideas.
1.Defining the coupling degree of virtual enterprise.
This project applies the item“coupling degree”as the assessment criterions of member factors.As for the assessment criterions of partner selection,this project defines coupling degree as the measurement of cooperation degree among members,uses preceding theory and practice for reference,and summarizes the four properties of coupling degree:consistency, sharing,flexibility and complementarity.This difficulty is exploring the contents and determination of the four properties.
2.Analyzing the grey boundary problem of virtual enterprise.
This project uses“coupling degree”to measure the interaction among members,explores the relationship between prosperity and coupling degree,studies how the energy,developed from the cooperation,influences“organization entropy”,measures the ability of organization, so as to find the perfect cooperative partner and scope,that is,optimum scope boundary.
3.Defining and measuring the parameters of virtual enterprise self-organization.
This project uses self-organized theory to explore stability,non-stability and far from the balance state of virtual enterprise,measures how external entropy increase influences enterprise,so as to discover order parameter,which improve enterprise long-term development.
4.Exploring management mechanism of supply chain
This project explores self-organization and its realizing mechanism of virtual enterprise in supply chain,uses the data of the 500 strong enterprises in the world to test the hypothesis, and applies the case of Lifung Group to explain the problem of virtual enterprise management.
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