南黄海微微型浮游生物时空分布及主要影响因素研究
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摘要
本文针对南黄海微微型浮游生物群落的时空分布及影响因素进行研究，主要讨论了聚球藻、微微型真核藻和异养细菌的分布情况。本研究主要涉及8个航次，包括：2006年8月、2007年1月、2007年4月、2007年11月、2008年2月、2008年8月、2010年8月和2011年8月。在运用流式细胞技术的基础上，获取和分析了南黄海的三种微微型浮游生物丰度，并结合主要的环境影响因素，探讨了微微型浮游生物在南黄海的分布特征。本研究拟通过分析季节和年际变化，揭示微微型浮游生物在南黄海的分布情况及其主要影响因素，为深入研究南黄海微微型浮游生物群落的长期变化奠定基础，为南黄海海洋生态系统动态变化机制的进一步研究、生物资源的持续利用以及生态环境保护措施的制订等提供数据支持。本研究主要结果如下：
1.阐明微微型浮游生物在南黄海的丰度和分布情况。
微微型浮游生物丰度随四季变化呈现出明显的波动。聚球藻的平均丰度季节变化特征为夏季>秋季>冬季>春季；微微型真核藻平均丰度的季节变化特征是春季>夏季>秋季=冬季；异养细菌平均丰度的季节变化特征是夏季>秋季>春季>冬季。聚球藻的最高丰度出现在2006年夏季航次，为91.3×104cells/mL；微微型真核藻的最高丰度出现在2007年春季航次，为6.4×104cells/mL；异养细菌的最高丰度出现在2007年秋季航次，为946.1×104cells/mL。各个季节不同水层的微微型浮游生物分布特征相对多变。多数情况下微微型浮游生物的水平分布表层和10m特征比较接近。08年夏季，微微型浮游生物在海区南部都有明显的高丰度，受长江冲淡水影响明显。断面分布体现出明显的随水文特征变化的特点，聚球藻和微微型真核藻在夏秋两季都分布被限制在温跃层以上；春冬两季上下水层温差降低，温跃层消失，上下水层混合比较均匀。异养细菌的分布规律性不强，偶尔也会受到冷水团的影响。另外，春季微微型浮游生物的平面分布和断面分布都能发现黄海暖流带来的影响。
2.分析了环境因素对微微型浮游生物分布的影响。
温度随季节变化为微微型浮游生物带来最为直接的影响，使它们有着明显的季节变化特征。受到低温的影响，在南黄海并未发现大量的原绿球藻。同时温度也决定着微微型浮游生物的局部分布特征，夏秋两季的海水垂直分层现象主要是由温度差异引起的。这种垂直的分层现象将微微型浮游生物隔离在温跃层以上。而春秋两季由于海水上下混合较为均匀，微微型浮游生物分布的隔离现象消失。盐度与微微型浮游生物没有直接的联系，但是它和温度共同体现了冲淡水入海和海流入侵的情况。2007年数据显示，春季有携带高温高盐海水的海流从调查海区东南部向西北部入侵，受其影响，微微型浮游生物沿其路径表现出了较高的丰度。而2008年海区南部受到冲淡水的影响，三种微微型浮游生物的丰度都明显的较高，且沿冲淡水的扩散方向分布。营养盐对光合型微微型浮游生物的影响体现在局部范围。这主要是由于陆源营养盐的补充，使得在整体分布上其浓度往往达不到限制的程度。2006-2007年春夏两季在海区垂直方向出现了明显的磷酸盐限制区域，并阻断了高丰度的聚球藻和微微型真核藻向南部的扩散。光照和浊度同样也会影响到光合型微微型浮游生物的分布，使它们集中在真光层以上，并且有着相似的光适应机制，即通过色素含量的增加来补偿深海中弱光带来的有效光辐射的不足。另外，溶解氧等其他环境因素也对微微型浮游生物的分布有不同程度的影响。
3.微微型浮游生物与分级叶绿素a的关系。
描述了南黄海四季的总叶绿素a在各水层特征：春季高浓度集中在海区东北部和近岸区，与微微型浮游生物分布特征相近；夏季高浓度位于海区南部的长江影响区域；秋季和冬季的高浓度主要集中在山东半岛南部海域。南黄海叶绿素a季节变化依次为夏季（1.4mg/m3）>秋季（1.3mg/m3）>春季（0.99mg/m3）>冬季（0.98mg/m3）。
结合总叶绿素a和分级叶绿素a的分布特征，讨论了微微型浮游生物在南黄海对叶绿素的贡献。结果是春季占总量的33%，夏季占35%，秋季占31%，冬季占25%。而在南黄海中心海域，微微型浮游生物对叶绿素a的贡献更大，微微型光合浮游生物对叶绿素a的贡献分别能够达到48%（春季），58%（夏季），40%（秋季），73%（冬季）。
The distribution of the picoplankton community in the south Yellow Sea,including Synechococcus, picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic bacteria was studiedbased on samples collected during eight cruises in August2006, January2007, April2007, November2007, February2008, August2008, August2010and August2011.Plankton abundance was acquired and analyzed using flow cytometry method. Thecorrelation between the distribution of plankton abundance and enviromental factorswas also discussed in this paper. The major objective of this paper is to reveal theinfluence factors on seasonal and interannual variation of picoplankton in southernYellow Sea. This research can provide fundamental data and basic information for thefurther study on large marine ecosysterm of Yellow Sea.
The main results of this study are as follows:
1. The abundance and distribution of picoplankton in the south Yellow Sea.
Picoplankton abundance has obvious seasonal change. The average abundance ofSynechococcus in each season has a rule with: summer> autumn> spring> winter.The rule of average picoeukayotes abundance is: summer> spring> autumn=winter.And the rule of the average abundance of heterotrophic bacteria is summer> autumn>spring> winter.
As the data shows, the highest abundance of Synchococcus is91.3×104cells/mLin summer2006, the highest abundance of picoplankton is6.4×104cells/mL in spring2007, and the highest abundance of heterotrophic bacteria is946.1×104cells/mL inautumn2007, respectively. The picoplankton distribution has different rules in eachseason, but in most case the distribution of surface and10m is similar. Thedistribution of vertical section reflects the feature as hydrological features changing.In summer and autumn, they are limited above the thermocline. While in spring and winter, the abundance mixed well in upper and lower layers with the seawaterstratification becoming waker. The distribution of heterotrophic bacteria is relativelyless influenced by the seawater stratification. In addition, there are also some tracksinfluenced by ocean currents in spring.
2. The effects of environmental factors on distribution of picoplankton.
Temperature is one of the main factors which can affect the abundance ofpicoplankton. With the effect of low temperature, the Prochlorococcus could not befound in the south Yellow Sea. At the same time, temperature could determine theregional distribution characteristics of picoplankton. In summer and autumn, theseawater vertical stratification was forming as the increase of surface temperature.Picoplankton was isolated above the thermocline by vertical stratification. Thisphenomen was disappeared as the seawater stratification fading away.
Salinity did not have obvious influence on picoplankton, but it could reflect theinvasion of diluted water and ocean currents. Combining with temperature data, theocean currence water with high temperature and high salinity could be found invadingfrom northwest, in spring2007. Along its diffusion path, the abundance ofpicopankton was relatively high. And in August2008, picoplankton distributed alongthe diffusion direction of diluted water, and their abundance was also relatively high.
The concentration of nutrients from terrestrial injection was so high that thelimitation of nutrients only emerged in some local scope. In July2006and April2007,there were some obvious areas with limitation of phosphate in the vertical directionand the spread of phytoplankton was blocked by the low concentration of phosphate.
Light and turbidity could also affect the distribution of phytoplankton.Phytoplankton had the similar mechanism of light adaptation to make up for the shortof light in deeper layer, and the pigment content increased for photosynthesisradiation as the light became weaker. In addition, the effects of other environmentalfactors, such as dissolved oxygen, were also discussed in this study.
3. The relationship between picoplankton and chlorophyll a classification.
The distribution of chlorophyll a in different layer had similar rules. Theseasonal distribution of chlorophyll a was as follows: the high concentration of it was in the northeast area and coastal area, which was similar with the distributioncharacteristics of picoplankton in spring. In summer, high concentration appeared inthe southern part of the research area influenced by the Changjiang River and inautumn and winter the high concentrations mainly distributed at the south ofShandong peninsula. The seasonal variation of chlorophyll a was summer (1.4mg/m3)> autumn (1.3mg/m3)> spring (0.99mg/m3)> winter (0.98mg/m3).
Size-fractionated chlorophyll a reflected the contributon of plankton inparticle-size spectra. The contribution of picoplankton to total chlorophyll a was33%in spring,35%in summer,31%in autumn and25%in winter. While in the centralmass of Yellow Sea, the contribution was48%in spring,58%in summer,40%inautumn and73%in winter.
1.阐明微微型浮游生物在南黄海的丰度和分布情况。
微微型浮游生物丰度随四季变化呈现出明显的波动。聚球藻的平均丰度季节变化特征为夏季>秋季>冬季>春季；微微型真核藻平均丰度的季节变化特征是春季>夏季>秋季=冬季；异养细菌平均丰度的季节变化特征是夏季>秋季>春季>冬季。聚球藻的最高丰度出现在2006年夏季航次，为91.3×104cells/mL；微微型真核藻的最高丰度出现在2007年春季航次，为6.4×104cells/mL；异养细菌的最高丰度出现在2007年秋季航次，为946.1×104cells/mL。各个季节不同水层的微微型浮游生物分布特征相对多变。多数情况下微微型浮游生物的水平分布表层和10m特征比较接近。08年夏季，微微型浮游生物在海区南部都有明显的高丰度，受长江冲淡水影响明显。断面分布体现出明显的随水文特征变化的特点，聚球藻和微微型真核藻在夏秋两季都分布被限制在温跃层以上；春冬两季上下水层温差降低，温跃层消失，上下水层混合比较均匀。异养细菌的分布规律性不强，偶尔也会受到冷水团的影响。另外，春季微微型浮游生物的平面分布和断面分布都能发现黄海暖流带来的影响。
2.分析了环境因素对微微型浮游生物分布的影响。
温度随季节变化为微微型浮游生物带来最为直接的影响，使它们有着明显的季节变化特征。受到低温的影响，在南黄海并未发现大量的原绿球藻。同时温度也决定着微微型浮游生物的局部分布特征，夏秋两季的海水垂直分层现象主要是由温度差异引起的。这种垂直的分层现象将微微型浮游生物隔离在温跃层以上。而春秋两季由于海水上下混合较为均匀，微微型浮游生物分布的隔离现象消失。盐度与微微型浮游生物没有直接的联系，但是它和温度共同体现了冲淡水入海和海流入侵的情况。2007年数据显示，春季有携带高温高盐海水的海流从调查海区东南部向西北部入侵，受其影响，微微型浮游生物沿其路径表现出了较高的丰度。而2008年海区南部受到冲淡水的影响，三种微微型浮游生物的丰度都明显的较高，且沿冲淡水的扩散方向分布。营养盐对光合型微微型浮游生物的影响体现在局部范围。这主要是由于陆源营养盐的补充，使得在整体分布上其浓度往往达不到限制的程度。2006-2007年春夏两季在海区垂直方向出现了明显的磷酸盐限制区域，并阻断了高丰度的聚球藻和微微型真核藻向南部的扩散。光照和浊度同样也会影响到光合型微微型浮游生物的分布，使它们集中在真光层以上，并且有着相似的光适应机制，即通过色素含量的增加来补偿深海中弱光带来的有效光辐射的不足。另外，溶解氧等其他环境因素也对微微型浮游生物的分布有不同程度的影响。
3.微微型浮游生物与分级叶绿素a的关系。
描述了南黄海四季的总叶绿素a在各水层特征：春季高浓度集中在海区东北部和近岸区，与微微型浮游生物分布特征相近；夏季高浓度位于海区南部的长江影响区域；秋季和冬季的高浓度主要集中在山东半岛南部海域。南黄海叶绿素a季节变化依次为夏季（1.4mg/m3）>秋季（1.3mg/m3）>春季（0.99mg/m3）>冬季（0.98mg/m3）。
结合总叶绿素a和分级叶绿素a的分布特征，讨论了微微型浮游生物在南黄海对叶绿素的贡献。结果是春季占总量的33%，夏季占35%，秋季占31%，冬季占25%。而在南黄海中心海域，微微型浮游生物对叶绿素a的贡献更大，微微型光合浮游生物对叶绿素a的贡献分别能够达到48%（春季），58%（夏季），40%（秋季），73%（冬季）。
The distribution of the picoplankton community in the south Yellow Sea,including Synechococcus, picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic bacteria was studiedbased on samples collected during eight cruises in August2006, January2007, April2007, November2007, February2008, August2008, August2010and August2011.Plankton abundance was acquired and analyzed using flow cytometry method. Thecorrelation between the distribution of plankton abundance and enviromental factorswas also discussed in this paper. The major objective of this paper is to reveal theinfluence factors on seasonal and interannual variation of picoplankton in southernYellow Sea. This research can provide fundamental data and basic information for thefurther study on large marine ecosysterm of Yellow Sea.
The main results of this study are as follows:
1. The abundance and distribution of picoplankton in the south Yellow Sea.
Picoplankton abundance has obvious seasonal change. The average abundance ofSynechococcus in each season has a rule with: summer> autumn> spring> winter.The rule of average picoeukayotes abundance is: summer> spring> autumn=winter.And the rule of the average abundance of heterotrophic bacteria is summer> autumn>spring> winter.
As the data shows, the highest abundance of Synchococcus is91.3×104cells/mLin summer2006, the highest abundance of picoplankton is6.4×104cells/mL in spring2007, and the highest abundance of heterotrophic bacteria is946.1×104cells/mL inautumn2007, respectively. The picoplankton distribution has different rules in eachseason, but in most case the distribution of surface and10m is similar. Thedistribution of vertical section reflects the feature as hydrological features changing.In summer and autumn, they are limited above the thermocline. While in spring and winter, the abundance mixed well in upper and lower layers with the seawaterstratification becoming waker. The distribution of heterotrophic bacteria is relativelyless influenced by the seawater stratification. In addition, there are also some tracksinfluenced by ocean currents in spring.
2. The effects of environmental factors on distribution of picoplankton.
Temperature is one of the main factors which can affect the abundance ofpicoplankton. With the effect of low temperature, the Prochlorococcus could not befound in the south Yellow Sea. At the same time, temperature could determine theregional distribution characteristics of picoplankton. In summer and autumn, theseawater vertical stratification was forming as the increase of surface temperature.Picoplankton was isolated above the thermocline by vertical stratification. Thisphenomen was disappeared as the seawater stratification fading away.
Salinity did not have obvious influence on picoplankton, but it could reflect theinvasion of diluted water and ocean currents. Combining with temperature data, theocean currence water with high temperature and high salinity could be found invadingfrom northwest, in spring2007. Along its diffusion path, the abundance ofpicopankton was relatively high. And in August2008, picoplankton distributed alongthe diffusion direction of diluted water, and their abundance was also relatively high.
The concentration of nutrients from terrestrial injection was so high that thelimitation of nutrients only emerged in some local scope. In July2006and April2007,there were some obvious areas with limitation of phosphate in the vertical directionand the spread of phytoplankton was blocked by the low concentration of phosphate.
Light and turbidity could also affect the distribution of phytoplankton.Phytoplankton had the similar mechanism of light adaptation to make up for the shortof light in deeper layer, and the pigment content increased for photosynthesisradiation as the light became weaker. In addition, the effects of other environmentalfactors, such as dissolved oxygen, were also discussed in this study.
3. The relationship between picoplankton and chlorophyll a classification.
The distribution of chlorophyll a in different layer had similar rules. Theseasonal distribution of chlorophyll a was as follows: the high concentration of it was in the northeast area and coastal area, which was similar with the distributioncharacteristics of picoplankton in spring. In summer, high concentration appeared inthe southern part of the research area influenced by the Changjiang River and inautumn and winter the high concentrations mainly distributed at the south ofShandong peninsula. The seasonal variation of chlorophyll a was summer (1.4mg/m3)> autumn (1.3mg/m3)> spring (0.99mg/m3)> winter (0.98mg/m3).
Size-fractionated chlorophyll a reflected the contributon of plankton inparticle-size spectra. The contribution of picoplankton to total chlorophyll a was33%in spring,35%in summer,31%in autumn and25%in winter. While in the centralmass of Yellow Sea, the contribution was48%in spring,58%in summer,40%inautumn and73%in winter.
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