北京实施禁烟政策后部分餐饮场所二手烟暴露评价
|
摘要
背景
餐饮场所二手烟暴露普遍,给公众的健康带来了极大的威胁。国外经验表明无烟立法是消除二手烟危害,保护公众健康的有效措施。2008年奥运会在我国举办,我国公开承诺把这届奥运会办成“无烟奥运”。为了保护公众健康和兑现“无烟奥运”的承诺,2008年3月31日,北京市人民政府公布了《北京市公共场所禁止吸烟范围若干规定》,5月1日开始实施,要求10类场所完全禁止吸烟,5类场所(包括餐饮场所)采取禁烟措施,但可以设立吸烟区。
目的
收集有关北京市餐饮场所禁烟规定执行情况和空气中细颗粒物浓度的信息,以评价《北京市公共场所禁止吸烟范围若干规定》在餐饮场所的执行效果,为制定适合我国国情的餐饮场所禁烟政策提供依据。
方法
通过方便抽样的方法,在考虑不同类型餐饮场所的基础上,适当考虑餐饮场所的禁烟政策和规模,在北京市共选择了94家餐饮场所进行细颗粒物(空气动力学直径≤2.5μg,即PM_(2.5))浓度监测,其中包括了2007年监测过的52家餐饮场所与2006、2007年监测两次的18家餐饮场所。
结果
1)在已公布的42家“无烟餐饮单位”中,39家完全禁烟,3家部分禁烟;在随访52家餐饮场所中,13家完全禁烟,13家部分禁烟。2008年现场观察的52家完全禁烟的餐饮场所中,24.52%存在着违规吸烟现象;15家部分禁烟的餐饮场所中,33.33%非吸烟区有人吸烟:在这些违规吸烟的餐饮场所中,90%以上的餐馆无人劝阻。
2)2008年监测的94家餐馆室内PM_(2.5)浓度平均值为103.89μg/m~3,室外的为87.38μg/m~3。对室内外PM_(2.5)浓度的对数值进行配对t检验,发现室内PM_(2.5)浓度高于室外的。
3) 16家没有禁烟标志的室内PM_(2.5)平均浓度为130.15μg/m~3,78家有禁烟标志的为115.89μg/m~3。协方差分析结果表明,在控制了室外浓度影响后,禁烟标志对室内PM_(2.5)浓度的影响没有统计学差异。
4)协方差分析结果表明,在控制室外浓度影响后,采取了禁烟规定的餐饮乘夷赑M_(2.5)浓度低于无禁烟规定的,但完全禁烟与部分禁烟餐馆的室内浓度之间却没有差别。
5)15家部分禁烟的餐饮场所中,吸烟区与非吸烟完全隔开的餐饮场所室内PM_(2.5)浓度并不比没有隔开的低,使用通风设备的也不比没有使用的低。
6)协方差分析结果表明,在控制了室外浓度的影响后,燃料类型和厨房与餐厅是否完全分开并没有对餐饮场所室内PM_(2.5)浓度产生显著性的影响。
7)对随访调查的52家餐饮场所PM_(2.5)浓度对数值进行协方差分析,结果表明在控制室外PM_(2.5)浓度影响后,2008年餐饮场所的室内PM_(2.5)平均浓度低于2007年的。
8)对随访调查了3年的18家餐饮场所的PM_(2.5)浓度对数值进行协方差分析,结果表明在控制室外PM_(2.5)浓度影响后,三次调查的室内PM_(2.5)平均浓度并没有区别。
结论
本次调查的餐饮场所室内二手烟暴露水平明显降低,但与国际其他类似研究结果有一定的差距,并且没有达到相应的卫生标准要求;北京市餐饮场所禁烟政策的监督力量薄弱,执行力度不够;餐饮单位采取禁烟措施的积极性不高;通风设备等措施不能解决二手烟暴露问题;完全禁烟是消除餐饮场所二手烟危害的关键措施。
Background
Secondhand smoke(SHS) exposure of hospitality venues is prevalent,which has lead to great health hazards.The experience from other countries tells us that smoke-free law is the key to eliminate SHS exposure and protect people from SHS risk.As the host of 2008 Olympic Games,China had made a publicly promise that the Games would be smoke-free.Thus the People's Government of Beijing City promulgated Administrative Regulation about smoke-free rules in public places on 31 March 2008 which came into effect on 1 May 2008.The New Regulation prohibits smoking in 10 categories of public places,but 5 categories of public places,including hospitality venues can keep smoking areas.
Objective
To collect information on the execution of partial smoking-free policy in hospitality venues as well as levels of particulate matters less than 2.5 microns in diameter(PM_(2.5)); To evaluate the effectiveness of partial smoking-free policy in hospitality venues.
Methods
A total number of 94 hospitality venues were conveniently sampled in Beijing, considering the proportion of different types,smoking policy and their holding capacity. The SHS exposure was assessed by observation and measuring the level of particulate matters using TSI Sidepak in these hospitality venues.94 hospitality venues were tested about their PM_(2.5) level in 2008,18 of which were tested for three times,and 52 of which tested for two times,together with another 42 venues which had been promulgated "smoke-free hospitality venues".
Results
1) 39 of smoke-free hospitality venues which had been promulgated completely banned smoking and 3 venues partially banned smoking.13 of Follow-up survey of 52 venues completely banned smoking and 13 venues partially banned smoking.There are 13 venues existing smoking in the 52 completely banned smoking venues conducted in 2008,and 5 venues existing smoking in the 15 partially banned smoking venues. During these venues where people run counter to smoking policy,there were 90%no people stopping it.
2) The average indoor PM_(2.5) level of 94 venues was 103.89μg/m~3,and outdoor 87.38μg/m~3.The average indoor PM_(2.5) level is higher than outdoor.
3) The average indoor PM_(2.5) level of 16 venues with no sign of banning smoking was 130.15μg/m~3,and the other was 115.89μg/m~3.The SHS exposure changed little in the venues with sign of banning smoking comparing with that no smoking banning sign.
4) Analysis of covariance implies that the indoor PM_(2.5) level of completely and partially banning smoking venues was lower than that in the venues with no smoking regulation, however,there was no difference in the indoor PM_(2.5) level between completely and partially banning smoking venues.
5) The indoor PM_(2.5) level has no notable association with the situation about smoking and non-smoking area.The ventilation facilities also can't reduce the SHS exposure.
6) The fuel type and conditions of separation of dinning room from kitchen have on a noticeable influence on the indoor PM_(2.5) level.
7) Evaluation of banning smoking policy in hospitality venues indicates that the indoor PM_(2.5) concentration of 52 venues in 2008 is lower than that in 2007.
8) Analysis of covariance of 18 venues surveying for three years shows that the indoor PM_(2.5) level had changed little in the past three years.
Conclusion
The average indoor PM_(2.5) level of hospitality venues has obviously declined after implementation of Beijing's partial smoke-free policy,but this degree is not so distinct as that of other countries which had done such research,and the average indoor PM_(2.5) concentration higher than the health standard of SHS exposure;The supervision of partial smoke-free policy of hospitality venues in Beijing is weak,and execution is not enough; The proportion of venues which have taken such policy is small;The ventilation facilities can not eliminate the SHS exposure;The smoke-free policy is the key to solve SHS exposure problems.
餐饮场所二手烟暴露普遍,给公众的健康带来了极大的威胁。国外经验表明无烟立法是消除二手烟危害,保护公众健康的有效措施。2008年奥运会在我国举办,我国公开承诺把这届奥运会办成“无烟奥运”。为了保护公众健康和兑现“无烟奥运”的承诺,2008年3月31日,北京市人民政府公布了《北京市公共场所禁止吸烟范围若干规定》,5月1日开始实施,要求10类场所完全禁止吸烟,5类场所(包括餐饮场所)采取禁烟措施,但可以设立吸烟区。
目的
收集有关北京市餐饮场所禁烟规定执行情况和空气中细颗粒物浓度的信息,以评价《北京市公共场所禁止吸烟范围若干规定》在餐饮场所的执行效果,为制定适合我国国情的餐饮场所禁烟政策提供依据。
方法
通过方便抽样的方法,在考虑不同类型餐饮场所的基础上,适当考虑餐饮场所的禁烟政策和规模,在北京市共选择了94家餐饮场所进行细颗粒物(空气动力学直径≤2.5μg,即PM_(2.5))浓度监测,其中包括了2007年监测过的52家餐饮场所与2006、2007年监测两次的18家餐饮场所。
结果
1)在已公布的42家“无烟餐饮单位”中,39家完全禁烟,3家部分禁烟;在随访52家餐饮场所中,13家完全禁烟,13家部分禁烟。2008年现场观察的52家完全禁烟的餐饮场所中,24.52%存在着违规吸烟现象;15家部分禁烟的餐饮场所中,33.33%非吸烟区有人吸烟:在这些违规吸烟的餐饮场所中,90%以上的餐馆无人劝阻。
2)2008年监测的94家餐馆室内PM_(2.5)浓度平均值为103.89μg/m~3,室外的为87.38μg/m~3。对室内外PM_(2.5)浓度的对数值进行配对t检验,发现室内PM_(2.5)浓度高于室外的。
3) 16家没有禁烟标志的室内PM_(2.5)平均浓度为130.15μg/m~3,78家有禁烟标志的为115.89μg/m~3。协方差分析结果表明,在控制了室外浓度影响后,禁烟标志对室内PM_(2.5)浓度的影响没有统计学差异。
4)协方差分析结果表明,在控制室外浓度影响后,采取了禁烟规定的餐饮乘夷赑M_(2.5)浓度低于无禁烟规定的,但完全禁烟与部分禁烟餐馆的室内浓度之间却没有差别。
5)15家部分禁烟的餐饮场所中,吸烟区与非吸烟完全隔开的餐饮场所室内PM_(2.5)浓度并不比没有隔开的低,使用通风设备的也不比没有使用的低。
6)协方差分析结果表明,在控制了室外浓度的影响后,燃料类型和厨房与餐厅是否完全分开并没有对餐饮场所室内PM_(2.5)浓度产生显著性的影响。
7)对随访调查的52家餐饮场所PM_(2.5)浓度对数值进行协方差分析,结果表明在控制室外PM_(2.5)浓度影响后,2008年餐饮场所的室内PM_(2.5)平均浓度低于2007年的。
8)对随访调查了3年的18家餐饮场所的PM_(2.5)浓度对数值进行协方差分析,结果表明在控制室外PM_(2.5)浓度影响后,三次调查的室内PM_(2.5)平均浓度并没有区别。
结论
本次调查的餐饮场所室内二手烟暴露水平明显降低,但与国际其他类似研究结果有一定的差距,并且没有达到相应的卫生标准要求;北京市餐饮场所禁烟政策的监督力量薄弱,执行力度不够;餐饮单位采取禁烟措施的积极性不高;通风设备等措施不能解决二手烟暴露问题;完全禁烟是消除餐饮场所二手烟危害的关键措施。
Background
Secondhand smoke(SHS) exposure of hospitality venues is prevalent,which has lead to great health hazards.The experience from other countries tells us that smoke-free law is the key to eliminate SHS exposure and protect people from SHS risk.As the host of 2008 Olympic Games,China had made a publicly promise that the Games would be smoke-free.Thus the People's Government of Beijing City promulgated Administrative Regulation about smoke-free rules in public places on 31 March 2008 which came into effect on 1 May 2008.The New Regulation prohibits smoking in 10 categories of public places,but 5 categories of public places,including hospitality venues can keep smoking areas.
Objective
To collect information on the execution of partial smoking-free policy in hospitality venues as well as levels of particulate matters less than 2.5 microns in diameter(PM_(2.5)); To evaluate the effectiveness of partial smoking-free policy in hospitality venues.
Methods
A total number of 94 hospitality venues were conveniently sampled in Beijing, considering the proportion of different types,smoking policy and their holding capacity. The SHS exposure was assessed by observation and measuring the level of particulate matters using TSI Sidepak in these hospitality venues.94 hospitality venues were tested about their PM_(2.5) level in 2008,18 of which were tested for three times,and 52 of which tested for two times,together with another 42 venues which had been promulgated "smoke-free hospitality venues".
Results
1) 39 of smoke-free hospitality venues which had been promulgated completely banned smoking and 3 venues partially banned smoking.13 of Follow-up survey of 52 venues completely banned smoking and 13 venues partially banned smoking.There are 13 venues existing smoking in the 52 completely banned smoking venues conducted in 2008,and 5 venues existing smoking in the 15 partially banned smoking venues. During these venues where people run counter to smoking policy,there were 90%no people stopping it.
2) The average indoor PM_(2.5) level of 94 venues was 103.89μg/m~3,and outdoor 87.38μg/m~3.The average indoor PM_(2.5) level is higher than outdoor.
3) The average indoor PM_(2.5) level of 16 venues with no sign of banning smoking was 130.15μg/m~3,and the other was 115.89μg/m~3.The SHS exposure changed little in the venues with sign of banning smoking comparing with that no smoking banning sign.
4) Analysis of covariance implies that the indoor PM_(2.5) level of completely and partially banning smoking venues was lower than that in the venues with no smoking regulation, however,there was no difference in the indoor PM_(2.5) level between completely and partially banning smoking venues.
5) The indoor PM_(2.5) level has no notable association with the situation about smoking and non-smoking area.The ventilation facilities also can't reduce the SHS exposure.
6) The fuel type and conditions of separation of dinning room from kitchen have on a noticeable influence on the indoor PM_(2.5) level.
7) Evaluation of banning smoking policy in hospitality venues indicates that the indoor PM_(2.5) concentration of 52 venues in 2008 is lower than that in 2007.
8) Analysis of covariance of 18 venues surveying for three years shows that the indoor PM_(2.5) level had changed little in the past three years.
Conclusion
The average indoor PM_(2.5) level of hospitality venues has obviously declined after implementation of Beijing's partial smoke-free policy,but this degree is not so distinct as that of other countries which had done such research,and the average indoor PM_(2.5) concentration higher than the health standard of SHS exposure;The supervision of partial smoke-free policy of hospitality venues in Beijing is weak,and execution is not enough; The proportion of venues which have taken such policy is small;The ventilation facilities can not eliminate the SHS exposure;The smoke-free policy is the key to solve SHS exposure problems.
引文
[1]世界卫生组织.世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约缔约方第二届会议甲委员会第一份报告(草案)[EB/OL].(2007)[2008-4-14].
[2]卫生部履行《烟草控制框架公约》领导小组办公室.2007年中国控制吸烟报告[R].北京,2007.
[3]杨功焕,马杰民,刘娜,等.中国人群2002年吸烟和被动吸烟的现状调查[J].中华流行病杂志,2005,26(2):77-83.
[4]Bates M,Fawcett J,Dickson S,et al.Exposure of hospitality workers to environmental tobacco smoke.Tob Control,2002,11(2)125-9.
[5]Jarvis M.Quantitative survey of exposure to other people's smoke in Landon bar staff,Smoke Free Landon 2001.Landon:Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,University College,2001,(sflondon @ doh.Gsi.gov.uk).
[6]Siegel M,Skeer M.Exposure to secondhand smoke and excess lung cancer mortality risk among workers in the "5B's:bars,bowling alleys,billiard halls,betting establishments,and bingo pariours.Tob Control,2003,12(3),333-8.
[7]Howard J.Smoking is an occupational hazard.Am J Med,2004,46(2):161-9.
[8]黄露,杨功焕,郭新彪,等.公共场所和工作场所空气中烟草烟雾污染状况的研究[J].环境与健康杂志,2007,24(7):477-479.
[9]冯国泽,刘瑞玲,杨焱,等.北京市部分餐馆自愿禁烟政策效果评估[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2008,16(3):246-8.
[10]中华人民共和国国家标准.室内空气中可吸入颗粒物卫生标准:GB/T 17095-1997[S].
[11]世界卫生组织.世界卫生组织关于颗粒物、臭氧、二氧化氮和二氧化硫的空气质量准则.2006.
[12]Jamrozik K.Estimate of deaths attributable to passive smoking among UK adults:database analysis.BMJ,2005,3300:812
[13]香港卫生署控烟办公室.无烟食肆简易实施指引.
[14]Pasquale V,Francesco F,Antonella B,et al.Exposure to fine and ultrafine particles from secondhand smoke in public places before and after the smoking ban,Italy 2005.Tob Control,2007,16:312-7.
[15]修光利,赵一年,张大年.办公室内可吸入颗粒物污染初析[J].上海环境科学,1999,18(05):202-204.
[16]D Arnott,M Dockrell,A Sandford,etc.Comprehensive smoke-free legislation in England:How advocacy won the day[J].Tobacco Control;2007,16:423-428.
[17]G T Fong,A Hyland,R Borland,etc.Reductions in tobacco smoke pollution and increases in support for smoke-free public places following the implementation of comprehensive smoke-free workplace legislation in the Republic of Ireland:findings from the ITC Ireland/UK Survey[J].Tob.Control,2006,15:51-58.
[18]Smoking in public places.An evidence report.Edinbrugh,Scottish Executive Social Research,2004.
[19]GT Fong,A Hyland,R Borland,etc.Reductions in tobacco smoke pollution and increases in support for smoke-free public places following the implementation of comprehensive smoke-free workplace legislation in the Republic of Ireland:findings from the ITC Ireland/UK Survey[J].Tob.Control,2006,15:51-58.
[20]American non-smokers' rights foundation.Smoke free status of hospitality venues around the world[EB/OL].(2008-4-1)[2008-4-15].
[21]Smoke-free workplaces in Ireland:A one-year review.Clane,Ireland,Office of Tobacco Control,March 2005.
[22]Repace JL,Hyde JN,Brugge D.Air pollution in boston bars before and after a smoking ban.BMC Public Health,2006,6:266.
[23]Semple S,Creely KS,Naji A,Miller BG,Ayres JG.Secondhand smoke levels in Scottish pubs:the effect of smoke-free legislation.Tob Control.2008,16:127-132.
[24]Ellingsen D,Fladseth G,Daae H,et al.Airborne exposure and biological monitoring of bar and restaurant workers before and after the introduction of a smoking ban.Environ Monit[J],2006,8,362-8.
[25]Gregory N.Connolly MT,Carrie M.,et al.How Smoke-free Laws Improve Air Quality:A Global Study of Irish Pubs[R/OL].(March,2006)[2008-4-15].http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/irishstudy/irishstudy.pdf.
[26]世界卫生组织.防止二手烟暴露:政策建议.2007.
[27]Menzies D.Respiratory Symptoms,Pulmonary Function,and Markers of inflammation Among Bar workers Before and After a Legislative Ban on Smoking in Public Places.Journal of the American Medical Association,2006,296(14):1742-48.
[28]Barone-Adesi F.Short-term effects of Italian smoking regulation on rates of hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction.European Heart Journal,2006,[Epub ahead of print]doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eh1201
[29]Sargent PP.Shepard RM,Glantz SA.Reduced incidence of admissions for myocardial infarction associated with public smoking ban:before and after study.British Medical Journal,2004,328(7446):977-80.
[30]中华人民共和国国家统计局行业分类标准[S/OL].
[31]Gregory N.Connolly,Carrie Carpenter,et al.Evaluation of the Massachusetts Smoke-free Workplace Law[R/OL].Tobacco Control.Reports on Industry Activity from Outside UCSF.Paper Harvard,2005[2008-4-14].http://repositories.cdlib.org/tc/reports/Harvard.
[32]刘瑞玲,杨焱,刘秀荣,等.中国五城市餐饮业顾客被动吸烟状况及对设立无烟餐厅态度[J].中华流行病学杂志,2008,29(5):421-425.
[33]北京市爱国卫生运动委员会办公室.六月份公共场所禁止吸烟监督检查情况.爱国卫生运动简报,2008,43.
[34]全球 呼吁无烟世界:迈向无烟未来,全球无烟全作,2007.
[35]康纪明,姜垣,林晓光,等.北京市部分餐馆和酒吧烟草烟雾及影响因素调查[J].中华流行病学杂志,2008,8(28):738-42.
[36]Cenko C,Pisaniello D,Esterman A.A study of environmental tobacco smoke in South Australian pubs,clubs and cafes.Environ Health Res[J],2004,14:3-11.
[37]Travers M,Cummings K,Hyland A,et.al.Indoor air quality in hospitality venues before and after the implementation of a Clean Indoor Air Law--Western New York,2003.Morb Mortal Wkly Rep,2004,53:1038-41.
[38]Lee,Kiyoung ScD,Hahn,et al.Immediate Impact of Smoke-free Laws on Indoor Air Quality.Southern Medical Journal,2007,100(9):885-9.
[39]R Edwards,G Thomson,N Wison,et al.After the smoke has cleared:evaluation of the impact of a new national smoke-free law in New Zealand.Tob Control,2008,17,e2.
[40]Mulcahy M,Evans D,Hammond S,et al.Secondhand smoke exposure and risk following the Irish smoking ban: an assessment of salivary cotinine concentrations in hotel workers and air nicotine levels in bars. Tob Control,2005;14:384-8.
[41] Johnsson T, Tuomi T, Riuttala H, et al. Environmental tobacco smoke in Finnish restaurants and bars before and after smoking restrictions were introduced. Ann Occup Hyg, 2006,50:331-41.
[1]世界卫生组织.世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约缔约方第二届会议甲委员会第一份报告(草案)[EB/OL].(2007)[2008-4-14].
[2]卫生部履行《烟草控制框架公约》领导小组办公室.2007年中国控制吸烟报告[R].北京,2007.
[3]Simpon WJ.A preliminary report on cigarette smoking and the incidence of prematurity.American Journal of Obstetrics &Gynecology.1957,73:808-815.
[4]Cameron E The presence of pets and smoking as correlates of perceived disease.The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,1957,73:808-15.
[5]Cameron et al.The health of smokers' and non-smokers' children.The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,1969,43(6):336-41.
[6]International Agency for Research on Cancer.Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking:summary of data reported and evaluation.Lyon,International Agency for Research on Cancer,2004.
[7]Clifornia Environmental Protection Agency.Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant,SRP Approved Version.
[8]US Department of Health and Human Services.The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke.A report of the Surgeon General:2006.Washington DC:US Government Printing Office,2006.
[9]Whincup PH,Passive smoking and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke:prospective study with cotinine measurement.British Medical Journal,2004,329(7459):183-5.
[10]The GTSS Collaborative Group.A cross country comparision of exposure to secondhand smoke among young.Tobacco Control,2006,14(supp Ⅱ):ⅱ4- ⅱ19.
[11]Howard J.Smoking is an occupational hazard.Am J Med,2004,46(2):161-9.
[12]Siegel M,Skeer M.Exposure to secondhand smoke and excess lung cancer mortality risk among workers in the "5B's:bars,bowling alleys,billiard halls,betting establishments,and bingo parlours.Tob Control,2003,12(3),333-8.
[13]Bates M,Fawcett J,Dickson S,et al.Exposure of hospitality workers to environmental tobacco smoke.Tob Control,2002,11(2)125-9.
[14]黄露,杨功焕,郭新彪,等.公共场所和工作场所空气中烟草烟雾污染状况的研究[J].环境与健康杂志,2007,24(7):477-479.
[15]冯国泽,刘瑞玲,杨焱,等.北京市部分餐馆自愿禁烟政策效果评估[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2008,16(3):246-8.
[16]united states environmental protection agency.Respiratory health effects of passive smoking:lung cancer and other disorders.Washington DC,1992.
[17]Jamrozik K.Estimate of deaths attributable to passive smoking among UK adults:database analysis.BMJ,2005,3300:812
[18]香港 卫生署控烟办公室.无烟食肆简易实施指引.
[19]康纪明.北京市部分餐厅和酒吧烟草烟雾浓度调查.中国疾病预防控制中心,2007:7.
[20]Pasquale V,Francesco F,Antonella B,et al.Exposure to fine and ultrafine particles from secondhand smoke in public places before and after the smoking ban,Italy 2005.Tob Control,2007,16:312-7.
[21]修光利,赵一年,张大年.办公室内可吸入颗粒物污染初析[J].上海环境科学,1999,18(05):202-204.
[22]D Arnott,M Dockrell,A Sandford,etc.Comprehensive smoke-free legislation in England:How advocacy won the day[J].Tobacco Control;2007,16:423-428.
[23]G T Fong,A Hyland,R Borland,etc.Reductions in tobacco smoke pollution and increases in support for smoke-free public places following the implementation of comprehensive smoke-free workplace legislation in the Republic of Ireland:findings from the ITC Ireland/UK Survey[J].Tob.Control,2006,15:51-58.
[24]Smoking in public places.An evidence report.Edinbrugh,Scottish Executive Social Research,2004.
[25]GT Fong,A Hyland,R Borland,etc.Reductions in tobacco smoke pollution and increases in support for smoke-free public places following the implementation of comprehensive smoke-free workplace legislation in the Republic of Ireland:findings from the ITC Ireland/UK Survey[J].Tob.Control,2006,15:51-58.
[26]American non-smokers' rights foundation.Smoke free status of hospitality venues around the world[EB/OL].(2008-4-1)[2008-4-15].
[27]李云霞.中国公共场所禁止吸烟立法的可行性探讨.中国疾病预防控制中心,2007:40.
[28]Smoke-free workplaces in Ireland:A one-year review.Clane,Ireland,Office of Tobacco Control,March 2005.
[29]Semple S,Creely KS,Naji A,Miller BG,Ayres JG.Secondhand smoke levels in Scottish pubs:the effect of smoke-free legislation.Tob Control.2008,16:127-132.
[30]Gregory N.Connolly MT,Carrie M.,et al.How Smoke-free Laws Improve Air Quality:A Global Study of Irish Pubs[R/OL].(March,2006)[2008-4-15].0http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/irishstudy/irishstudy.pdf.
[31]Menzies D.Respiratory Symptoms,Pulmonary Function,and Markers of inflammation Among Bar workers Before and After a Legislative Ban on Smoking in Public Places.Journal of the American Medical Association,2006,296(14):1742-48.
[32]Barone-Adesi F.Short-term effects of Italian smoking regulation on rates of hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction.European Heart Journal,2006,[Epub ahead of print]doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl201
[33]Sargent RP.Shepard RM,Glantz SA.Reduced incidence of admissions for myocardial infarction associated with public smoking ban:before and after study.British Medical Journal,2004,328(7446):977-80.
[2]卫生部履行《烟草控制框架公约》领导小组办公室.2007年中国控制吸烟报告[R].北京,2007.
[3]杨功焕,马杰民,刘娜,等.中国人群2002年吸烟和被动吸烟的现状调查[J].中华流行病杂志,2005,26(2):77-83.
[4]Bates M,Fawcett J,Dickson S,et al.Exposure of hospitality workers to environmental tobacco smoke.Tob Control,2002,11(2)125-9.
[5]Jarvis M.Quantitative survey of exposure to other people's smoke in Landon bar staff,Smoke Free Landon 2001.Landon:Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,University College,2001,(sflondon @ doh.Gsi.gov.uk).
[6]Siegel M,Skeer M.Exposure to secondhand smoke and excess lung cancer mortality risk among workers in the "5B's:bars,bowling alleys,billiard halls,betting establishments,and bingo pariours.Tob Control,2003,12(3),333-8.
[7]Howard J.Smoking is an occupational hazard.Am J Med,2004,46(2):161-9.
[8]黄露,杨功焕,郭新彪,等.公共场所和工作场所空气中烟草烟雾污染状况的研究[J].环境与健康杂志,2007,24(7):477-479.
[9]冯国泽,刘瑞玲,杨焱,等.北京市部分餐馆自愿禁烟政策效果评估[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2008,16(3):246-8.
[10]中华人民共和国国家标准.室内空气中可吸入颗粒物卫生标准:GB/T 17095-1997[S].
[11]世界卫生组织.世界卫生组织关于颗粒物、臭氧、二氧化氮和二氧化硫的空气质量准则.2006.
[12]Jamrozik K.Estimate of deaths attributable to passive smoking among UK adults:database analysis.BMJ,2005,3300:812
[13]香港卫生署控烟办公室.无烟食肆简易实施指引.
[14]Pasquale V,Francesco F,Antonella B,et al.Exposure to fine and ultrafine particles from secondhand smoke in public places before and after the smoking ban,Italy 2005.Tob Control,2007,16:312-7.
[15]修光利,赵一年,张大年.办公室内可吸入颗粒物污染初析[J].上海环境科学,1999,18(05):202-204.
[16]D Arnott,M Dockrell,A Sandford,etc.Comprehensive smoke-free legislation in England:How advocacy won the day[J].Tobacco Control;2007,16:423-428.
[17]G T Fong,A Hyland,R Borland,etc.Reductions in tobacco smoke pollution and increases in support for smoke-free public places following the implementation of comprehensive smoke-free workplace legislation in the Republic of Ireland:findings from the ITC Ireland/UK Survey[J].Tob.Control,2006,15:51-58.
[18]Smoking in public places.An evidence report.Edinbrugh,Scottish Executive Social Research,2004.
[19]GT Fong,A Hyland,R Borland,etc.Reductions in tobacco smoke pollution and increases in support for smoke-free public places following the implementation of comprehensive smoke-free workplace legislation in the Republic of Ireland:findings from the ITC Ireland/UK Survey[J].Tob.Control,2006,15:51-58.
[20]American non-smokers' rights foundation.Smoke free status of hospitality venues around the world[EB/OL].(2008-4-1)[2008-4-15].
[21]Smoke-free workplaces in Ireland:A one-year review.Clane,Ireland,Office of Tobacco Control,March 2005.
[22]Repace JL,Hyde JN,Brugge D.Air pollution in boston bars before and after a smoking ban.BMC Public Health,2006,6:266.
[23]Semple S,Creely KS,Naji A,Miller BG,Ayres JG.Secondhand smoke levels in Scottish pubs:the effect of smoke-free legislation.Tob Control.2008,16:127-132.
[24]Ellingsen D,Fladseth G,Daae H,et al.Airborne exposure and biological monitoring of bar and restaurant workers before and after the introduction of a smoking ban.Environ Monit[J],2006,8,362-8.
[25]Gregory N.Connolly MT,Carrie M.,et al.How Smoke-free Laws Improve Air Quality:A Global Study of Irish Pubs[R/OL].(March,2006)[2008-4-15].http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/irishstudy/irishstudy.pdf.
[26]世界卫生组织.防止二手烟暴露:政策建议.2007.
[27]Menzies D.Respiratory Symptoms,Pulmonary Function,and Markers of inflammation Among Bar workers Before and After a Legislative Ban on Smoking in Public Places.Journal of the American Medical Association,2006,296(14):1742-48.
[28]Barone-Adesi F.Short-term effects of Italian smoking regulation on rates of hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction.European Heart Journal,2006,[Epub ahead of print]doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eh1201
[29]Sargent PP.Shepard RM,Glantz SA.Reduced incidence of admissions for myocardial infarction associated with public smoking ban:before and after study.British Medical Journal,2004,328(7446):977-80.
[30]中华人民共和国国家统计局行业分类标准[S/OL].
[31]Gregory N.Connolly,Carrie Carpenter,et al.Evaluation of the Massachusetts Smoke-free Workplace Law[R/OL].Tobacco Control.Reports on Industry Activity from Outside UCSF.Paper Harvard,2005[2008-4-14].http://repositories.cdlib.org/tc/reports/Harvard.
[32]刘瑞玲,杨焱,刘秀荣,等.中国五城市餐饮业顾客被动吸烟状况及对设立无烟餐厅态度[J].中华流行病学杂志,2008,29(5):421-425.
[33]北京市爱国卫生运动委员会办公室.六月份公共场所禁止吸烟监督检查情况.爱国卫生运动简报,2008,43.
[34]全球 呼吁无烟世界:迈向无烟未来,全球无烟全作,2007.
[35]康纪明,姜垣,林晓光,等.北京市部分餐馆和酒吧烟草烟雾及影响因素调查[J].中华流行病学杂志,2008,8(28):738-42.
[36]Cenko C,Pisaniello D,Esterman A.A study of environmental tobacco smoke in South Australian pubs,clubs and cafes.Environ Health Res[J],2004,14:3-11.
[37]Travers M,Cummings K,Hyland A,et.al.Indoor air quality in hospitality venues before and after the implementation of a Clean Indoor Air Law--Western New York,2003.Morb Mortal Wkly Rep,2004,53:1038-41.
[38]Lee,Kiyoung ScD,Hahn,et al.Immediate Impact of Smoke-free Laws on Indoor Air Quality.Southern Medical Journal,2007,100(9):885-9.
[39]R Edwards,G Thomson,N Wison,et al.After the smoke has cleared:evaluation of the impact of a new national smoke-free law in New Zealand.Tob Control,2008,17,e2.
[40]Mulcahy M,Evans D,Hammond S,et al.Secondhand smoke exposure and risk following the Irish smoking ban: an assessment of salivary cotinine concentrations in hotel workers and air nicotine levels in bars. Tob Control,2005;14:384-8.
[41] Johnsson T, Tuomi T, Riuttala H, et al. Environmental tobacco smoke in Finnish restaurants and bars before and after smoking restrictions were introduced. Ann Occup Hyg, 2006,50:331-41.
[1]世界卫生组织.世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约缔约方第二届会议甲委员会第一份报告(草案)[EB/OL].(2007)[2008-4-14].
[2]卫生部履行《烟草控制框架公约》领导小组办公室.2007年中国控制吸烟报告[R].北京,2007.
[3]Simpon WJ.A preliminary report on cigarette smoking and the incidence of prematurity.American Journal of Obstetrics &Gynecology.1957,73:808-815.
[4]Cameron E The presence of pets and smoking as correlates of perceived disease.The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,1957,73:808-15.
[5]Cameron et al.The health of smokers' and non-smokers' children.The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,1969,43(6):336-41.
[6]International Agency for Research on Cancer.Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking:summary of data reported and evaluation.Lyon,International Agency for Research on Cancer,2004.
[7]Clifornia Environmental Protection Agency.Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant,SRP Approved Version.
[8]US Department of Health and Human Services.The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke.A report of the Surgeon General:2006.Washington DC:US Government Printing Office,2006.
[9]Whincup PH,Passive smoking and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke:prospective study with cotinine measurement.British Medical Journal,2004,329(7459):183-5.
[10]The GTSS Collaborative Group.A cross country comparision of exposure to secondhand smoke among young.Tobacco Control,2006,14(supp Ⅱ):ⅱ4- ⅱ19.
[11]Howard J.Smoking is an occupational hazard.Am J Med,2004,46(2):161-9.
[12]Siegel M,Skeer M.Exposure to secondhand smoke and excess lung cancer mortality risk among workers in the "5B's:bars,bowling alleys,billiard halls,betting establishments,and bingo parlours.Tob Control,2003,12(3),333-8.
[13]Bates M,Fawcett J,Dickson S,et al.Exposure of hospitality workers to environmental tobacco smoke.Tob Control,2002,11(2)125-9.
[14]黄露,杨功焕,郭新彪,等.公共场所和工作场所空气中烟草烟雾污染状况的研究[J].环境与健康杂志,2007,24(7):477-479.
[15]冯国泽,刘瑞玲,杨焱,等.北京市部分餐馆自愿禁烟政策效果评估[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2008,16(3):246-8.
[16]united states environmental protection agency.Respiratory health effects of passive smoking:lung cancer and other disorders.Washington DC,1992.
[17]Jamrozik K.Estimate of deaths attributable to passive smoking among UK adults:database analysis.BMJ,2005,3300:812
[18]香港 卫生署控烟办公室.无烟食肆简易实施指引.
[19]康纪明.北京市部分餐厅和酒吧烟草烟雾浓度调查.中国疾病预防控制中心,2007:7.
[20]Pasquale V,Francesco F,Antonella B,et al.Exposure to fine and ultrafine particles from secondhand smoke in public places before and after the smoking ban,Italy 2005.Tob Control,2007,16:312-7.
[21]修光利,赵一年,张大年.办公室内可吸入颗粒物污染初析[J].上海环境科学,1999,18(05):202-204.
[22]D Arnott,M Dockrell,A Sandford,etc.Comprehensive smoke-free legislation in England:How advocacy won the day[J].Tobacco Control;2007,16:423-428.
[23]G T Fong,A Hyland,R Borland,etc.Reductions in tobacco smoke pollution and increases in support for smoke-free public places following the implementation of comprehensive smoke-free workplace legislation in the Republic of Ireland:findings from the ITC Ireland/UK Survey[J].Tob.Control,2006,15:51-58.
[24]Smoking in public places.An evidence report.Edinbrugh,Scottish Executive Social Research,2004.
[25]GT Fong,A Hyland,R Borland,etc.Reductions in tobacco smoke pollution and increases in support for smoke-free public places following the implementation of comprehensive smoke-free workplace legislation in the Republic of Ireland:findings from the ITC Ireland/UK Survey[J].Tob.Control,2006,15:51-58.
[26]American non-smokers' rights foundation.Smoke free status of hospitality venues around the world[EB/OL].(2008-4-1)[2008-4-15].
[27]李云霞.中国公共场所禁止吸烟立法的可行性探讨.中国疾病预防控制中心,2007:40.
[28]Smoke-free workplaces in Ireland:A one-year review.Clane,Ireland,Office of Tobacco Control,March 2005.
[29]Semple S,Creely KS,Naji A,Miller BG,Ayres JG.Secondhand smoke levels in Scottish pubs:the effect of smoke-free legislation.Tob Control.2008,16:127-132.
[30]Gregory N.Connolly MT,Carrie M.,et al.How Smoke-free Laws Improve Air Quality:A Global Study of Irish Pubs[R/OL].(March,2006)[2008-4-15].0http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/irishstudy/irishstudy.pdf.
[31]Menzies D.Respiratory Symptoms,Pulmonary Function,and Markers of inflammation Among Bar workers Before and After a Legislative Ban on Smoking in Public Places.Journal of the American Medical Association,2006,296(14):1742-48.
[32]Barone-Adesi F.Short-term effects of Italian smoking regulation on rates of hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction.European Heart Journal,2006,[Epub ahead of print]doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl201
[33]Sargent RP.Shepard RM,Glantz SA.Reduced incidence of admissions for myocardial infarction associated with public smoking ban:before and after study.British Medical Journal,2004,328(7446):977-80.