摘要
石门国家森林公园位于“广州后花园”的从化市,近年来该公园已成为当地居民及周边地区游客旅游的理想之选。调查清楚该地区的植被资源及景观资源对森林公园的持续发展及保护具有重要意义。
本文以石门国家森林公园的典型群落为调查对象,综合Hierarchichial cluster、多元方差分析等多元统计分析方法,围绕环境梯度的变化与植被数量特征的响应和相互关系,进行了植物群落分类、植物群落分析、群落物种多样性、群落分布与环境因子的关系等植物群落特征及多样性的研究,得出以下主要结论:
(1)在所调查的区域内共记录有105科220属512种。其中蕨类植物有24科32属73种;裸子植物有5科5属7种;被子植物有76科183个属432种。
(2)运用spss的聚类分析对30个样方的优势种进行分类,将30个样方分为12个植物群落,分别为:华润楠+黄杞.广东毛蕊茶群落、深山含笑+华润楠一华丽杜鹃群落、米槠+鹅掌楸.细齿叶柃群落、红花荷+华润楠一网脉山龙眼群落、华润楠+罗浮柿-鼠刺群落、华润楠+鹅掌楸.罗浮柿群落、华润楠+枫香.鹅掌楸群落、马尾松+华润楠群落一鼠刺群落、浙江润楠+短序润楠-鼠刺群落、薄叶润楠+网脉山龙眼-厚皮香群落、杉木群落、桉树群落,其中9个群落为南亚热带阔叶林,2个群落为人工林,1个群落为针阔混交林。
(3)12个植物群落的乔木层中天然次生林的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数均明显高于人工林。对12个植物群落乔木层物种进行多样性比较发现:Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数(Jsw)变化趋势大体一致。华润楠+黄杞-广东毛蕊茶群落、米槠+鹅掌楸-细齿叶柃群落、深山含笑+华润楠-华丽杜鹃群落、红花荷+华润楠-网脉山龙眼群落的三个物种多样性指数均为最高。不同群落下木层I的物种多样性变化复杂,未体现出一定的规律。下木层II的物种多样性以华润楠+罗浮柿-鼠刺群落、华润楠+鹅掌楸.罗浮柿群落、华润楠+枫香-鹅掌楸群落为最高。以杉木群落的下木层II的物种多样性为最低。
(4)对不同植物群落的乔木层、下木层I、下木层II和草本层的物种多样性进行比较得出:Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数显示下木层I的物种多样性为最高,普遍高于下木层II、乔木层及草本层;而均匀度指数显示下木层I>下木层II>草本层>乔木层。
(5)海拔对物种多样性影响的总体趋势是,随着海拔的升高物种丰富度与多样性指数逐渐升高直至1000m处达到最大值,此后迅速下降。这是由于受到山顶风大、温度低等因素影响,物种多样性偏低。
(6)将30个样地按调查数据显示进行坡向划分,并进行物种多样性比较,得出阴坡>半阴半阳坡>阳坡。
The Shimen National Forest Park is located at "Guangzhou back garden" Conghua, this park has become the ideal tourist attraction in recent years for the local resident and the peripheral locality tourists. It is important to investigate the vegetation resources and the scenic resources for the forest park sustainable development and the protection. Selecting the classical forest community of Shimen National Forest Park as subject,revolving around the mutual responds and relationships between the environmental gradient and vegetation characteristics, this paper carries on the research on the vegetation classification, community diversity, the connection between community distribution and environmental factors, by multivatiate statistics such as hierarchical cluster, multivariate analysis. The main conclusions this paper comes to are as follows:
(1) There are 512 species belonging to 105 families 220 genera in which the pteridophyte accounted for 24 families 32 genera and 73 species; the gymnosperm 5 families 5 genera and 7 species; the angiosperm accoounted for 76 families 183 genera 432 species.
(2) Classfying the dominant species in 30 plots into 12 vegetation communities with spss hierarchical analysis. The 12 vegetation communities are: Machilus chinensis+Engelhardtia roxburghiana-Camellia melliana community, Michelia maudiae+Machilus chinensis -Rhododendron farrerae community, Castanopsis carlesii+Liriodendron chinense-Eurya nitida community, Rhodoleia championi+Machilus chinensis-Helicia reticulate community, Machilus chinensis+Diospyros morrisiana-Itea chinensis community , Machilus chinensis+ Liriodendron chinense- Diospyros morrisiana community, Machilus chinensis+ Liquidambar formosana- Liriodendron chinense community, Pinus massoniana+ Machilus chinensis– Itea chinensis community, Machilus chekiangensis+Machilus breviflora-Itea chinensis community, Machilus leptophylla+Helicia reticulate-Ternstroemia gymnanthera community, Cunninghamia lanceolata community and Eucalyptus urophylla community
(3) The arborous layer species abundance, species diversity of 9 natural broad-leaved forests communities are higher than the planted forests. The arborous layer species diversity among 12 vegetation community shows: Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, evennessindex are roughly consistent, besides slightly different. The three indices of Engelhardtia roxburghiana community, Michelia maudiae+Machilus chinensis -Rhododendron farrerae community, Castanopsis carlesii+Liriodendron chinense-Eurya nitida community, Rhodoleia championi+Machilus chinensis-Helicia reticulate community are the highest. Species diversity of Undergrowth layer I among 12 vegetation communities are different ,they have not manifested certain rules. Species diversity of undergrowth layer II among different vegetation communities show: Machilus chinensis+Diospyros morrisiana-Itea chinensis community, Machilus chinensis+ Liriodendron chinense- Diospyros morrisiana community, Machilus chinensis+ Liquidambar formosana- Liriodendron chinense community have the highest species diversiy. The species diversity of Cunninghamia lanceolata community is lowest.
(4) Carrying on the comparison to different community levels among arborous layer ,undergrowth layer I and II, herb layer, which shows: simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index of undergrowth layer I is the highest ,it is higer than undergrowth layer II arborous layer and herb layer obviously.White ,the evenness index shows: undergrowth layer I > undergrowth layer II > herb layer>arborous layer.
(5) The influences that the altitude to the species diversity is not remarkable, but the overall tendency is species abundance, species diversity grow gradually until 1000 meter. After that the species diversity drop rapidly.
(6) Dividing slope types according to the recording data and carrying on the species diversity comparison, we can obtain: shady slope>half-shady slope>sunny slope.
引文
[1]马克平.试述生物多样性的概念生物多样性,1993,1(1):20-22
[2]黄忠良,孔国辉,何道泉等.鼎湖山植物群落多样性的研究生态学报,20(2):193-198
[3]常学礼,赵爱芬.科尔沁沙地固定沙丘植被物种多样性对降水变化的响应植物生态学报,2000,24(2):147-151
[4] Tracy C R,P F Brussard. Preserving biodiversity: species in landscape Ecological Applications, 1994, 4: 205-207
[5]蒋有绪.森林生态学的任务及面临的发展问题应用生态学报,2002,13(3):347-348
[6]马克平,钱迎倩生物多样性研究的原理与方法北京:中国科技出版社,1994:1-13
[7] Whittaker R H. Evolution and measurement of species diversity Taxon, 1972, 21:213-251
[8]陈灵芝,马克平生物多样性科学:原理与实践上海:上海科学技术出版社,2001,1-50
[9] Magurran A E. Ecological diversity and its measurement New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1988:85-86
[10]贺金生,马克平.物种多样性杭州:杭州科学出版社,1997,20-23
[11]李矿明,汤晓珍.我国森林景观地理浅述中南林业调查规划,1994,15(4)
[12]马克平,钱迎倩,王晨.生物多样性研究的现状与发展趋势基础科学,1995:27-30
[13]王伯荪植物生态学北京:高等教育出版社,1987:44-45
[14] Margalef R P. An index of diversity and the relation of certain contents to diversity Ecology, 1967, 48(2):392-404
[15]高贤明,陈灵芝.北京山区辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)群落物种多样性的研究植物生态学报,1998,22(1):23-32
[16] Whittaker R J, Wills K J, Field R.. Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity Journal of Biogeography, 2001, 28:453-470
[17] Wills K J, Whittaker R J. Species diversity-scale matters Science, 2002, 295:1245-1248
[18] Noss R F. Indicatiors for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach Conservation biology, 1990, 4:355-364
[19] Currie D J, Paquin V. Large scale biogeographical patterns of species richness of trees Nature, 1987, 329: 326-327
[20] Latham R E, Ricklefs R E. Global patterns of tree species richness in moist forests: energy-diversity theory does not account for variation in species richness. Oikos, 1993, 67: 325-333
[21] Rey Benayas J M, Schenier S M. Diversity patterns of wet meadows along geographical gradients in Spain Journal of Vegetation Science, 1993, 4: 103-108
[22] Plotkin J B. Predecting species diversity in tropical forests Pro Nat Acad Sci U.S.A, 2000, 97: 10850-10854
[23] Hamilton A C, Perrott R A. A study of altitudinal zonation in the montane forest belt of Mt. Elgon, Kenya/Uganda. Vegetatio, 1981,45: 107-125
[24] Glenn-Lewin D C. Species diversity in North American temperate forest Vegetatio, 1977, 33: 153-162
[25] Vazquez, G J A and Givnish, T J Altitudinal gradients in tropical forest composition, structure, and diversity in the Sierra de Manantlan Journal of Ecology, 1998, 86: 99-1020
[26] Baruch Z. Ordination and classification of vegetation along an altitudinal gradient in the Venezuelan paramos Vegetatio, 1984,55: 115-126
[27] Dolezal J & Srutek M. Altitudinal changes in composition and structure of mountain-temperate vegetation: a case study from the Western Carpathians Plant Ecology, 2002, 158: 201-221
[28] Ban F, Hans De K, Frank B. Soil nutrient heterogeneity alters competition between two perennial grass species Ecology, 2001, 82: 2534-2546
[29] Agustin R, Adrian E. Small-scale spatial soil-plant relationship in semi-arid gypsum environments Plant and Soil, 2000, 220: 139-150
[30] Barbara L B, Mark R W, Allison A. Patterns in nutrient availability and plant diversity of temperate North American wetlands Ecology, 1999, 7:2151
[31] Mc Grady-Steed J, Morin P J. Biodiversity, density compensation, and the dyn-nics of pepulafiom and functional groups Ecology, 2000, 81(2): 361-373
[32] Vinton M A, Burke I C. Interactions between individual plant species and soil nutrient status in sho-grass steppe Ecology, 1995, 76: 1116-1133
[33] Shiyoml M. Spatial pattern changes in aboveground plant biomass in a grazing pasture Ecol.Res, 1998,13: 313-322
[34] Gartlan J S, Newbery D M, Thomas K W et al. The influence of topography and soilphosphorous of the vegetation of Korup Forest Reserve Cameroun Vegetation, 1986, 65: 131-148
[35] Rosenzweig M L, E A Sandlin. Species diversity and latitudes: listening to area’s signal Oikos,1997,80:172-176
[36] Zobel D B. Relationships of environment to composition ,structure and diversity of forest communities of the Central eastern Cascades of Oregon Ecology monograph, 1976,46:135-156
[37] Lertzman K P G D , Sutherlad A.Inselberg and S.C. Sauders. Canopy gaps and the landscape mosaic in coastal temperate rain forest Ecology 1996,77(4):1254-1270
[38]彭少麟,王伯荪.鼎湖山森林群落分析I物种多样性,生态科学,1983,1:11-17
[39]马克平,黄建辉等.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究Ⅱ:丰富度,均匀度和物种多样性指数生态学报,1995,15(3):268-277
[40]黄忠良,孔国辉,何道泉等.鼎湖山植物群落多样性的研究生态学报,2000,20(2):193-198
[41]陈北光,苏志尧.广东八宝山常绿阔叶林物种多样性分析华南农业大学学报,1995,16(4):32-36
[42]常学礼,邬建国.科尔沁沙地沙漠化过程中的物种多样性应用生态学报,19978(2):151-156
[43]朱锦懋,郑群瑞.福建万木林自然保护区森林群落物种多样性生态学杂志,1997,16(2):1-6
[44]减润国,刘涛.吉林白石山林区过伐林的类型,乔木树种多样性及生态位分析北京林业大学学报,1997,19(l):51-57
[45]李振基,刘初锢.武夷山自然保护区郁闭稳定甜储林与人为干扰甜储林物种多样性比较植物生态学报,2000,24(1):64-68
[46]彭少麟主编热带亚热带恢复生态学研究与实践科学出版社,2003
[47]李新荣.莫斯科州针阔混交林带森林群落的灌木层结构分析植物学通报,1997.14(增刊》40-48
[48]郭正刚,刘慧霞,孙学刚等.白龙江上游地区森林植物群落物种多样性的研究植物生态学报,2003.27(3):388-395
[49]贺金生等.中国中亚热带东部常绿阔叶林主要类型的群落多样性特征生态学报,1998.22(4):303-311
[50]史军辉,黄忠良,周小勇等.鼎湖山森林群落多样性垂直分布格局的研究生态学杂志,2005,24(10):1143-1146
[51]李新荣,张景光,刘立超等.我国干旱沙漠地区人工植被与环境演变过程中植物多样性的研究植物生态学报,2000,24:64-68
[52]沈泽昊,方精云,刘增力等.贡嘎山东坡植被垂直带谱的物种多样性格局分析植物生态学报,2001,2:521-732
[53]温远光,李信贤.大明山退化生态系统的垂直结构及动态研究广西农业大学学报,1998 (17)2
[54]贺金生,陈伟烈..陆地植物群落物种多样性梯度变化特征生态学报,1997,17:91-99
[55]岳明,张林静,党高弟等.佛坪自然保护区植物群落物种多样性与海拔梯度的关系地理科学,2002,22(3)
[56]黄建辉,高贤明,马克平等.地带性森林群落物种多样性的比较研究生态学报,1997,17(6):611-618
[57] Whittaker R H Communities and Ecosystems Macmillan Publisher New York. 1975
[58] Peek R K. Forset vegetation of the Colorado Front Range: Pattern of species diversity Vegetatio,1978,37:65-78
[59] Whittaker R H, Niering W A. Vegation of the Santa Catalina Mountains,Arizona:V.Biomass production and diversity along the altitude gradient.Ecology,1975,56:771-790
[60] Front Range. Pattern of species diversity Vegatio,1978,37:65-78
[61] Doubenmire R, Doubenmire J B. Community vegetation of Eastern Washington and North Idaho Agric. Expt. Sta.Tech,1968,60:1-104
[62]方精云.探索中国山地植物多样性的分布规律生物多样性,2004,12(1):1-4
[63]姜萍,赵光,叶吉等.长白山北坡森林群落结构组成及其海拔变化生态学杂志,2003,22(6):28-32
[64]吴承祯,洪伟,姜志林.杉木人工林自疏过程密度变化与环境因子关系的数量分析江西农业大学学报,2000.22(2)
[65]朱彪,陈安平,刘增力等.南岭东西段植物群落物种组成及其树种多样性的垂直分布格局生物多样性,2004,12(1):53-62
[66]杨澄等.陕北桥山林区天然栋林树种多样性西北林学院学报,1998,13(4):28-32
[67]庄树宏等.昆箭山老坟阳坡与阴坡半天然植被植物群落生态特征的初步研究植物生态学报,1999,23(3):238-249
[68]王伯荪,张炜银,张军丽.海南岛热带山地雨林群落物种多样性的空间格局分析热带亚热带植物学报,2001,9(3):229-234
[69]胡玉佳,汪永华,丁小球.海南岛五指山不同坡向的植物物种多样性比较中山大学学报2003,42(2)
[70]马克明,傅伯杰,周华锋.北京东灵山地区森林的物种多样性和景观格局多样性研究生态学报,1999,19(1)
[71]王顺忠,陈桂琛,柏玉平等.青海湖鸟岛地区植物群落物种多样性与土壤环境因子的关系应用生态学报,2005,16(1):186-188
[72]刘忠宽,智建飞,李英杰.休牧后土壤养分空间异质性和植物群落α多样性河北农业科学,2004,8(4):1-6
[73]王琳,张金屯,上官铁梁.历山山地草甸的物种多样性及其与土壤理化性质的关系应用与环境生物学报,2004,10(1):18-22
[74]杨小波,张桃林,吴庆书.海南琼北地区不同植被类型物种多样性与土壤肥力的关系,生态学报,2002,22(2):190-196
[75]杨万勤,钟章成,陶建平.缙云山森林土壤速效P的分布特征及其与物种多样性的关系研究生态学杂志,2001,20(4):24-27
[76]吴彦,刘庆,乔永康.亚高山针叶林不同恢复阶段群落物种多样性变化及其对土壤理化性质的影响植物生态学报,2001,25(6):648-655
[77]安树青,王峥峰,朱学雷.土壤因子对次生森林群落物种多样性的影响武汉植物学研究,1997,15(2):143-150
[78] Pickett S.T.A. ,White P S. Patch dynamics: A synthesis. In: Pickett. S.T.(ed.)Ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics, Academic Press,1985,371-384
[79]莫江明,Sandra Brown,彭少麟等.人为干扰对鼎湖山湿地松林土壤细根和有机质的影响生态学报,2005,25(3):491-499
[80]朱锦懋,姜志林,蒋伟等.人为干扰对闽北森林群落物种多样性的影响生物多样性,1997,5(4):263-270
[81]张金屯,陈廷贵.关帝山植物群落物种多样性研究:统一多样性和β多样性山西大学学报(自然科学版),2002,25(2):173-175
[82] Whittaker R H. Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California Ecological Monographs, 1960(30):279-338
[83] MacArthur R H. Patterns of species diversity Biological Review, 1965(40):510-533
[84] Whittaker R J, Wills K J and Field R. Scale and species richness: towards ageneral, hierarchical theory of species diversity Journal of Biogeography, 2001(28):453-470
[85] Magurran A E. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1988
[86]方精云,沈泽昊,唐志尧等.“中国山地植物物种多样性调查计划”及若干技术规范生物多样性,2004(01):11-15
[87]冯建孟,王襄平,徐成东等.玉龙雪山植物物种多样性和群落构沿海拔梯度的分布格局山地学报,2006,01:112-118
[88]赵淑清,方精云,宗占江等.长白山北坡植物群落组成、结构及物种多样性的垂直分布生物多样性,2004(01):170-179
[89]张璐,苏志尧,陈北光.山地森林群落物种多样性垂直格局研究进展山地学报,2005,06: 98-105
[90] Grytnes J A and Vetaas O R. Species richness and altitude: a comparison between Null models and interpolated plant species richness along the Himalaya and altitudinal gradient, Nepal. American Naturalist, 2002, (159):294-304
[91] Kessler M. Altitudinal gradients in species richness and endemism of selected plant groups in the central Bolivian Andes. Plant Ecology, 2000,(149): 181-193
[92]张峰,张金屯.我国植被数量分类和排序研究进展山西大学学报(自然科学版),2000(03):93-97
[93]彭少麟,王伯荪.鼎湖山森林群落I物种多样性生态科学,1983(1):11-17
[94]彭少麟,周厚诚等.广东森林群落的组成结构数量特征植物生态学与地植物学学报,1989,13 (1):10-17
[96]吴征镒主编中国植被北京:科学出版社,1980