夜光纤维余辉性能和陷阱能级分布的研究
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摘要
利用稀土元素掺杂基质材料形成的陷阱能级和电子能级跃迁特性，将夜光材料与成纤聚合物共混制备了具有余辉衰减特征的发光纤维—夜光纤维。选用SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)夜光材料，以成纤聚合物为基材，采用熔融纺丝工艺制备了夜光纤维。首先研究了SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)及添加到聚合物基材后余辉性能和陷阱能级分布的变化规律，建立了纤维余辉过程的动力学模型；然后在此基础上，研究了SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)的粒径和含量，聚合物基材PP、PET、PA6，黄、绿、蓝、红色无机颜料等原料配方以及光照激发条件对纤维中夜光材料的余辉衰减和陷阱能级分布的影响；接下来通过长期存放、日光照射、水洗、高温以及酸碱溶剂处理等，观察并分析夜光纤维余辉性能的稳定性；最后通过分析转变夜光纤维余辉光色的方法，研究了无机颜料、夜光材料基质成份以及激活剂离子对余辉光色的影响。
实验结果表明，SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)在纤维基体中无明显团聚现象，随机分布且均匀，复杂的纺丝工艺没有破坏SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)的晶体结构和聚事物PET基材的物化性能，保证了夜光材料在聚合物基材中维持良好的余辉性能。夜光纤维的余辉初始亮度明显低于SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)，但各阶段的余辉时间却大于SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)的余辉时间。与SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)相比，夜光纤维的热释光峰位向高温方向略有偏移使得余辉时间较长，而热释峰强度却大大低于SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)。随着激发后等待时间的延长，夜光纤维陷阱能级深度无明显变化，通过推导发现用I=I0/(1+bt)2函数拟合纤维余辉衰减曲线效果较好，其热释光和余辉衰减过程更符合二阶动力学规律。
SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)含量和粒径影响纤维的余辉性能，当粒径为5-10μm，含量为4-10wt%时可满足纤维可纺性和余辉亮度使用要求。聚合物基材PP、PET、PA6制备的夜光纤维余辉初始亮度和余辉时间各不相同，这主要和纤维中SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)光激发和发射过程中能量损耗程度不同有关。添加无机颜料的色相与光色越接近，余辉亮度越高，颜料对光的选择性吸收作用影响了纤维中SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+), Dy~(3+)陷阱能级释放载流子的数量和速度，其结果和余辉曲线基本吻合。光照激发强度和时间对纤维余辉性能的影响并未呈现线性变化，光照激发强度变大时，纤维的余辉衰减速度快，增加激发时间并不能延长余辉时间。光照激发强度和时间并未改变纤维中夜光材料的陷阱能级深度，却能够显著增加原有陷阱能级中电子的浓度，激发强度越大，激发时间越长，热释光的相对强度越大。
经过12个月恒温恒湿环境的存放，5h的光照作用，80℃的高温放置，4h的水洗浸泡和5min的酸碱试剂接触，纤维的余辉亮度和时间均未发生明显的变化，余辉性能没有受到影响，这表明夜光纤维具有良好的耐久性、耐光照、耐高温、耐水洗和耐化学等余辉稳定性，但发现过高的温度或长时间的酸碱物质侵蚀或水洗浸泡会造成纤维余辉亮度不同程度的降低。
无机颜料对黄绿光选择性吸收作用使得不同颜色夜光纤维的发射光谱产生红移、蓝移现象，即和SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)黄绿光相比，不同颜色夜光纤维的余辉光色发生了改变，光色更偏向于颜料的色相方向。通过对比SrAl_2O_4、Sr_2MgSi_2O_7和(Sr,Ca)_2MgSi_2O_7基材料的发射光谱，发现改变纤维中夜光材料的基质成份和比例可以转变并控制其余辉光色，而激活剂离子Eu，Dy，Nd的掺杂和含量对余辉光色影响不大，却能显著改变夜光材料的余辉性能和陷阱能级分布。利用色光三原色组合原理可以获得更多光色的夜光纤维，因此制备蓝色光夜光纤维是未来的主要研究方向之一。
Based on rare earth elements doping host material to form the trap level and thecharateristics of electron energy level transition, the luminescent fiber having afterglow decaycharacteristics was made by using long-afterglow materials and fiber forming polymer.Luminescent fiber was prepared using SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)as luminescent raw materials andPET chips as polymer matrix by melt-spinning process. Firstly, the afterglow characteristicsand trap level distribution change of SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)and dispersing in fiber were studied,and the afterglow process dynamics model of luminescent fiber was set up. Then, on the basisof above research, the effect of spinning raw materials formula including the grain size andcontent of SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+), polymer base materials PP、PET、PA6, blue、green、yellow andred inorganic pigments and light excitation conditions on afterglow properties and trap leveldistribution of luminescent materials in fiber were mainly analysed, and influence mechanismwas illustrated as well. Next, by means of long time storage, insolation, washing, hightemperature and acid-base solvent treatment, the stabilities of afterglow properties wereobserved and analysed. Finally, by analysing the method of converting light color ofluminescent fiber, the effects of inorganic pigments, the substrate element of luminescentmaterial and activating agent on the light color of afterglow were studied, and the influencemechanism of them were clarified.
The results showed that the SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)particles were dispersed randomly anduniformly, and there was no visible conglobation happening within the fiber. The complexmanufacturing process did not destroy the phase of SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)and physicochemicalproperties of polymer matrix, which ensured luminescent material in the fiber keeping a goodafterglow characteristics. The initial afterglow brightness of luminescent fiber was obviouslylower than that of SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+), but the time of each decay process of luminescent fiberwas more than that of SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+). Compared with the thermoluminescence peakSrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+), that of luminescent fiber was slightly shift to the direction of hightemperature, which was in favour of forming a longer lifetime of afterglow, butthermoluminescent peak intensity of the fiber was low on the contrary. With the extension ofwaiting time after excitation, the trap level depth of luminescent fiber basically had no change.I=I0/(1+bt)2function was deduced to fit the afterglow decay curves of the fiber well, and thethermoluminescent and afterglow decay more accorded with second order kinetics law.
The content and grain size of SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)in the fiber affected the afterglowcharacteristics of luminescent fiber, which concluded that the grain size of5-10μm andcontent of4-10wt%would meet with the requirements of spinnability and afterglowbrightness usage. The polymer base materials of PP, PET, PA6affected the initial afterglowbrightness and time, which was related to the energy loss degree in the process of lightexcitation and emission. The closer the contrast of hue of pigments and colored light of thefiber was, the higher the afterglow brightness of the fiber was. The selective absorption to thecolor light of pigments affected the amount and speed of carriers released by the trap level ofSrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)in the fiber, which coincided with the results of the afterglow curves basically. The effect of light excitation conditions on afterglow properties of the fiber did notpresent linear change. The stronger the light excitation intensity was, the faster the speed ofafterglow attenuation time was. Increasing the excitation time did not prolong the afterglowlife effectively. The light exciation conditions did not change the trap level depth, butincreasing the electronic concentration of trap level, which showed the stronger the excitationintensity was and the longer the excitation time was, the higher the relative intensity ofthermoluminescence was.
After storage of12months with constant temperature and humidity, exposure to light of5h, placing with high temperature of80℃, water soak of4h and acid-base solvent contactingof5min, the afterglow brightness and time of the fiber did not change distinctly andafterglow property did not affected yet. It was indicated that luminescent fiber had a goodafterglow stability of resistance to durability, light, high temperature, washing and chemistry,But excessive high temperature or long time of acid-base material erosion and water soak cancause the afterglow brightness of luminescent fiber decreasing to some degress.
The red shift and blue shift of the emission spectra for chromatic luminescent fiberoccurred because of inorganic pigments selectively absorption to the yellow-green glow. Thatis to say, compared with the yellow-green light emitted by SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+), the afterglowlight color of chromatic luminescent fiber were changed and more tended to the hue ofpigments. By contrast of the emission spectra of SrAl_2O_4, Sr_2MgSi_2O_7, and (Sr,Ca)_2MgSi_2O_7based materials, it was discovered that changing the substrate element and proportion ofluminescent material in the fiber can convert and control the afterglow light color ofluminescent fiber, and that activated agent Eu，Dy，Nd doping and content had little effects toafterglow light color of luminescent materials, but changed its afterglow properties and traplevel distribution greatly. Using the combination principle of trichromatic color can get moreafterglow light color of luminescent fiber, therefore, it was the future main research ofpreparing luminescent fiber with blue color light.
实验结果表明，SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)在纤维基体中无明显团聚现象，随机分布且均匀，复杂的纺丝工艺没有破坏SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)的晶体结构和聚事物PET基材的物化性能，保证了夜光材料在聚合物基材中维持良好的余辉性能。夜光纤维的余辉初始亮度明显低于SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)，但各阶段的余辉时间却大于SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)的余辉时间。与SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)相比，夜光纤维的热释光峰位向高温方向略有偏移使得余辉时间较长，而热释峰强度却大大低于SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)。随着激发后等待时间的延长，夜光纤维陷阱能级深度无明显变化，通过推导发现用I=I0/(1+bt)2函数拟合纤维余辉衰减曲线效果较好，其热释光和余辉衰减过程更符合二阶动力学规律。
SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)含量和粒径影响纤维的余辉性能，当粒径为5-10μm，含量为4-10wt%时可满足纤维可纺性和余辉亮度使用要求。聚合物基材PP、PET、PA6制备的夜光纤维余辉初始亮度和余辉时间各不相同，这主要和纤维中SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)光激发和发射过程中能量损耗程度不同有关。添加无机颜料的色相与光色越接近，余辉亮度越高，颜料对光的选择性吸收作用影响了纤维中SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+), Dy~(3+)陷阱能级释放载流子的数量和速度，其结果和余辉曲线基本吻合。光照激发强度和时间对纤维余辉性能的影响并未呈现线性变化，光照激发强度变大时，纤维的余辉衰减速度快，增加激发时间并不能延长余辉时间。光照激发强度和时间并未改变纤维中夜光材料的陷阱能级深度，却能够显著增加原有陷阱能级中电子的浓度，激发强度越大，激发时间越长，热释光的相对强度越大。
经过12个月恒温恒湿环境的存放，5h的光照作用，80℃的高温放置，4h的水洗浸泡和5min的酸碱试剂接触，纤维的余辉亮度和时间均未发生明显的变化，余辉性能没有受到影响，这表明夜光纤维具有良好的耐久性、耐光照、耐高温、耐水洗和耐化学等余辉稳定性，但发现过高的温度或长时间的酸碱物质侵蚀或水洗浸泡会造成纤维余辉亮度不同程度的降低。
无机颜料对黄绿光选择性吸收作用使得不同颜色夜光纤维的发射光谱产生红移、蓝移现象，即和SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)黄绿光相比，不同颜色夜光纤维的余辉光色发生了改变，光色更偏向于颜料的色相方向。通过对比SrAl_2O_4、Sr_2MgSi_2O_7和(Sr,Ca)_2MgSi_2O_7基材料的发射光谱，发现改变纤维中夜光材料的基质成份和比例可以转变并控制其余辉光色，而激活剂离子Eu，Dy，Nd的掺杂和含量对余辉光色影响不大，却能显著改变夜光材料的余辉性能和陷阱能级分布。利用色光三原色组合原理可以获得更多光色的夜光纤维，因此制备蓝色光夜光纤维是未来的主要研究方向之一。
Based on rare earth elements doping host material to form the trap level and thecharateristics of electron energy level transition, the luminescent fiber having afterglow decaycharacteristics was made by using long-afterglow materials and fiber forming polymer.Luminescent fiber was prepared using SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)as luminescent raw materials andPET chips as polymer matrix by melt-spinning process. Firstly, the afterglow characteristicsand trap level distribution change of SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)and dispersing in fiber were studied,and the afterglow process dynamics model of luminescent fiber was set up. Then, on the basisof above research, the effect of spinning raw materials formula including the grain size andcontent of SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+), polymer base materials PP、PET、PA6, blue、green、yellow andred inorganic pigments and light excitation conditions on afterglow properties and trap leveldistribution of luminescent materials in fiber were mainly analysed, and influence mechanismwas illustrated as well. Next, by means of long time storage, insolation, washing, hightemperature and acid-base solvent treatment, the stabilities of afterglow properties wereobserved and analysed. Finally, by analysing the method of converting light color ofluminescent fiber, the effects of inorganic pigments, the substrate element of luminescentmaterial and activating agent on the light color of afterglow were studied, and the influencemechanism of them were clarified.
The results showed that the SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)particles were dispersed randomly anduniformly, and there was no visible conglobation happening within the fiber. The complexmanufacturing process did not destroy the phase of SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)and physicochemicalproperties of polymer matrix, which ensured luminescent material in the fiber keeping a goodafterglow characteristics. The initial afterglow brightness of luminescent fiber was obviouslylower than that of SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+), but the time of each decay process of luminescent fiberwas more than that of SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+). Compared with the thermoluminescence peakSrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+), that of luminescent fiber was slightly shift to the direction of hightemperature, which was in favour of forming a longer lifetime of afterglow, butthermoluminescent peak intensity of the fiber was low on the contrary. With the extension ofwaiting time after excitation, the trap level depth of luminescent fiber basically had no change.I=I0/(1+bt)2function was deduced to fit the afterglow decay curves of the fiber well, and thethermoluminescent and afterglow decay more accorded with second order kinetics law.
The content and grain size of SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)in the fiber affected the afterglowcharacteristics of luminescent fiber, which concluded that the grain size of5-10μm andcontent of4-10wt%would meet with the requirements of spinnability and afterglowbrightness usage. The polymer base materials of PP, PET, PA6affected the initial afterglowbrightness and time, which was related to the energy loss degree in the process of lightexcitation and emission. The closer the contrast of hue of pigments and colored light of thefiber was, the higher the afterglow brightness of the fiber was. The selective absorption to thecolor light of pigments affected the amount and speed of carriers released by the trap level ofSrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+)in the fiber, which coincided with the results of the afterglow curves basically. The effect of light excitation conditions on afterglow properties of the fiber did notpresent linear change. The stronger the light excitation intensity was, the faster the speed ofafterglow attenuation time was. Increasing the excitation time did not prolong the afterglowlife effectively. The light exciation conditions did not change the trap level depth, butincreasing the electronic concentration of trap level, which showed the stronger the excitationintensity was and the longer the excitation time was, the higher the relative intensity ofthermoluminescence was.
After storage of12months with constant temperature and humidity, exposure to light of5h, placing with high temperature of80℃, water soak of4h and acid-base solvent contactingof5min, the afterglow brightness and time of the fiber did not change distinctly andafterglow property did not affected yet. It was indicated that luminescent fiber had a goodafterglow stability of resistance to durability, light, high temperature, washing and chemistry,But excessive high temperature or long time of acid-base material erosion and water soak cancause the afterglow brightness of luminescent fiber decreasing to some degress.
The red shift and blue shift of the emission spectra for chromatic luminescent fiberoccurred because of inorganic pigments selectively absorption to the yellow-green glow. Thatis to say, compared with the yellow-green light emitted by SrAl_2O_4:Eu~(2+),Dy~(3+), the afterglowlight color of chromatic luminescent fiber were changed and more tended to the hue ofpigments. By contrast of the emission spectra of SrAl_2O_4, Sr_2MgSi_2O_7, and (Sr,Ca)_2MgSi_2O_7based materials, it was discovered that changing the substrate element and proportion ofluminescent material in the fiber can convert and control the afterglow light color ofluminescent fiber, and that activated agent Eu，Dy，Nd doping and content had little effects toafterglow light color of luminescent materials, but changed its afterglow properties and traplevel distribution greatly. Using the combination principle of trichromatic color can get moreafterglow light color of luminescent fiber, therefore, it was the future main research ofpreparing luminescent fiber with blue color light.
引文
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