三维纺织复合材料为基础的共形承载微带天线及其基板的结构设计和性能研究
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摘要
理想的智能结构应该是结构、功能、控制和信息一体化的材料。而信息的传输至关重要,相当于人的眼睛和耳朵。因此,理想的智能结构首先要解决的是其信息发射和接收能力。而要做到这一点,必须首先将天线和智能材料有机结合在一起。在航空、航天领域里,微带天线的应用很广泛。除了有优异的性能之外,微带天线有最好的共形性,因此具有比其他天线更好的隐身性和可靠性。
多数智能材料和微带天线的基础材料是纤维增强复合材料。但是,复合材料多为铺层结构,其最大的缺点是容易分层。一旦复合材料和天线元件之间分离,天线系统就可能失效。因此要提高其可靠性,就需要改进作为承受应力和天线基础的复合材料结构。用于结构复合材料的三维机织物是由多轴的面内和面外的纤维取向组成的连续纤维增强体。与二维层合复合材料相比,三维机织复合材料有以下的优点:三维织造技术可以生产出净尺寸的预制件;通过控制Z方向纱线的用量,厚度方向上的性能可以得到调整;Z方向纱线可以限制在冲击力作用下裂纹的生长,因此,三维机织复合材料有着很高的抗弹道冲击和抗低速冲击性能;三维机织复合材料与二维的层合材料相比,有着较高的断裂伸长;三维机织物在经纬向的尺寸稳定性能很好;三维机织物有着很低的剪切刚度,所以成型性很好。
三维织物增强复合材料不会分层,如果能够将天线制作成为三维复合材料的一部分,则天线的可靠性可以大幅度提高。同时以三维织物为基础的微带共形天线也可以制作成软结构,做成用于服装共形微带天线,适于士兵和侦察人员穿着,对提高士兵和公安、国安人员的通讯装备的可靠性和隐蔽性,有广泛的应用前景。
为了计算机模拟和设计这种天线,必须首先设计和预测作为基板材料的三维复合材料的力学和电学性能。
本论文研究的目的是:
1.完整的表征和研究三维正交机织混杂复合材料的拉伸、冲击和介电的性质:
2.建立预测三维正交机织复合材料介电性质的理论模型并予以实验验证;
3.计算机模拟、设计、制作以三维机织物为基础的共形承载微带天线结构;
4.测试三维机织物为基础的共形承载微带天线结构的电性能和抗冲击性能。
以下是本研究的具体内容和结果:
为了使得三维机织结构共形承载天线有尽量宽的机械和电磁学性能范围,往往需要采用几种纤维制作混杂复合材料基板。因此有必要研究三维混杂复合材料的混杂效应。我们以五种玻璃纤维/芳纶混杂复合材料为研究对象进行了探讨。包括三种不同排列次序的芳纶/玻纤混杂复合材料和其相应的两种单种纤维增强的复合材料。我们研究了这五种结构的复合材料的拉伸、冲击和介电性能。发现材料的拉伸强力和模量值基本符合混合法则,但是混杂复合材料的拉伸强力存在一个正向的混杂效应。总之,几种混杂复合材料的抗冲击性能比单纤维增强的材料要好,玻纤和芳纶含量接近的那种混杂材料有着最高的冲击韧性。在介电性能的研究中,芳纶纤维增强复合材料的介电常数低于玻璃纤维增强复合材料,而介电损耗却高于玻璃纤维增强复合材料。此外,随着芳纶体积含量的增加,混杂复合材料的介电常数先降低再升高,不符合介电常数计算的混合法则。随着芳纶纤维含量的增加,复合材料的介电损耗单调增加的趋势与介电混合法则吻合。我们还发现芳纶/玻纤环氧复合材料的介电性能与各层的排列次序有很大的关系。因此如果要预测和设计三维复合材料为基础的共形承载天线,就必须根据复合材料的结构参数来预测其介电性能。
为了预测三维单种纤维和混杂复合材料的介电常数,我们提出了一个基于二元混合法则的理论模型。这一模型将三维复合材料的单位体积元分为n×m×l个成分单一的体积子单元,在采用二元混合法则求得这些子单元的介电常数的基础上,对整个单位体积元进行积分,从而求得整个单位体积元的介电常数。这一模型表明在纤维体积含量相同的情况下,垂直于电场方向上横截面积较大的组分对复合材料的介电常数影响很大。为了验证这一模型,我们制作了玄武岩纤维和芳纶纤维环氧树脂以及层内和层间混合的玄武岩纤维/芳纶环氧树脂复合材料,并用波导法在频率范围为8-12GHz对这些复合材料的介电常数进行了测试。在频率为10GHz时,将测试结果与基于理论模型的预测值进行了比较,发现单种纤维增强的复合材料的实验值和理论值有很好的一致性,但对于两种混杂复合材料来说,观察到了一定的正向混杂效应。我们分析得出这种正向混杂效应有可能是源于玄武岩纤维的特殊电磁性能,也有可能是源于纤维与树脂之问的界面效应。
在前两个部分的基础上,我们设计了一系列三维共形承载微带天线结构。并采用国际上最先进的Ansoft HFSS天线设计和仿真软件,对这些结构进行了计算机模拟仿真,找到最佳设计方案。并采用这一方案制作了三维共形承载微带天线结构,在这一结构中,微带天线的辐射元和接地板均由导电纱线织成,并由捆扎纱固结在三维正交机织结构中。我们测试了天线的驻波比和方向图,发现其辐射方向图与传统结构的微带天线方向图相似,并与计算机模拟结果相吻合。由于三维织造技术的使用,整个结构显示出很好的完整性。为了检验天线的抗冲击性能,我们用落锤式冲击实验测试了在不同的冲击能量下,三维共形承载微带天线结构的方向图。冲击能量从1J、2J、3J、4J、5J,直到达到15J时,天线方向图基本保持原状。
本论文的研究结果证明,用三维正交机织结构作为微带天线的基本结构,完全可行。除了可以达到传统天线的电磁学性能外,这种结构的天线具有容易共形和抗冲击性能优异等特性。有希望推广到未来的军事和民用通信领域,成为能发射和接受信号的智能结构的一个基础平台。
Ideal smart structures should integrate structural strength, functionality, controlling and information processing capabilities among which information transmission is critically important. It functions like eyes and ears of a human being. Therefore, an ideal smart structure should first be able to send and receive electronic signals. In the field of aerospace and astronautics, microstrip antennas have been widely used due to their superior performance as well as their excellent conformability which renders them better stealth property and reliability than traditional antennas.
Most smart materials and microstrip antennas are based on fiber reinforced composites. However, composites are generally laminated structures which are easy to delaminate. Once the antenna component delaminates from the base composite, the whole antennas system will malfunction or fail. Therefore, to improve the reliability of the structure, the composite has to be modified. Three-dimensional woven preforms for structural composites have three sets of yarns, namely warp, weft and Z-yarns interlaced to form an integrated structure. Compared with 2D laminates, 3D woven composites have the following advantages. First, 3D woven preform can be used to produce near-net-shape composites. Secondly, through-thickness properties of the composite can be adjusted by controlling the amount of Z yarns which could arrest the cracks formed during impact loading, leading to high resistance to both ballistic impact damage low velocity impact damage. The 3D woven preforms usually exhibit good dimensional stability in the warp and weft directions and a low in-plane shear modulus resulting in good formability.
Due to the improved resistance to delamination for 3D woven composites, the reliability of the antennas based on these materials can be greatly improved when the antennas are integrated into the composites. In addition, the microstrip antennas based on the three dimensional fabrics can be fabricated as soft structures for conformal antennas integrated into a garment which may be used as battle field uniforms for the soldiers and detectives.
In order to design and simulate this type of antennas, the mechanical and dielectric properties of the substrate materials have to be determined and predicted.
The objectives of the current research are as follows:
1. To determine the relationship between the structural characteristics of 3D orthogonal woven hybrid composites and their tensile, impact and dielectric properties;
2. To establish a theoretical model to predict the dielectric constants of 3D orthogonal woven single fiber type and hybrid composites and verify the model using experimental results;
3. To design and fabricate a conformal load bearing microstrip antenna structure based on computer simulation results.
4. To test the electrical and impact performance of the antenna and compare the results with the computer simulation.
The following are the findings of this research:
To widen the range of electrical and mechanical properties available to the designers of the antennas based on 3D woven composites, hybrid composites which contain two or more types of fibers may be used. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how these properties are associated with the arrangement or structure and amount of yarns of different fibers. To understand the hybrid effect of the 3D hybrid composites, five types of hybrid structures of glass/aramid composites were investigated. Aramid/glass hybrid composites with three different stacking sequences and their corresponding single fiber type composites have been fabricated and their tensile, impact and dielectric properties were investigated. The trend of tensile strength and modulus of the composites followed the rule of mixtures (ROM) closely and a small but positive hybrid effect for tensile strength of the hybrid composites was observed. The hybrid composites in general had a higher impact resistance than the single fiber type composites and the hybrid composite in which fiber volume fractions for glass and aramid fiber were the most balanced showed the highest impact ductility. The aramid fiber composite showed a lower dielectric constant and a higher dielectric loss than the glass fiber composites. However, the dielectric constant of the hybrid composites decreased first and then increased as the volume fraction of aramid fiber increased, which did not follow the mixing rule for dielectric constants of compounds. The dielectric loss of the composites increased monotonically as the volume fraction of aramid fiber increased which agreed well with the mixing rule. It is also found that the mechanical and dielectric properties of the hybrid composites are also dependent on the stacking sequence or the arrangement of the two types of yarns. Therefore, in predicting the electrical properties of a 3D woven perform based antenna, the structural parameters of the composite have to be taken into account.
In order to predict the dielectric properties of a 3D woven composite, a theoretical model was proposed based on the binary mixture rule. This model adopts a representative volume containing n×m×l subunits, each of which is composed of either unidirectional composite or net resin. The dielectric constants of these subunits were determined using the binary mixture rule and that for the representative volume was calculated by integration of the dielectric constants of all subunits over the whole representative volume. The model shows that with the same fiber volume fraction, a component with a larger cross-sectional area perpendicular to the electric field has a greater contribution to the composite dielectric constant. For experimental verification, single fiber type basalt/epoxy and aramid/epoxy as well as interplay and intraply basalt/aramid/epoxy 3D orthogonal woven hybrid composites were fabricated and their dielectric properties were measured using waveguide method at a frequency range of 8-12GHz. At 10GHz, the experimental results agreed well with the calculated results from the model for the single fiber type composites, while a positive hybrid effect on dielectric constant was observed for the two hybrid composites.
Based on the above results, a series of 3D conformal load bearing microstrip antennas were designed and simulated using Ansoft HFSS, the most advanced antenna design and simulation software. Based on the simulation results, an optimum design of the 3D conformal load bearing microstrip antenna structure was selected and a prototype antenna was fabricated. In this antenna, the radiation element and the ground plane were woven using conductive yarns interlaced into the 3D composites by the Z yarns. The voltage standing wave ration (VSWR) and the radiation pattern of the antenna were measured. It was found that the results of the experimental measurement matched those from the computer simulation. To verify that the 3D conformal load bearing microstrip antenna had superior structural integrity and impact resistance, a series of low velocity drop tower impact tests were carried out with impact energy levels changing from 1J, 2J, 3J, 4J, 5J, and 15J. The radiation pattern of the antenna was almost unchanged when the antenna was impacted repeatedly until the impact energy reached 15J. This shows a greatly enhanced reliability of the 3D conformal load bearing microstrip antenna.
The results of the current study proved that it is feasible to design and fabricate the microstrip antenna based on the 3D orthogonal woven structure. In addition to the comparable electric properties to the traditional antennas, the 3D conformal load bearing microstrip antenna has advantages of good conformability and excellent impact resistance. Therefore it is likely that this type of antenna will be used as a platform for smart structures that can transmit signals in telecommunications for both civilian and military purposes.
多数智能材料和微带天线的基础材料是纤维增强复合材料。但是,复合材料多为铺层结构,其最大的缺点是容易分层。一旦复合材料和天线元件之间分离,天线系统就可能失效。因此要提高其可靠性,就需要改进作为承受应力和天线基础的复合材料结构。用于结构复合材料的三维机织物是由多轴的面内和面外的纤维取向组成的连续纤维增强体。与二维层合复合材料相比,三维机织复合材料有以下的优点:三维织造技术可以生产出净尺寸的预制件;通过控制Z方向纱线的用量,厚度方向上的性能可以得到调整;Z方向纱线可以限制在冲击力作用下裂纹的生长,因此,三维机织复合材料有着很高的抗弹道冲击和抗低速冲击性能;三维机织复合材料与二维的层合材料相比,有着较高的断裂伸长;三维机织物在经纬向的尺寸稳定性能很好;三维机织物有着很低的剪切刚度,所以成型性很好。
三维织物增强复合材料不会分层,如果能够将天线制作成为三维复合材料的一部分,则天线的可靠性可以大幅度提高。同时以三维织物为基础的微带共形天线也可以制作成软结构,做成用于服装共形微带天线,适于士兵和侦察人员穿着,对提高士兵和公安、国安人员的通讯装备的可靠性和隐蔽性,有广泛的应用前景。
为了计算机模拟和设计这种天线,必须首先设计和预测作为基板材料的三维复合材料的力学和电学性能。
本论文研究的目的是:
1.完整的表征和研究三维正交机织混杂复合材料的拉伸、冲击和介电的性质:
2.建立预测三维正交机织复合材料介电性质的理论模型并予以实验验证;
3.计算机模拟、设计、制作以三维机织物为基础的共形承载微带天线结构;
4.测试三维机织物为基础的共形承载微带天线结构的电性能和抗冲击性能。
以下是本研究的具体内容和结果:
为了使得三维机织结构共形承载天线有尽量宽的机械和电磁学性能范围,往往需要采用几种纤维制作混杂复合材料基板。因此有必要研究三维混杂复合材料的混杂效应。我们以五种玻璃纤维/芳纶混杂复合材料为研究对象进行了探讨。包括三种不同排列次序的芳纶/玻纤混杂复合材料和其相应的两种单种纤维增强的复合材料。我们研究了这五种结构的复合材料的拉伸、冲击和介电性能。发现材料的拉伸强力和模量值基本符合混合法则,但是混杂复合材料的拉伸强力存在一个正向的混杂效应。总之,几种混杂复合材料的抗冲击性能比单纤维增强的材料要好,玻纤和芳纶含量接近的那种混杂材料有着最高的冲击韧性。在介电性能的研究中,芳纶纤维增强复合材料的介电常数低于玻璃纤维增强复合材料,而介电损耗却高于玻璃纤维增强复合材料。此外,随着芳纶体积含量的增加,混杂复合材料的介电常数先降低再升高,不符合介电常数计算的混合法则。随着芳纶纤维含量的增加,复合材料的介电损耗单调增加的趋势与介电混合法则吻合。我们还发现芳纶/玻纤环氧复合材料的介电性能与各层的排列次序有很大的关系。因此如果要预测和设计三维复合材料为基础的共形承载天线,就必须根据复合材料的结构参数来预测其介电性能。
为了预测三维单种纤维和混杂复合材料的介电常数,我们提出了一个基于二元混合法则的理论模型。这一模型将三维复合材料的单位体积元分为n×m×l个成分单一的体积子单元,在采用二元混合法则求得这些子单元的介电常数的基础上,对整个单位体积元进行积分,从而求得整个单位体积元的介电常数。这一模型表明在纤维体积含量相同的情况下,垂直于电场方向上横截面积较大的组分对复合材料的介电常数影响很大。为了验证这一模型,我们制作了玄武岩纤维和芳纶纤维环氧树脂以及层内和层间混合的玄武岩纤维/芳纶环氧树脂复合材料,并用波导法在频率范围为8-12GHz对这些复合材料的介电常数进行了测试。在频率为10GHz时,将测试结果与基于理论模型的预测值进行了比较,发现单种纤维增强的复合材料的实验值和理论值有很好的一致性,但对于两种混杂复合材料来说,观察到了一定的正向混杂效应。我们分析得出这种正向混杂效应有可能是源于玄武岩纤维的特殊电磁性能,也有可能是源于纤维与树脂之问的界面效应。
在前两个部分的基础上,我们设计了一系列三维共形承载微带天线结构。并采用国际上最先进的Ansoft HFSS天线设计和仿真软件,对这些结构进行了计算机模拟仿真,找到最佳设计方案。并采用这一方案制作了三维共形承载微带天线结构,在这一结构中,微带天线的辐射元和接地板均由导电纱线织成,并由捆扎纱固结在三维正交机织结构中。我们测试了天线的驻波比和方向图,发现其辐射方向图与传统结构的微带天线方向图相似,并与计算机模拟结果相吻合。由于三维织造技术的使用,整个结构显示出很好的完整性。为了检验天线的抗冲击性能,我们用落锤式冲击实验测试了在不同的冲击能量下,三维共形承载微带天线结构的方向图。冲击能量从1J、2J、3J、4J、5J,直到达到15J时,天线方向图基本保持原状。
本论文的研究结果证明,用三维正交机织结构作为微带天线的基本结构,完全可行。除了可以达到传统天线的电磁学性能外,这种结构的天线具有容易共形和抗冲击性能优异等特性。有希望推广到未来的军事和民用通信领域,成为能发射和接受信号的智能结构的一个基础平台。
Ideal smart structures should integrate structural strength, functionality, controlling and information processing capabilities among which information transmission is critically important. It functions like eyes and ears of a human being. Therefore, an ideal smart structure should first be able to send and receive electronic signals. In the field of aerospace and astronautics, microstrip antennas have been widely used due to their superior performance as well as their excellent conformability which renders them better stealth property and reliability than traditional antennas.
Most smart materials and microstrip antennas are based on fiber reinforced composites. However, composites are generally laminated structures which are easy to delaminate. Once the antenna component delaminates from the base composite, the whole antennas system will malfunction or fail. Therefore, to improve the reliability of the structure, the composite has to be modified. Three-dimensional woven preforms for structural composites have three sets of yarns, namely warp, weft and Z-yarns interlaced to form an integrated structure. Compared with 2D laminates, 3D woven composites have the following advantages. First, 3D woven preform can be used to produce near-net-shape composites. Secondly, through-thickness properties of the composite can be adjusted by controlling the amount of Z yarns which could arrest the cracks formed during impact loading, leading to high resistance to both ballistic impact damage low velocity impact damage. The 3D woven preforms usually exhibit good dimensional stability in the warp and weft directions and a low in-plane shear modulus resulting in good formability.
Due to the improved resistance to delamination for 3D woven composites, the reliability of the antennas based on these materials can be greatly improved when the antennas are integrated into the composites. In addition, the microstrip antennas based on the three dimensional fabrics can be fabricated as soft structures for conformal antennas integrated into a garment which may be used as battle field uniforms for the soldiers and detectives.
In order to design and simulate this type of antennas, the mechanical and dielectric properties of the substrate materials have to be determined and predicted.
The objectives of the current research are as follows:
1. To determine the relationship between the structural characteristics of 3D orthogonal woven hybrid composites and their tensile, impact and dielectric properties;
2. To establish a theoretical model to predict the dielectric constants of 3D orthogonal woven single fiber type and hybrid composites and verify the model using experimental results;
3. To design and fabricate a conformal load bearing microstrip antenna structure based on computer simulation results.
4. To test the electrical and impact performance of the antenna and compare the results with the computer simulation.
The following are the findings of this research:
To widen the range of electrical and mechanical properties available to the designers of the antennas based on 3D woven composites, hybrid composites which contain two or more types of fibers may be used. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how these properties are associated with the arrangement or structure and amount of yarns of different fibers. To understand the hybrid effect of the 3D hybrid composites, five types of hybrid structures of glass/aramid composites were investigated. Aramid/glass hybrid composites with three different stacking sequences and their corresponding single fiber type composites have been fabricated and their tensile, impact and dielectric properties were investigated. The trend of tensile strength and modulus of the composites followed the rule of mixtures (ROM) closely and a small but positive hybrid effect for tensile strength of the hybrid composites was observed. The hybrid composites in general had a higher impact resistance than the single fiber type composites and the hybrid composite in which fiber volume fractions for glass and aramid fiber were the most balanced showed the highest impact ductility. The aramid fiber composite showed a lower dielectric constant and a higher dielectric loss than the glass fiber composites. However, the dielectric constant of the hybrid composites decreased first and then increased as the volume fraction of aramid fiber increased, which did not follow the mixing rule for dielectric constants of compounds. The dielectric loss of the composites increased monotonically as the volume fraction of aramid fiber increased which agreed well with the mixing rule. It is also found that the mechanical and dielectric properties of the hybrid composites are also dependent on the stacking sequence or the arrangement of the two types of yarns. Therefore, in predicting the electrical properties of a 3D woven perform based antenna, the structural parameters of the composite have to be taken into account.
In order to predict the dielectric properties of a 3D woven composite, a theoretical model was proposed based on the binary mixture rule. This model adopts a representative volume containing n×m×l subunits, each of which is composed of either unidirectional composite or net resin. The dielectric constants of these subunits were determined using the binary mixture rule and that for the representative volume was calculated by integration of the dielectric constants of all subunits over the whole representative volume. The model shows that with the same fiber volume fraction, a component with a larger cross-sectional area perpendicular to the electric field has a greater contribution to the composite dielectric constant. For experimental verification, single fiber type basalt/epoxy and aramid/epoxy as well as interplay and intraply basalt/aramid/epoxy 3D orthogonal woven hybrid composites were fabricated and their dielectric properties were measured using waveguide method at a frequency range of 8-12GHz. At 10GHz, the experimental results agreed well with the calculated results from the model for the single fiber type composites, while a positive hybrid effect on dielectric constant was observed for the two hybrid composites.
Based on the above results, a series of 3D conformal load bearing microstrip antennas were designed and simulated using Ansoft HFSS, the most advanced antenna design and simulation software. Based on the simulation results, an optimum design of the 3D conformal load bearing microstrip antenna structure was selected and a prototype antenna was fabricated. In this antenna, the radiation element and the ground plane were woven using conductive yarns interlaced into the 3D composites by the Z yarns. The voltage standing wave ration (VSWR) and the radiation pattern of the antenna were measured. It was found that the results of the experimental measurement matched those from the computer simulation. To verify that the 3D conformal load bearing microstrip antenna had superior structural integrity and impact resistance, a series of low velocity drop tower impact tests were carried out with impact energy levels changing from 1J, 2J, 3J, 4J, 5J, and 15J. The radiation pattern of the antenna was almost unchanged when the antenna was impacted repeatedly until the impact energy reached 15J. This shows a greatly enhanced reliability of the 3D conformal load bearing microstrip antenna.
The results of the current study proved that it is feasible to design and fabricate the microstrip antenna based on the 3D orthogonal woven structure. In addition to the comparable electric properties to the traditional antennas, the 3D conformal load bearing microstrip antenna has advantages of good conformability and excellent impact resistance. Therefore it is likely that this type of antenna will be used as a platform for smart structures that can transmit signals in telecommunications for both civilian and military purposes.
引文
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