森林类型自然保护区生态系统服务价值评估
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摘要
生态系统服务是指人类从生态系统获得的各种惠益,生物多样性提供了生态系统服务这一重要作用。自然保护区是开展生物多样性和自然遗产就地保护最为经济有效的途径,是人类经济持续发展的重要保障。保护区内的生态系统具有较高的完整性、稳定性,因此其提供的生态系统服务也更为显著。在我国的自然保护区体系中,森林生态系统类型自然保护区数量众多,幅员广阔,有着举足轻重的意义,更具有巨大无形的生态服务价值。
本研究的目的在于构建一个森林类型自然保护区生态系统服务的价值评估体系。作者运用层次分析法,在总结国内外大量关于森林生态系统服务价值评估研究的基础上,选取衡量生态系统服务价值的指标18个,聘请15位国内知名专家对其进行评分,计算出各指标的权重,结果如下(权重依次降低):物种保护、养分循环、有机质生长、游憩观赏、科研教育、精神美学、固碳制氧、涵养水源、保持土壤、防风固沙、净化空气、改善小气候、控制病虫害、基因资源、种子资源、原材料、药用资源、食物供给。通过指标的选取和权重的计算建立了可应用于所有森林类型自然保护区生态系统服务价值的评价体系。
文章以典型的森林生态系统类型自然保护区—卧龙自然保护区为例,从建立的指标体系中选取操作性较强的12个指标,通过实地调查与资料收集的方式,计算出卧龙自然保护区12项生态系统服务的总价值为54.3亿元,其中供给服务价值为2.6×10~7元/a、文化服务价值7.3×10~7元/a、调节服务价值87.3×10~7元/a、支持服务价值446.3×10~7元/a(2006年)。按照Pearce对价值构成的分类,可以得出直接价值与间接价值的比为1:54。该结果表明了森林生态系统除了提供人类基本的生产、生活原材料外,还为人类提供了巨大的生态服务。由体系的权重可知,算出的12类生态系统服务指标占所有服务指标权重的72%,由此推导出卧龙自然保护区森林生态系统服务总价值为75.4亿元/a。
Ecosystem services represent the benefit human population drive from ecosystem functions. Establishing nature reserve is an effective way to conserving biodiversity and critical to the functioning of the earth's life support system. Compared with other system, the nature reserve ecosystem is highly integrated and stable, making its services more significant. Nature reserve for forest ecosystem is of vital importance in China because of its great quantity and area, so in one sense the value of this type is infinite.
The purpose of this article is to establish an evaluation system, which is to estimate the value of forest ecosystem services in nature reserve. The author grouped forest ecosystem services of nature reserve into 18 categories, also 18 indexes, based on published studies. The value of each index is determined by the 15 experts we invited and the weight percentage was decided through AHP (The Analytic Hierachy Process) . Thus we develop a target system of the forest ecosystem services indicator framework. The order of relative important of the index was specis conservation, nurtrient cycling, organic growth, recreation, education, spiritual aesthetics, carbon fixation and oxygen production, water regulation, soil conservation, storm protection and sand fixation, air purification, climate regulation(including microclimate of farmland and regional climate), control of diseases and pests, genetic resource, seeds resource, raw material, medical resource, food supply.
The paper choose a typical forest ecosystem of nature reserve as an example to caculate the value of forest ecosystem services of Wolong nature reserve. As a results, the total economic values of 12 services of forest ecosystem is 5.43 billion Yuan RMB annually. Among which, 26 million for provisioning, 73 million for cultural, 873 million for regulation, 4463million for supporting services. Based on the ecosystem value constitutive classification by Pearce, the indirect values which contant regulation and supporting services is 54 times of the direct values. The results show various types of ecosystem have not only direct values (such as providing wood, agricultural and husbandry products, etc.) but also more important functional value.
Depending on the evaluation indicators system of forest ecosystem services, the 12 ecosystem services indicator estimated accounted for 72% of the total ecosystem services in the system. Therefore, the total ecosystem services function of Wolong was deduced as 7.54 billion yuan RMB in 2006.
本研究的目的在于构建一个森林类型自然保护区生态系统服务的价值评估体系。作者运用层次分析法,在总结国内外大量关于森林生态系统服务价值评估研究的基础上,选取衡量生态系统服务价值的指标18个,聘请15位国内知名专家对其进行评分,计算出各指标的权重,结果如下(权重依次降低):物种保护、养分循环、有机质生长、游憩观赏、科研教育、精神美学、固碳制氧、涵养水源、保持土壤、防风固沙、净化空气、改善小气候、控制病虫害、基因资源、种子资源、原材料、药用资源、食物供给。通过指标的选取和权重的计算建立了可应用于所有森林类型自然保护区生态系统服务价值的评价体系。
文章以典型的森林生态系统类型自然保护区—卧龙自然保护区为例,从建立的指标体系中选取操作性较强的12个指标,通过实地调查与资料收集的方式,计算出卧龙自然保护区12项生态系统服务的总价值为54.3亿元,其中供给服务价值为2.6×10~7元/a、文化服务价值7.3×10~7元/a、调节服务价值87.3×10~7元/a、支持服务价值446.3×10~7元/a(2006年)。按照Pearce对价值构成的分类,可以得出直接价值与间接价值的比为1:54。该结果表明了森林生态系统除了提供人类基本的生产、生活原材料外,还为人类提供了巨大的生态服务。由体系的权重可知,算出的12类生态系统服务指标占所有服务指标权重的72%,由此推导出卧龙自然保护区森林生态系统服务总价值为75.4亿元/a。
Ecosystem services represent the benefit human population drive from ecosystem functions. Establishing nature reserve is an effective way to conserving biodiversity and critical to the functioning of the earth's life support system. Compared with other system, the nature reserve ecosystem is highly integrated and stable, making its services more significant. Nature reserve for forest ecosystem is of vital importance in China because of its great quantity and area, so in one sense the value of this type is infinite.
The purpose of this article is to establish an evaluation system, which is to estimate the value of forest ecosystem services in nature reserve. The author grouped forest ecosystem services of nature reserve into 18 categories, also 18 indexes, based on published studies. The value of each index is determined by the 15 experts we invited and the weight percentage was decided through AHP (The Analytic Hierachy Process) . Thus we develop a target system of the forest ecosystem services indicator framework. The order of relative important of the index was specis conservation, nurtrient cycling, organic growth, recreation, education, spiritual aesthetics, carbon fixation and oxygen production, water regulation, soil conservation, storm protection and sand fixation, air purification, climate regulation(including microclimate of farmland and regional climate), control of diseases and pests, genetic resource, seeds resource, raw material, medical resource, food supply.
The paper choose a typical forest ecosystem of nature reserve as an example to caculate the value of forest ecosystem services of Wolong nature reserve. As a results, the total economic values of 12 services of forest ecosystem is 5.43 billion Yuan RMB annually. Among which, 26 million for provisioning, 73 million for cultural, 873 million for regulation, 4463million for supporting services. Based on the ecosystem value constitutive classification by Pearce, the indirect values which contant regulation and supporting services is 54 times of the direct values. The results show various types of ecosystem have not only direct values (such as providing wood, agricultural and husbandry products, etc.) but also more important functional value.
Depending on the evaluation indicators system of forest ecosystem services, the 12 ecosystem services indicator estimated accounted for 72% of the total ecosystem services in the system. Therefore, the total ecosystem services function of Wolong was deduced as 7.54 billion yuan RMB in 2006.
引文
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