斑蝥素对棉铃虫毒杀作用分子机理研究
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摘要
棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera Hubner）是一种可对多种经济作物造成严重危害的世界性分布害虫。棉铃虫对多种类型的杀虫剂已产生抗性造成不能对其进行有效防治。已有研究表明，斑蝥素可毒杀小菜蛾和粘虫。但是斑蝥素对棉铃虫的毒杀作用尚未被报道。在本研究中，我们研究了实验室条件下斑蝥素对棉铃虫的致死和亚致死效应。结果表明，斑蝥素对棉铃虫具有很强的胃毒作用。与对照组棉铃虫相比，斑蝥素处理组的幼虫体重减小，成虫翅畸形；幼虫期、蛹期和成虫期死亡率升高；繁殖力明显下降，为对照组的1/5。表明斑蝥素可毒杀棉铃虫幼虫并造成种群指数的严重异常，斑蝥素在害虫治理方面有应用前景。我们还发现，亚致死剂量斑蝥素对棉铃虫的毒害症状与昆虫生长调节剂类杀虫剂造成的毒害症状相似。
关于谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GSTs）是造成昆虫抗药性的一个主要因素已被广泛报导。一种新的化合物能否有效的抑制GSTs的活性，减少昆虫对其的解毒代谢往往决定了其杀虫效果。本论文研究了斑蝥素对棉铃虫的毒杀作用，以及斑蝥素对GSTs基因转录水平的影响，并测定了斑蝥素对棉铃虫GSTs体内及体外抑制活性。生测结果表明：斑蝥素对棉铃虫幼虫毒杀作用显著。实时定量PCR显示斑蝥素处理后不同时期棉铃虫GSTs的转录水平下降2.5倍到12.5倍。斑蝥素可抑制棉铃虫中肠GSTs活性，对原核表达的重组棉铃虫GSTs蛋白亦表现出抑制作用。利用同源模建和分子对接技术，以GST（1PN9）晶体结构为模板我们构建了斑蝥素与棉铃虫GSTs的结合模式模型，模型显示斑蝥素分子可进入棉铃虫GSTs的活性位点造成其酶活性降低。
斑蝥素可有效的毒杀多种昆虫尤其的鳞翅目昆虫，但在实际害虫防治时使用较高剂量斑蝥素能造成一定的环境问题。因此考虑将亚致死剂量的斑蝥素作为杀虫剂增效剂使用。事实上增效剂应当是解毒酶系尤其是与生物和非生物胁迫效应相关的解毒酶系的有效抑制剂。碱性磷酸酶广泛参与昆虫的多种生理过程并与杀虫剂抗性相关，其功能的变化能导致严重的生理干扰。我们的研究发现饲喂亚致死剂量25μg g-1的斑蝥素后，棉铃虫中肠碱性磷酸酶活性显著下降。以pNPP作为底物的酶动力学结果标明，斑蝥素竞争性抑制棉铃虫碱性磷酸酶活性。另外斑蝥素处理后，棉铃虫中肠碱性磷酸酶的转录水平也同步下调。通过同源模建技术和分子对接技术得到的斑蝥素与棉铃虫碱性磷酸酶结合模型也证明了斑蝥素结合与棉铃虫碱性磷酸酶的催化中心区域。
Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner is a serious pest of many economiccrops. Its control has not been adequate due to its resistance to many groups of insecticides.Toxicity of cantharidin on armyworm and diamondback moth has already been reported.However, its toxicity on H. armigera has not been investigated previously. In this study, wereport lethal and sub-lethal effects of cantharidin on H. armigera under laboratory conditions.Our results showed gross abnormalities in population parameters of H. armigera, rangingfrom larvae to adults. Reduction in larval weight and wings malformation was observed incantharidin-treated population cohort. Comparatively, higher mortality at larval, pupal andadult stages was observed in cantharidin-treated, compared to control. Almost five times lessfecundity was recorded in treated population cohort. Fertility was also severely affected andreduction in all population parameters was observed. Cantharidin in our study caused larvalmortality and other serious abnormalities in H. armigera population parameters and therefore,may have positive implications for pest management decision making process. Moreinterestingly, our experiment revealed that cantharidin in sub-lethal dose mimicked IGR(Insect Growth Regulator) insecticides. Furthermore, cantharidin could be used as a precursorcompound for the synthesis of new analogues and compounds to replace ineffective oldercompounds.
Previous investigations have implicated glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) as one ofthe major reasons for insecticide resistance. Therefore, effectiveness of the new candidatecompounds depends on their ability to inhibit GSTs to prevent metabolic detoxification byinsects. Cantharidin has been developed as a bio-pesticide in China that proves highly toxic toa wide range of insects, especially lepidopteran. In present studies we test cantharidin as amodel compound for its toxicity, effects on the mRNA transcription of a model H. armigeraglutathione S-transferase gene (HaGST) and also for its putative inhibitory effect on thecatalytic activity of GSTs, both in vivo and in vitro in H. armigera employing molecular andbiochemical methods. Bioassay results showed that cantharidin was highly toxic to H.armigera. Real-time qPCR showed down-regulation of the HaGST at the mRNA transcriptranging from2.5to12.5folds while biochemical assays showed in vivo inhibition of GSTs inmidgut and in vitro inhibition of rHaGST. Binding of cantharidin to HaGST was rationalizedby homology and molecular docking simulations using a model GST (1PN9) as a templatestructure. Molecular docking simulations also confirmed accurate docking of the cantharidinmolecule to the active site of HaGST impeding its catalytic activity.
Earlier investigations have shown high toxicity of cantharidin to many insectsespecially lepidopteran. However, its use in a higher dose for pest management has raisedserious environmental concerns. Therefore, its biological potential in sub-lethal dose as asynergist was considered. In fact, it is essential for a synergist to be an effective inhibitor ofmetabolic enzymes especially those responsible for biotic and abiotic stress. As alkalinephosphatase is an important enzyme involved in numerous physiological processes and also ininsecticide resistance, so any impairment in its function may lead to serious physiologicaldisturbances and could compromise their catalytic activity. Results of the presentinvestigation showed that a sub-lethal dose of25μg g-1treated artificial diet fed to H.armigera showed inhibitory effects on catalytic activity of alkaline phosphatase in the insectmidgut. Furthermore, Kinetic data showed that cantharidin inhibited HaALPs competitivelywith respect to p-NPP. In addition, cantharidin did not induce Helicoverpa armigera alkalinephosphatase gene (HaALP) rather caused slight down regulation. The inhibitory effect ofcantharidin on catalytic activity of ALPs as a result of its binding to the putative catalytic sitewas also confirmed by using homology modeling, molecular dynamics and dockingsimulations.
关于谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GSTs）是造成昆虫抗药性的一个主要因素已被广泛报导。一种新的化合物能否有效的抑制GSTs的活性，减少昆虫对其的解毒代谢往往决定了其杀虫效果。本论文研究了斑蝥素对棉铃虫的毒杀作用，以及斑蝥素对GSTs基因转录水平的影响，并测定了斑蝥素对棉铃虫GSTs体内及体外抑制活性。生测结果表明：斑蝥素对棉铃虫幼虫毒杀作用显著。实时定量PCR显示斑蝥素处理后不同时期棉铃虫GSTs的转录水平下降2.5倍到12.5倍。斑蝥素可抑制棉铃虫中肠GSTs活性，对原核表达的重组棉铃虫GSTs蛋白亦表现出抑制作用。利用同源模建和分子对接技术，以GST（1PN9）晶体结构为模板我们构建了斑蝥素与棉铃虫GSTs的结合模式模型，模型显示斑蝥素分子可进入棉铃虫GSTs的活性位点造成其酶活性降低。
斑蝥素可有效的毒杀多种昆虫尤其的鳞翅目昆虫，但在实际害虫防治时使用较高剂量斑蝥素能造成一定的环境问题。因此考虑将亚致死剂量的斑蝥素作为杀虫剂增效剂使用。事实上增效剂应当是解毒酶系尤其是与生物和非生物胁迫效应相关的解毒酶系的有效抑制剂。碱性磷酸酶广泛参与昆虫的多种生理过程并与杀虫剂抗性相关，其功能的变化能导致严重的生理干扰。我们的研究发现饲喂亚致死剂量25μg g-1的斑蝥素后，棉铃虫中肠碱性磷酸酶活性显著下降。以pNPP作为底物的酶动力学结果标明，斑蝥素竞争性抑制棉铃虫碱性磷酸酶活性。另外斑蝥素处理后，棉铃虫中肠碱性磷酸酶的转录水平也同步下调。通过同源模建技术和分子对接技术得到的斑蝥素与棉铃虫碱性磷酸酶结合模型也证明了斑蝥素结合与棉铃虫碱性磷酸酶的催化中心区域。
Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner is a serious pest of many economiccrops. Its control has not been adequate due to its resistance to many groups of insecticides.Toxicity of cantharidin on armyworm and diamondback moth has already been reported.However, its toxicity on H. armigera has not been investigated previously. In this study, wereport lethal and sub-lethal effects of cantharidin on H. armigera under laboratory conditions.Our results showed gross abnormalities in population parameters of H. armigera, rangingfrom larvae to adults. Reduction in larval weight and wings malformation was observed incantharidin-treated population cohort. Comparatively, higher mortality at larval, pupal andadult stages was observed in cantharidin-treated, compared to control. Almost five times lessfecundity was recorded in treated population cohort. Fertility was also severely affected andreduction in all population parameters was observed. Cantharidin in our study caused larvalmortality and other serious abnormalities in H. armigera population parameters and therefore,may have positive implications for pest management decision making process. Moreinterestingly, our experiment revealed that cantharidin in sub-lethal dose mimicked IGR(Insect Growth Regulator) insecticides. Furthermore, cantharidin could be used as a precursorcompound for the synthesis of new analogues and compounds to replace ineffective oldercompounds.
Previous investigations have implicated glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) as one ofthe major reasons for insecticide resistance. Therefore, effectiveness of the new candidatecompounds depends on their ability to inhibit GSTs to prevent metabolic detoxification byinsects. Cantharidin has been developed as a bio-pesticide in China that proves highly toxic toa wide range of insects, especially lepidopteran. In present studies we test cantharidin as amodel compound for its toxicity, effects on the mRNA transcription of a model H. armigeraglutathione S-transferase gene (HaGST) and also for its putative inhibitory effect on thecatalytic activity of GSTs, both in vivo and in vitro in H. armigera employing molecular andbiochemical methods. Bioassay results showed that cantharidin was highly toxic to H.armigera. Real-time qPCR showed down-regulation of the HaGST at the mRNA transcriptranging from2.5to12.5folds while biochemical assays showed in vivo inhibition of GSTs inmidgut and in vitro inhibition of rHaGST. Binding of cantharidin to HaGST was rationalizedby homology and molecular docking simulations using a model GST (1PN9) as a templatestructure. Molecular docking simulations also confirmed accurate docking of the cantharidinmolecule to the active site of HaGST impeding its catalytic activity.
Earlier investigations have shown high toxicity of cantharidin to many insectsespecially lepidopteran. However, its use in a higher dose for pest management has raisedserious environmental concerns. Therefore, its biological potential in sub-lethal dose as asynergist was considered. In fact, it is essential for a synergist to be an effective inhibitor ofmetabolic enzymes especially those responsible for biotic and abiotic stress. As alkalinephosphatase is an important enzyme involved in numerous physiological processes and also ininsecticide resistance, so any impairment in its function may lead to serious physiologicaldisturbances and could compromise their catalytic activity. Results of the presentinvestigation showed that a sub-lethal dose of25μg g-1treated artificial diet fed to H.armigera showed inhibitory effects on catalytic activity of alkaline phosphatase in the insectmidgut. Furthermore, Kinetic data showed that cantharidin inhibited HaALPs competitivelywith respect to p-NPP. In addition, cantharidin did not induce Helicoverpa armigera alkalinephosphatase gene (HaALP) rather caused slight down regulation. The inhibitory effect ofcantharidin on catalytic activity of ALPs as a result of its binding to the putative catalytic sitewas also confirmed by using homology modeling, molecular dynamics and dockingsimulations.
引文
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