中部地区利用FDI质量问题研究
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摘要
基于利用外商直接投资(Foreign Direct Investment,FDI)获得收益的视角,本文从引进FDI和对FDI的利用绩效两个层面确立评价利用FDI质量的指标体系,分别评价引进FDI质量和FDI的利用质量,从多角度对中部利用FDI质量的状况作出了初步判断,分析了中部利用FDI质量的影响因素,并根据利用FDI的现状提出改善中部利用FDI质量的对策。
本文采用规范研究和实证研究相结合、归纳与演绎推理相结合、理论联系实际等方法进行研究。运用归纳法确立本文的利用FDI质量的评价体系；运用一般统计分析法、面板数据模型、面板协整方法考察中部利用FDI的质量。
通过统计和计量的实证分析对中部利用FDI的质量作出了初步判断,现将本文的主要内容及观点概括如下。
(1)从引进FDI和FDI的利用绩效两个方面概括并确立利用FDI质量的评价指标,二者的功能不同,前者是为引进FDI时对其进行甄别,后者是判断对引进FDI的利用绩效。
(2)对中部引进FDI的质量分析结果表明：中部引进FDI的质量总体上是随时间变化不断上升；从产业结构的影响看,FDI对中部产业结构的调整有积极作用,但不利于产业结构的进一步优化；以港澳台资为主体的外资结构、不同利用方式的FDI构成、空间分布、FDI的知识、技术含量、实际FDI的到位率等方面表明,中部引进FDI的质量并不高。
(3)对中部FDI的利用质量进行统计分析表明：在资本贡献、经济增长效应、产业结构升级、出口的直接贡献、就业贡献、经济结构多元化等方面,中部对FDI的利用质量是应该肯定的；但在经济增长质量、FDI企业本地化程度、溢出效应、R&D水平、税收优惠的净福利效应等方面,中部对FDI的利用质量不高。
(4)对中部FDI的利用质量进行计量分析表明：从FDI对中部的净资本贡献、经济增长、现代产业发展、产业结构升级、出口扩大等方面看,中部利用FDI的质量高,但从FDI的溢出效应和R&D水平的影响等方面看,中部利用FDI的质量低。
(5)目前中部正进入利用FDI的新阶段,要调整利用FDI的战略与对策,主要通过优化环境、积极利用政策的引导功能来提高引进FDI质量,通过加强监管、促进FDI企业生产的本地化、创造公平竞争的环境、提高人力资本存量和企业技术能力等途径来提高FDI的利用质量；同时加强制度建设、加大科技、教育的投入、鼓励支持民营企业的发展提高利用FDI的质量。
Basing on gains from Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), this paper establishes an assessment framework with two aspects of introducing and utilizing to assess the quality of FDI itself and the achievements of utilizing FDI respectively, so as to make a preliminary determination about actual conditions of utilizing FDI in central China by several norms, and put forward measurements of improving the utilization of FDI according to the actual conditions.
The methods applied in this paper are normal study methods and actual study methods, induction and deduction, theoretical abstraction and practical investigation, etc. Induction is used for establishing assessment framework, and statistic analysis, panel data model, the method of co-integration of panel data, for inspecting quality of FDI in central China.
The actual study of statistics and econometrics results in a preliminary determination of the quality of utilizing FDI in central China. The principle content and major ideas are listed as follows:
(1) It is to summarize and establish norms for assessing FDI in China from the aspects of introducing and utilizing achievements. Norms of introducing are for distinguishing nature of FDI and norms of utilizing for determining utilizing achievements of FDI.
(2) Analysis of quality of FDI in central China demonstrates that the quality of FDI is being continuously improved in the past. Although FDI has positive effect to a certain extent on adjusting the industries structure in this area, it will hinder the further optimization of the industries structure. We find that the quality of FDI in central China is relatively low judged by sources, utilizing modes, regional distributions of FDI, knowledge and technology from FDI and actual FDI being in place.
(3) The analysis of the quality of utilizing FDI by applying statistics reveals FDI in central China has brought positive effects, such as capital contribution, economic growth, upgrading of industries structure, contribution of exports, expansion of employment and economy pluralizing, but the quality of utilizing FDI is not high in accordance with norms of quality of economy increasing, localizing of FDI enterprises, spillover effects, levels of R&D, net welfare effects of tax favorable treatments.
(4) The econometric analysis of the quality of utilizing FDI reveals that central China does well in utilizing FDI in consideration of the contribution of FDI to net capital, to economic growth, to the development of modern industry, to the upgrading of industrial structure and to the growth of export, while poorly on spillover effects and levels of R&D.
(5) Presently, central China is getting into a new stage of utilizing FDI, we should adjust strategy and policy for FDI, via enhancing supervision, promoting localization of FDI enterprises, building environments with fair competition, improving deposit of human capital and innovation capacity of enterprises to improve the quality of utilizing FDI. Meanwhile, we should optimize institutions, increase investments to science & technology and education, encourage and support the development of private enterprises.
本文采用规范研究和实证研究相结合、归纳与演绎推理相结合、理论联系实际等方法进行研究。运用归纳法确立本文的利用FDI质量的评价体系；运用一般统计分析法、面板数据模型、面板协整方法考察中部利用FDI的质量。
通过统计和计量的实证分析对中部利用FDI的质量作出了初步判断,现将本文的主要内容及观点概括如下。
(1)从引进FDI和FDI的利用绩效两个方面概括并确立利用FDI质量的评价指标,二者的功能不同,前者是为引进FDI时对其进行甄别,后者是判断对引进FDI的利用绩效。
(2)对中部引进FDI的质量分析结果表明：中部引进FDI的质量总体上是随时间变化不断上升；从产业结构的影响看,FDI对中部产业结构的调整有积极作用,但不利于产业结构的进一步优化；以港澳台资为主体的外资结构、不同利用方式的FDI构成、空间分布、FDI的知识、技术含量、实际FDI的到位率等方面表明,中部引进FDI的质量并不高。
(3)对中部FDI的利用质量进行统计分析表明：在资本贡献、经济增长效应、产业结构升级、出口的直接贡献、就业贡献、经济结构多元化等方面,中部对FDI的利用质量是应该肯定的；但在经济增长质量、FDI企业本地化程度、溢出效应、R&D水平、税收优惠的净福利效应等方面,中部对FDI的利用质量不高。
(4)对中部FDI的利用质量进行计量分析表明：从FDI对中部的净资本贡献、经济增长、现代产业发展、产业结构升级、出口扩大等方面看,中部利用FDI的质量高,但从FDI的溢出效应和R&D水平的影响等方面看,中部利用FDI的质量低。
(5)目前中部正进入利用FDI的新阶段,要调整利用FDI的战略与对策,主要通过优化环境、积极利用政策的引导功能来提高引进FDI质量,通过加强监管、促进FDI企业生产的本地化、创造公平竞争的环境、提高人力资本存量和企业技术能力等途径来提高FDI的利用质量；同时加强制度建设、加大科技、教育的投入、鼓励支持民营企业的发展提高利用FDI的质量。
Basing on gains from Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), this paper establishes an assessment framework with two aspects of introducing and utilizing to assess the quality of FDI itself and the achievements of utilizing FDI respectively, so as to make a preliminary determination about actual conditions of utilizing FDI in central China by several norms, and put forward measurements of improving the utilization of FDI according to the actual conditions.
The methods applied in this paper are normal study methods and actual study methods, induction and deduction, theoretical abstraction and practical investigation, etc. Induction is used for establishing assessment framework, and statistic analysis, panel data model, the method of co-integration of panel data, for inspecting quality of FDI in central China.
The actual study of statistics and econometrics results in a preliminary determination of the quality of utilizing FDI in central China. The principle content and major ideas are listed as follows:
(1) It is to summarize and establish norms for assessing FDI in China from the aspects of introducing and utilizing achievements. Norms of introducing are for distinguishing nature of FDI and norms of utilizing for determining utilizing achievements of FDI.
(2) Analysis of quality of FDI in central China demonstrates that the quality of FDI is being continuously improved in the past. Although FDI has positive effect to a certain extent on adjusting the industries structure in this area, it will hinder the further optimization of the industries structure. We find that the quality of FDI in central China is relatively low judged by sources, utilizing modes, regional distributions of FDI, knowledge and technology from FDI and actual FDI being in place.
(3) The analysis of the quality of utilizing FDI by applying statistics reveals FDI in central China has brought positive effects, such as capital contribution, economic growth, upgrading of industries structure, contribution of exports, expansion of employment and economy pluralizing, but the quality of utilizing FDI is not high in accordance with norms of quality of economy increasing, localizing of FDI enterprises, spillover effects, levels of R&D, net welfare effects of tax favorable treatments.
(4) The econometric analysis of the quality of utilizing FDI reveals that central China does well in utilizing FDI in consideration of the contribution of FDI to net capital, to economic growth, to the development of modern industry, to the upgrading of industrial structure and to the growth of export, while poorly on spillover effects and levels of R&D.
(5) Presently, central China is getting into a new stage of utilizing FDI, we should adjust strategy and policy for FDI, via enhancing supervision, promoting localization of FDI enterprises, building environments with fair competition, improving deposit of human capital and innovation capacity of enterprises to improve the quality of utilizing FDI. Meanwhile, we should optimize institutions, increase investments to science & technology and education, encourage and support the development of private enterprises.
引文
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3见Sadhana Srivastava对"Globalization and the Quality of Foreign Direct Investment"的书评,ASEAN Economic Bulletin,2003,Vol 20(2),第194页.
4见Kumar,N的"Globalization and the Quality of Foreign Direct Investment".New Delhi:Oxford University Press,2002,第169页。
5依据商务部网站数据整理。
6见傅元海的博十论文《中国利用FDI质量问题的研究》第34页,华中科技大学经济学院,2007年12月。
7同5
8见沈利生、王恒的《增加值率下降意味着什么》，2006年《经济研究》第3期第59-66。
10见丽霞的《外资避税“黑洞”大》,《中国外资》2004年第2期第36-37页。
11见张秋华的《涉外税收优惠是对外商投资企业实行国民待遇的障碍》, 《当代经济研究》1999年12期第63页。
12见张天顶的《FDI对中国经济增长的实证研究》表1，《世界经济研究》2004年第10期第76页。
14见Sadhana Srivastava."Globalization and the Quality of Foreign Direct Investment",ASEAN Economic Bulletin,2003,Vol.20(2):194.
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3见Sadhana Srivastava对"Globalization and the Quality of Foreign Direct Investment"的书评,ASEAN Economic Bulletin,2003,Vol 20(2),第194页.
4见Kumar,N的"Globalization and the Quality of Foreign Direct Investment".New Delhi:Oxford University Press,2002,第169页。
5依据商务部网站数据整理。
6见傅元海的博十论文《中国利用FDI质量问题的研究》第34页,华中科技大学经济学院,2007年12月。
7同5
8见沈利生、王恒的《增加值率下降意味着什么》，2006年《经济研究》第3期第59-66。
10见丽霞的《外资避税“黑洞”大》,《中国外资》2004年第2期第36-37页。
11见张秋华的《涉外税收优惠是对外商投资企业实行国民待遇的障碍》, 《当代经济研究》1999年12期第63页。
12见张天顶的《FDI对中国经济增长的实证研究》表1，《世界经济研究》2004年第10期第76页。
14见Sadhana Srivastava."Globalization and the Quality of Foreign Direct Investment",ASEAN Economic Bulletin,2003,Vol.20(2):194.