西藏南木林县退耕还林工程效益分析
|
摘要
退耕还林工程实施的主要目的是改善生态环境,减少自然灾害,达到人与社会的可持续发展。2002年西藏退耕还林工程在西藏昌都地区开始试点实施,2003年在西藏自治区全面展开。工程实施几年来的效益如何,是广大农牧民退耕农户关注的焦点。所以对退耕还林工程所产生的效益进行分析具有重要的现实意义。本文选择西藏自治区南木林县作为研究对象,以公共物品理论和经济增长理论为指导,在查阅大量文献和实地调查的基础上,设立评价指标体系,运用效益监测的基本方法,对该地区退耕还林工程的效益进行分析,并根据可持续发展理论提出了适合西藏可持续发展的建议。
本文首先,根据评价指标体系设立原则,借鉴已有的研究成果,运用理论分析和实地调查的方法确立了生态效益、经济效益和社会效益评价指标体系;其次,根据确立的评价指标,采用影子工程法和统计分析方法(配对数据的显著性检验、回归分析、前后对比法)对南木林县退耕还林工程的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益进行了评价;最后,根据以上的研究,并提出了相应的建议。
生态效益:退耕还林工程实施后,恢复了森林植被、提高了植被覆盖率,南木林县的森林覆盖率从2002年的8.69%增长到了2010年的8.98%;保护水资源价值为1335.43万元;净化环境价值为626.43万元;有效增加了空气含氧量,南木林县的空气含氧量由原来内地氧气含量的50%提升到目前的56%,释放氧气价值为193.46万元;保护农牧业价值为546.56万元;水土保持价值为5767.38万元。生态效益总价值为8469.26万元。
经济效益:退耕还林工程实施后,工程区退耕农户收入增加,粮食总产量及牧业收入稳定,林副产品播种面积不断扩大;农村经济收入结构发生变化:粮食及牧业收入所占比例逐步减小,林副产品收入所占比例逐步加大;优化了土地利用结构,使有限的土地得到充分利用;运用CES生产函数模型测出退耕还林工程对经济增长的替代弹性为0.0256。
社会效益:退耕还林工程实施后,通过广印藏汉双语宣传单,有效提高了农牧民对退耕还林工作的支持和工程区群众参与退耕还林的积极性,间接地提高了他们的汉语理解水平;适龄儿童入学率逐年增加,适龄儿童入学率是多方面影响的因素,与退耕还林没有必然的联系,但是退耕补助增加了退耕农户的收入,从而会间接的影响适龄儿童入学率;同时,解放了生产力,推动了剩余劳动力由原始劳作向外出务工转移,增加了他们的收入。
退耕还林工程在西藏的实施,改善了西藏的生态环境,保护了脆弱的高原生态;提高了退耕农牧户的增收,促进了县域内经济的增长和社会安定团结,取得了显著的经济和社会效益。
为了巩固退耕还林工程取得的成果,本文建议要加大国家及援藏投资力度,支持基础设施建设;大力发展后续产业;改善当地农牧民群众的科学素质;进一步完善生态补偿机制,提高退耕还林工程效益。
The purpose and emphasis of this project is to improve the ecological environment and reduce the natural disaster,then gain the sustainable development of human and the environment.In 2002, the project of turning farmland into forest was put into effect in the district of Changdu(as an experimental unit) in Tibet.In 2003 this project was implemented in the whole Tibet.The benefit of the project is the very important thing for us farmers and herdsmen.Therefore, the analysis to the ecological benefit of turning farmland into forest project is of great importance.Through the questionnaire to farmers and with the method of benefit survey,this article choose to survey Nanmulin town in Tibet Autonomous Region to analysis the ecological benefit of turning farmland into forest project. The paper establishes evaluation index system, use of effective monitoring of the basic method of converting cultivated land into forests and the access to a large number of documents and field surveys the region to analyze effectives on the guide of theory of public goods and economic growth theory. What’s more, and theory of sustainable development put forward to proposals for sustainable development in Tibet according to the principle to sustainable development.
Firstly, the paper designs the principles according to the established evaluation index and system ,draws on existing research results and use method of theoretical analysis and field survey methods to establish the ecological, economic and social evaluation index system; Secondly, according to the established evaluation index, use shadow project and statistical analysis (paired data test of significance, regression analysis, pros and cons method) to evaluate the three effectives about project of converting cultivated land into forests in South Mullin county. Finally, proposed the corresponding recommendations based on the above research.
The benefit of ecology: After the process of return land to forest,the cover of forest was recovered and the rate of plant cover was increased.The rate of plant cover in Nanmulin town increased from 8.69% in 2002 to 8.98% in 2010.The value of water protection is 1,335,430,000RMB;The value of purify the environment is 626,430,000RMB;The amount of oxygen in Nanmulin town increased.In the beginning,it was 50% of the oxygen in the mainland,but now,it is 56%,the value of which is 193,460,000RMB;The value of the protection of husbandry is 395,080,000RMB.The value of the protection of water and soil is 5,767,380,000.The total value of the benefit of ecology is 8,317,780,000RMB.
Economical benefits:After the implement of the project, these farmers increased their incomes, the overall output of the grain and the livestock industry income is stable, the sowing area of the forest by-product is expanding, the portion of grain and the livestock industry income is decreasing, the income of forest by-product is increasing.
Social benefits: After the implement of the project, farmers and herdsmen improved their Chinese understanding level by the publication of papers that with two launguages- Tibetan and Chines,and by the broadcast of turning farmland into forest policy.They provided them with indirect platform to learn.The project bettered the land use structure,and made the best use of the limit land;In the meanwhile,it also propel the surplus labourers tranfered from original work to out working which enhanced their incomes. Using CES production function model to turn out that the project for the economic growth to elasticity of substitution is up to 0.0256.
On one hand, the implementation of Grain for Green Project in has been improving the ecological environment in Tibet, and has protected the fragile plateau ecology; On the other hand, it has also improved household's income of farmland farm, and promoted economic growth within the county and social stability and unity, moreover has made significant economic and Social benefits.
In order to solidify the achievements of turning farmland into forest project,this article suggests that we should increase the government’s investment to Tibet and support the construction of infrastructural facilities; strive to develop later industry;improve local residents’scientist quality;further perfect the mechanism of ecological compensate to consolidate the result of turning farmland into forest.
本文首先,根据评价指标体系设立原则,借鉴已有的研究成果,运用理论分析和实地调查的方法确立了生态效益、经济效益和社会效益评价指标体系;其次,根据确立的评价指标,采用影子工程法和统计分析方法(配对数据的显著性检验、回归分析、前后对比法)对南木林县退耕还林工程的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益进行了评价;最后,根据以上的研究,并提出了相应的建议。
生态效益:退耕还林工程实施后,恢复了森林植被、提高了植被覆盖率,南木林县的森林覆盖率从2002年的8.69%增长到了2010年的8.98%;保护水资源价值为1335.43万元;净化环境价值为626.43万元;有效增加了空气含氧量,南木林县的空气含氧量由原来内地氧气含量的50%提升到目前的56%,释放氧气价值为193.46万元;保护农牧业价值为546.56万元;水土保持价值为5767.38万元。生态效益总价值为8469.26万元。
经济效益:退耕还林工程实施后,工程区退耕农户收入增加,粮食总产量及牧业收入稳定,林副产品播种面积不断扩大;农村经济收入结构发生变化:粮食及牧业收入所占比例逐步减小,林副产品收入所占比例逐步加大;优化了土地利用结构,使有限的土地得到充分利用;运用CES生产函数模型测出退耕还林工程对经济增长的替代弹性为0.0256。
社会效益:退耕还林工程实施后,通过广印藏汉双语宣传单,有效提高了农牧民对退耕还林工作的支持和工程区群众参与退耕还林的积极性,间接地提高了他们的汉语理解水平;适龄儿童入学率逐年增加,适龄儿童入学率是多方面影响的因素,与退耕还林没有必然的联系,但是退耕补助增加了退耕农户的收入,从而会间接的影响适龄儿童入学率;同时,解放了生产力,推动了剩余劳动力由原始劳作向外出务工转移,增加了他们的收入。
退耕还林工程在西藏的实施,改善了西藏的生态环境,保护了脆弱的高原生态;提高了退耕农牧户的增收,促进了县域内经济的增长和社会安定团结,取得了显著的经济和社会效益。
为了巩固退耕还林工程取得的成果,本文建议要加大国家及援藏投资力度,支持基础设施建设;大力发展后续产业;改善当地农牧民群众的科学素质;进一步完善生态补偿机制,提高退耕还林工程效益。
The purpose and emphasis of this project is to improve the ecological environment and reduce the natural disaster,then gain the sustainable development of human and the environment.In 2002, the project of turning farmland into forest was put into effect in the district of Changdu(as an experimental unit) in Tibet.In 2003 this project was implemented in the whole Tibet.The benefit of the project is the very important thing for us farmers and herdsmen.Therefore, the analysis to the ecological benefit of turning farmland into forest project is of great importance.Through the questionnaire to farmers and with the method of benefit survey,this article choose to survey Nanmulin town in Tibet Autonomous Region to analysis the ecological benefit of turning farmland into forest project. The paper establishes evaluation index system, use of effective monitoring of the basic method of converting cultivated land into forests and the access to a large number of documents and field surveys the region to analyze effectives on the guide of theory of public goods and economic growth theory. What’s more, and theory of sustainable development put forward to proposals for sustainable development in Tibet according to the principle to sustainable development.
Firstly, the paper designs the principles according to the established evaluation index and system ,draws on existing research results and use method of theoretical analysis and field survey methods to establish the ecological, economic and social evaluation index system; Secondly, according to the established evaluation index, use shadow project and statistical analysis (paired data test of significance, regression analysis, pros and cons method) to evaluate the three effectives about project of converting cultivated land into forests in South Mullin county. Finally, proposed the corresponding recommendations based on the above research.
The benefit of ecology: After the process of return land to forest,the cover of forest was recovered and the rate of plant cover was increased.The rate of plant cover in Nanmulin town increased from 8.69% in 2002 to 8.98% in 2010.The value of water protection is 1,335,430,000RMB;The value of purify the environment is 626,430,000RMB;The amount of oxygen in Nanmulin town increased.In the beginning,it was 50% of the oxygen in the mainland,but now,it is 56%,the value of which is 193,460,000RMB;The value of the protection of husbandry is 395,080,000RMB.The value of the protection of water and soil is 5,767,380,000.The total value of the benefit of ecology is 8,317,780,000RMB.
Economical benefits:After the implement of the project, these farmers increased their incomes, the overall output of the grain and the livestock industry income is stable, the sowing area of the forest by-product is expanding, the portion of grain and the livestock industry income is decreasing, the income of forest by-product is increasing.
Social benefits: After the implement of the project, farmers and herdsmen improved their Chinese understanding level by the publication of papers that with two launguages- Tibetan and Chines,and by the broadcast of turning farmland into forest policy.They provided them with indirect platform to learn.The project bettered the land use structure,and made the best use of the limit land;In the meanwhile,it also propel the surplus labourers tranfered from original work to out working which enhanced their incomes. Using CES production function model to turn out that the project for the economic growth to elasticity of substitution is up to 0.0256.
On one hand, the implementation of Grain for Green Project in has been improving the ecological environment in Tibet, and has protected the fragile plateau ecology; On the other hand, it has also improved household's income of farmland farm, and promoted economic growth within the county and social stability and unity, moreover has made significant economic and Social benefits.
In order to solidify the achievements of turning farmland into forest project,this article suggests that we should increase the government’s investment to Tibet and support the construction of infrastructural facilities; strive to develop later industry;improve local residents’scientist quality;further perfect the mechanism of ecological compensate to consolidate the result of turning farmland into forest.
引文
陈大夫.2000.应用产权理论管理好平原农区的森林资源[J].林业资源管理,(5):34-37.
陈继海.2001.美国森林的可持续经营[J].云南林业,(1):56-58.
东梅等.2004.构建我国农业直接收入补贴体系的思考[J].学海,(1):162--165.
董捷.2003.坡耕地与林地价值比较研究兼论退耕还林的效益[J].中国人口·资源与环境,(5):81--83.
郭晓呜.2005.退耕还林工程政策效应的实证分析及其主要判断[J].决策咨询通讯,(3):76-79.
古丽努尔·沙布尔哈孜,尹林克,热合木都拉·阿地拉.2004.塔里木河中下游退耕还林还草综合生态效
益评价研究[J].水土保持学报,18(5):80-83.
高俊,张劲松,孟平等.2006.中阳黄土沟壑区林草符合模式的气候生态效应[J].中国农业气象,27(3):267-170.
高军,贾志文.2003.乌拉特中旗退耕还林工程试点阶段性社会经济效益评价[J].内蒙古林业调查设计,(1):20-22.
国家林业重点工程社会经济效益测报中心.2005国家林业重点生态工程社会经济效益监测报告[J].北京:绿色中国(理论版):(05M):18-21.
高国雄,张国良等.2007.国内外退耕还林研究与实践回顾[J].西北林学院学报,22(2):203-208.
全国退耕还林工程会议在长沙召开[J].湖南林业,2007(9):5-5
国灵华.2007.河北省退耕还林工程社会经济效益分析[J].河北林业科技,(2):18-21.
格里高利·曼昆.2002.宏观经济学.第五版.北京:中国人民出版社:171-217.
仝小林,马丽,毕俊国,郝文芳等.2009.延安市退耕还林生态效益评价[J].江西农业学报,21(2):123-126.
侯军岐,张社梅.2002.黄土高原地区退耕还林还草效益评价[J].水土保持通报,(6):29-31.
哈尔·R.范里安.2002.微观经济学:现代观点.第六版.上海:上海人民出版社:524-528.
龙花楼,李秀彬.2000.美国土地资源政策演变及启示[J].中国土地科学,(3):43-47.
李世东.2002.中外退耕还林还草之比较及其启示[J].世界林业研究,(2):22-27.
李红勋.2003.退耕还林还草工程运行模式的探讨[J].可持续发展研究,(4)22-25
李瑞林.2002.退耕还林工程开始全面启动[J].中国林业,(04A):12-15.
朗奎建,李长胜.2000.林业生态工程10种生态效益计量理论和方法[J].东北林业大学学报,28(1)l~7.
李蕾,刘黎明,谢花林.2004.退耕还林还草工程的土壤保持效益及其生态经济价值评估—以固原市原州区为例[J].水土保持学报,18(1):161-163.
李育材.2005.中国的退耕还林工程[M].中国林业出版社,(l):139-157.
李世荣,李文忠,李福源.2006.青海省大通县退耕还林生态功能综合评价[J],水土保持通报,26 (2):65-68;84.
赖亚飞,朱清科.2009.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区退耕还林(草)工程实施综合效益评价[J].西北林学院学报,24(3):219-223.
雷敏,曹明明,郗静.2007.米脂县退耕还林的综合效益评价与政策取向[J].水土保持通报,(3):151-156.
满明俊,罗剑朝.2006.陕西省退耕还林工程生态效益评价[J].安徽农业科,(8):4736-4737.
梅再美,熊康宁.2003.喀斯特地区水土流失动态特征及生态效益评价—以贵州清镇退耕还林(草)示范区为例[J].中国岩溶,22 (2):136-143.
孙霞,尹林克,孟林,白根本,王雷涛.2004.退耕还林还草研究之进展[J].干旱区地理,(2):221-224.
邵珍,文冰,王伟,娄玉娥.2007.云南6县退耕农户收益分析及增收对策的案例研究[J].林业调查规划,(4):131-134,138.
石培基,冯晓淼,宋先松.2006.退耕还林政策实施对退耕者经济纯效益的影响评价—以甘肃4个退耕还林试点县为例[J].干旱区研究,23(3):459-465.
孙德祥,钱栓提,周广阔等.2003.宁夏盐池半荒漠区沙漠化土地综合治理生态工程效益评价[J].水土保持学报,17(1):80-83.
三北防护林体系建设总体规划方案.1991.三北防护林体系建设总体规划方案办公室.北京:中国林业出版社:76-81.
孙新章,谢高地,甄霖.2007.泾河流域退耕还林(草)综合效益与生态补偿趋向[J].资源科学,2007(3):194-199.
田润才,莲花,赵玉柱.2005.卓资县退耕还林工程效益浅析[J].内蒙古林业大学学报,(3):12-16.
唐秀萍.2004.退耕还林五年历程[J].中国林业,(16):15-15.
韦荣华.2004.退耕还林的四大成效[J].中国林业,(8):21-23.
温亚利.2003.退耕还林政策的经济理论分析.林业经济,(9):56-59.
王爱民.2004.公益林综合经济效益内涵的界定和评价指标体系设计[J].经济师,(12):13-14.
王雷涛,尹林克,孙霞.2005.塔里木河中下游退耕还林还草地的评价方法研究[J].干旱区研究,22(4):537-540.
徐晋涛,陶然,徐志刚.2004.退耕还林:成本有效性、结构调整效应与经济可持续性—基于西部三省农户调查的实证分析[C].北京:第二届中国林业经济论坛论文集,(1):140-161.
杨建波,王利.2003.退耕还林生态效益评价方法[J].中国土地科学,17(5):54-58.
杨旭东.2005.退耕还林工程效益评价案例分析—以湖北省秭归县中坝村为案例[J].绿色中国,(2):27-29.
杨海军.孙立达.余新晓.1993.晋西黄土区水土保持林水量平衡的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,15(8):42-50
余万忠.2000.退耕还林还草与可持续发展研究[J].林业经济,(5):18-24.
尹少华,朱玉雯,尹峰.2008.退耕还林工程综合效益评价指标体系研究[J].林业经济,(5):29-36.
周维博,李佩成.2003.干旱半干旱地域灌区水资源综合效益评价体系研究[J].自然资源学报,(18)288-292.
周文渊,赵岩,郭建英,孙保平.2009.安定区退耕还林工程的生态效益评价[J],杨越中国农学通报,25 (20):115-120.
周红,缪杰.2003.安和平贵州省退耕还林工程试点阶段社会经济效益初步评价[].林业经济,(4):23-24.
张洪明.2004.对新形势下退耕还林工程建设的思考[J].四川林业勘探设计,(1):28-35.
支玲.李怒云.田治威.王娟.林德荣.2004.西部退耕还林工程社会影响评价—以会泽县、清镇市为例[J].林业科学,(3):2-11.
张华军,刘启明.1988.北京气温与下垫面结构关系的时相变[J]地理学报,43(2):159-168.
张学军.汪靖.2004.黄山区退耕还林三大效益初步评价[J].安徽林业,(3):37.
赵武军,余劲等.2007.退耕还林与农户收入关系研究概述[J].财贸研究,(6):53-57.
支玲,李昆,宋志伟,张春华,杨明,张媛.2008.云南鹤庆县退耕还林工程效益评价[J].西南林学院学报,(8):84-88.
张义华,郭永红,高嵩,闫平娃,张亚霞,钱猛虎,闫瑞娟,葛丹.2007.退耕还林经济社会效益分析[J].甘肃林业科技,(9):36-38.
朱红春,张友顺.2003.陕北黄土高原坡耕地生态退耕经济效益评价与分析[J].水土保持研究,10(2):41-43.
中国生物多样性国情研究报告编写组.1998.中国生物多样性国情研究报告[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社:114-124.
赵景柱等.1999.可持续发展概念的系统分析[J].生态学报,(3).393,-394
BECK R J,KAFT S E,BURDE J H.1999.Is the conservation of land from agricultural production to bioreserve boom or bane for economic development[J].Soil and Water Cons,frist quarter.
Cooper C OSBORN T.1998.The effect of rental rate on the extension of consevation reservation reserve program contracts[J].American Jourmal of Agricultural,80:184-194.
Costanza R.1997.The value of the world ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,260-263.
PLANTING J,ALIGR.CHENG H.2001.The supply of land for conservation uses:evidence from the conservation reserve program[J].Resoures ,Conservation and Recycling,31.
]Sampson R N.1992.Forestry opportunities in the United States to mitigate the effects of globle warning [J].Water,Air and Soil Pollution,120-183.
Seip K.1992.WTP for environmental goods in norway,a Contingent valuation study with real payment[J].Environment and Resources Economics,(2),91-106.
陈继海.2001.美国森林的可持续经营[J].云南林业,(1):56-58.
东梅等.2004.构建我国农业直接收入补贴体系的思考[J].学海,(1):162--165.
董捷.2003.坡耕地与林地价值比较研究兼论退耕还林的效益[J].中国人口·资源与环境,(5):81--83.
郭晓呜.2005.退耕还林工程政策效应的实证分析及其主要判断[J].决策咨询通讯,(3):76-79.
古丽努尔·沙布尔哈孜,尹林克,热合木都拉·阿地拉.2004.塔里木河中下游退耕还林还草综合生态效
益评价研究[J].水土保持学报,18(5):80-83.
高俊,张劲松,孟平等.2006.中阳黄土沟壑区林草符合模式的气候生态效应[J].中国农业气象,27(3):267-170.
高军,贾志文.2003.乌拉特中旗退耕还林工程试点阶段性社会经济效益评价[J].内蒙古林业调查设计,(1):20-22.
国家林业重点工程社会经济效益测报中心.2005国家林业重点生态工程社会经济效益监测报告[J].北京:绿色中国(理论版):(05M):18-21.
高国雄,张国良等.2007.国内外退耕还林研究与实践回顾[J].西北林学院学报,22(2):203-208.
全国退耕还林工程会议在长沙召开[J].湖南林业,2007(9):5-5
国灵华.2007.河北省退耕还林工程社会经济效益分析[J].河北林业科技,(2):18-21.
格里高利·曼昆.2002.宏观经济学.第五版.北京:中国人民出版社:171-217.
仝小林,马丽,毕俊国,郝文芳等.2009.延安市退耕还林生态效益评价[J].江西农业学报,21(2):123-126.
侯军岐,张社梅.2002.黄土高原地区退耕还林还草效益评价[J].水土保持通报,(6):29-31.
哈尔·R.范里安.2002.微观经济学:现代观点.第六版.上海:上海人民出版社:524-528.
龙花楼,李秀彬.2000.美国土地资源政策演变及启示[J].中国土地科学,(3):43-47.
李世东.2002.中外退耕还林还草之比较及其启示[J].世界林业研究,(2):22-27.
李红勋.2003.退耕还林还草工程运行模式的探讨[J].可持续发展研究,(4)22-25
李瑞林.2002.退耕还林工程开始全面启动[J].中国林业,(04A):12-15.
朗奎建,李长胜.2000.林业生态工程10种生态效益计量理论和方法[J].东北林业大学学报,28(1)l~7.
李蕾,刘黎明,谢花林.2004.退耕还林还草工程的土壤保持效益及其生态经济价值评估—以固原市原州区为例[J].水土保持学报,18(1):161-163.
李育材.2005.中国的退耕还林工程[M].中国林业出版社,(l):139-157.
李世荣,李文忠,李福源.2006.青海省大通县退耕还林生态功能综合评价[J],水土保持通报,26 (2):65-68;84.
赖亚飞,朱清科.2009.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区退耕还林(草)工程实施综合效益评价[J].西北林学院学报,24(3):219-223.
雷敏,曹明明,郗静.2007.米脂县退耕还林的综合效益评价与政策取向[J].水土保持通报,(3):151-156.
满明俊,罗剑朝.2006.陕西省退耕还林工程生态效益评价[J].安徽农业科,(8):4736-4737.
梅再美,熊康宁.2003.喀斯特地区水土流失动态特征及生态效益评价—以贵州清镇退耕还林(草)示范区为例[J].中国岩溶,22 (2):136-143.
孙霞,尹林克,孟林,白根本,王雷涛.2004.退耕还林还草研究之进展[J].干旱区地理,(2):221-224.
邵珍,文冰,王伟,娄玉娥.2007.云南6县退耕农户收益分析及增收对策的案例研究[J].林业调查规划,(4):131-134,138.
石培基,冯晓淼,宋先松.2006.退耕还林政策实施对退耕者经济纯效益的影响评价—以甘肃4个退耕还林试点县为例[J].干旱区研究,23(3):459-465.
孙德祥,钱栓提,周广阔等.2003.宁夏盐池半荒漠区沙漠化土地综合治理生态工程效益评价[J].水土保持学报,17(1):80-83.
三北防护林体系建设总体规划方案.1991.三北防护林体系建设总体规划方案办公室.北京:中国林业出版社:76-81.
孙新章,谢高地,甄霖.2007.泾河流域退耕还林(草)综合效益与生态补偿趋向[J].资源科学,2007(3):194-199.
田润才,莲花,赵玉柱.2005.卓资县退耕还林工程效益浅析[J].内蒙古林业大学学报,(3):12-16.
唐秀萍.2004.退耕还林五年历程[J].中国林业,(16):15-15.
韦荣华.2004.退耕还林的四大成效[J].中国林业,(8):21-23.
温亚利.2003.退耕还林政策的经济理论分析.林业经济,(9):56-59.
王爱民.2004.公益林综合经济效益内涵的界定和评价指标体系设计[J].经济师,(12):13-14.
王雷涛,尹林克,孙霞.2005.塔里木河中下游退耕还林还草地的评价方法研究[J].干旱区研究,22(4):537-540.
徐晋涛,陶然,徐志刚.2004.退耕还林:成本有效性、结构调整效应与经济可持续性—基于西部三省农户调查的实证分析[C].北京:第二届中国林业经济论坛论文集,(1):140-161.
杨建波,王利.2003.退耕还林生态效益评价方法[J].中国土地科学,17(5):54-58.
杨旭东.2005.退耕还林工程效益评价案例分析—以湖北省秭归县中坝村为案例[J].绿色中国,(2):27-29.
杨海军.孙立达.余新晓.1993.晋西黄土区水土保持林水量平衡的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,15(8):42-50
余万忠.2000.退耕还林还草与可持续发展研究[J].林业经济,(5):18-24.
尹少华,朱玉雯,尹峰.2008.退耕还林工程综合效益评价指标体系研究[J].林业经济,(5):29-36.
周维博,李佩成.2003.干旱半干旱地域灌区水资源综合效益评价体系研究[J].自然资源学报,(18)288-292.
周文渊,赵岩,郭建英,孙保平.2009.安定区退耕还林工程的生态效益评价[J],杨越中国农学通报,25 (20):115-120.
周红,缪杰.2003.安和平贵州省退耕还林工程试点阶段社会经济效益初步评价[].林业经济,(4):23-24.
张洪明.2004.对新形势下退耕还林工程建设的思考[J].四川林业勘探设计,(1):28-35.
支玲.李怒云.田治威.王娟.林德荣.2004.西部退耕还林工程社会影响评价—以会泽县、清镇市为例[J].林业科学,(3):2-11.
张华军,刘启明.1988.北京气温与下垫面结构关系的时相变[J]地理学报,43(2):159-168.
张学军.汪靖.2004.黄山区退耕还林三大效益初步评价[J].安徽林业,(3):37.
赵武军,余劲等.2007.退耕还林与农户收入关系研究概述[J].财贸研究,(6):53-57.
支玲,李昆,宋志伟,张春华,杨明,张媛.2008.云南鹤庆县退耕还林工程效益评价[J].西南林学院学报,(8):84-88.
张义华,郭永红,高嵩,闫平娃,张亚霞,钱猛虎,闫瑞娟,葛丹.2007.退耕还林经济社会效益分析[J].甘肃林业科技,(9):36-38.
朱红春,张友顺.2003.陕北黄土高原坡耕地生态退耕经济效益评价与分析[J].水土保持研究,10(2):41-43.
中国生物多样性国情研究报告编写组.1998.中国生物多样性国情研究报告[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社:114-124.
赵景柱等.1999.可持续发展概念的系统分析[J].生态学报,(3).393,-394
BECK R J,KAFT S E,BURDE J H.1999.Is the conservation of land from agricultural production to bioreserve boom or bane for economic development[J].Soil and Water Cons,frist quarter.
Cooper C OSBORN T.1998.The effect of rental rate on the extension of consevation reservation reserve program contracts[J].American Jourmal of Agricultural,80:184-194.
Costanza R.1997.The value of the world ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,260-263.
PLANTING J,ALIGR.CHENG H.2001.The supply of land for conservation uses:evidence from the conservation reserve program[J].Resoures ,Conservation and Recycling,31.
]Sampson R N.1992.Forestry opportunities in the United States to mitigate the effects of globle warning [J].Water,Air and Soil Pollution,120-183.
Seip K.1992.WTP for environmental goods in norway,a Contingent valuation study with real payment[J].Environment and Resources Economics,(2),91-106.