托勒密二世时代对外关系研究
摘要
托勒密二世统治时期既是托勒密王国创建的初期阶段，又是希腊化世界统一帝国瓦解、诸强并立格局形成的重要阶段。本文通过研究托勒密二世领导下的埃及与希腊化世界中不同国家和地区之间的关系，探讨了托勒密二世的对外策略和埃及与各类国家及地区的政治、经济和文化等方面的关系，以及这些对外活动与埃及国内政治、经济和文化等领域的联系。
第一章首先介绍了亚历山大帝国的形成与解体过程，以及希腊化时代初期的政治格局。说明虽然在继承者战争中主要各方都试图拥有整个亚历山大帝国，但是事实上任何一种政治力量都无法稳固地控制地域如此广阔的国家，结果初步形成了几个主要希腊化王国共存并且争夺希腊化世界主导权的局面。其次分析了托勒密王朝初期在埃及的专制统治，说明托勒密王朝的对外活动是在专制君主决策下，以埃及的综合国力为基础，以满足托勒密王国的经济需求和安全需要以及扩大政治影响力为目的行动。
第二章探讨了托勒密二世与希腊和马其顿以及爱琴海地区主要政治力量的关系。为了维护托勒密王国在东地中海地区的势力范围，托勒密二世积极拉拢各方势力牵制和打击敌对国家。首先，托勒密二世支持希腊城邦的反马其顿斗争，利用海军控制了爱琴海上的岛屿。其次，托勒密二世利用伊庇鲁斯王国维持希腊化世界的力量均势。再次，托勒密二世为了维护托勒密王国在希腊和爱琴海地区的优势地位，与统治马其顿王国的安提柯二世进行了长期斗争。
第三章探讨了托勒密二世与叙利亚和小亚细亚地区的国家以及与塞琉古王国之间的关系。对于叙利亚地区，托勒密二世进行严密的政治控制和经济控制。对于小亚细亚的中小国家，托勒密二世通过控制沿海地区和运用制海权来对当地国家形成制约。另一方面托勒密二世比较尊重当地国家并且注意满足其利益需求，因此即便对当地国家失去控制力以后彼此之间也可以保持较为友好的关系。托勒密王国与塞琉古王国在多个方面存在利益冲突。托勒密二世通过第一次叙利亚战争维持了对叙利亚和小亚细亚沿海地区的控制，在第二次叙利亚战争中面对不利局面，托勒密二世能够及时与安条克二世媾和并且利用联姻打破了马其顿王国与塞琉古王国的同盟，为托勒密三世的成功反击奠定了良好基础。
第四章集中讨论了在托勒密二世的决策下，托勒密王国在努比亚地区和红海沿岸地区展开扩张行动。托勒密二世通过组织探险考察活动和发动征服战争击败了南方的库什王国等国家和部落，控制了努比亚地区。对南方的扩张首先确保了埃及南部边境的安全并且获得了努比亚地区的矿产资源；其次为托勒密王国获得大象等动物资源提供了保障，这在一定程度上满足了建立战象部队的需要；再次利用在红海沿岸地区建立的基地，开辟了红海交通线，这样做既有助于进一步探索东非地区又提高了托勒密王国在东西方贸易中的地位。
托勒密二世时代的各种经济文化交往活动表明希腊化世界已经成为一个有机的整体，而一系列有限度的战争冲突反映出希腊化世界三强鼎立的格局已经形成。充满政治智慧的托勒密二世顺应这种趋势，运用政治、军事、经济、文化和宗教等多种手段扩大了托勒密王朝的影响力，促进了东西方的经济文化交流，巩固了托勒密国王自身的统治。
The era of Ptolemy Ⅱ means the foundationalstage of the PtolemaicKingdom, which is from the unification of the hellenistic world to thedisintegration triggered by strongest forces. By researching on therelationship between Egypt ruled by Ptolemy Ⅱ and other hellenisticstates, I will discuss the foreign policy of Ptolemy Ⅱ and its influence ondomestic political affairs, economic and culture of Egypt.
In the first chapter, I will introduce the formation and disintegrationof the empire of Alexander, and the political powers in the earlyHellenistic era. Although each power in the war of successor wants toreunify the entire Alexandria Empire, in fact, any political force cannotfirmly control such a vast country, which results in several coexistHellenistic kingdoms. Followed by analysing the despotism of thePtolemaic dynasty, the conclusion is that the foreign activities under thedespotism of the Ptolemaic dynasty, depending on the comprehensivenational strength, aim at meeting the demands of the economy andsecurity and expanding the political influence.
The second chapter discusses the relationship of the main politicalforces among the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Greece and Macedoniaand the Aegean region. In order to maintain its sphere of the easternMediterranean, Ptolemy Ⅱ positively wines over his friends and strikeshostile foes. Firstly, Ptolemy Ⅱ is for Greek city states fighting withMacedon, and makes use of navy to dominate the islands near theAegean region. Secondly, Ptolemy Ⅱ keeps the balance of power inHellenistic kingdoms with the help of Epirus.
Thirdly, Ptolemy Ⅱ attaches importance on the balance of power.Ptolemy Ⅱ fights against Antigonus Ⅱ of Macedon in order to maintainthe dominant position in Greece and the Aegean for a long time. In thethird chapter, I will discusse the relationship among the Ptolemaic Kingdom, Syria, and the states near Asia Mino and the Seleucid. For theregion of Syria, Ptolemy Ⅱ carries out the strict polices on political andeconomy. For small and medium-sized states near the Asia Minor,Ptolemy Ⅱ constraints on the these states by controlling the coastalareas. Meanwhile, Ptolemy Ⅱ respects their interests and demands,maintaining friendly relations with each other. Ptolemaic Kingdom andSeleucid Kingdom is full of the conflicts in many aspects. Through thefirst Syrian war, Ptolemy Ⅱ maintains his control of the coastal areas ofSyria and Asia Minor. Facing the disadvantage in the second Syrian war,Ptolemy Ⅱ makes use of marriage with Antiochus Ⅱ to make peace andbreak the alliance between Macedonia and the Seleucid kingdom,which lays a good foundation for Ptolemy ⅡI.
The fourth chapter focuses on the expansion in Nubia and the RedSea coastal areas of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Ptolemy Ⅱ defeats theSouth Kush Kingdom and controls Nubian after the expedition activities.The expansion of Ptolemy Ⅱ in the south ensures the safety of thesouthern Egypt and Ptolemy Ⅱ obtains mineral resources of the Nubianregion, which also guarantees that the Ptolemaic Kingdom can getenough elephants to establish the mumakil. Futher more, it does help toestablished the base near the Red Sea coastal, open up traffic lines toexplore the East African region and also promote the status of thePtolemaic kingdom in the East-West trade.
The sorts of economic and cultural exchange prove that theHellenistic world has been a organic form, while the conflicts reflct thatthe three strongest powers will coexist in the Hellenistic world. The wisePtolemy Ⅱ follows this trend and takes the measures on military,economic, culture and religion field to expand his influence, which alsopromotes the East-West economic and cultural exchange andconsolidates the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
第一章首先介绍了亚历山大帝国的形成与解体过程，以及希腊化时代初期的政治格局。说明虽然在继承者战争中主要各方都试图拥有整个亚历山大帝国，但是事实上任何一种政治力量都无法稳固地控制地域如此广阔的国家，结果初步形成了几个主要希腊化王国共存并且争夺希腊化世界主导权的局面。其次分析了托勒密王朝初期在埃及的专制统治，说明托勒密王朝的对外活动是在专制君主决策下，以埃及的综合国力为基础，以满足托勒密王国的经济需求和安全需要以及扩大政治影响力为目的行动。
第二章探讨了托勒密二世与希腊和马其顿以及爱琴海地区主要政治力量的关系。为了维护托勒密王国在东地中海地区的势力范围，托勒密二世积极拉拢各方势力牵制和打击敌对国家。首先，托勒密二世支持希腊城邦的反马其顿斗争，利用海军控制了爱琴海上的岛屿。其次，托勒密二世利用伊庇鲁斯王国维持希腊化世界的力量均势。再次，托勒密二世为了维护托勒密王国在希腊和爱琴海地区的优势地位，与统治马其顿王国的安提柯二世进行了长期斗争。
第三章探讨了托勒密二世与叙利亚和小亚细亚地区的国家以及与塞琉古王国之间的关系。对于叙利亚地区，托勒密二世进行严密的政治控制和经济控制。对于小亚细亚的中小国家，托勒密二世通过控制沿海地区和运用制海权来对当地国家形成制约。另一方面托勒密二世比较尊重当地国家并且注意满足其利益需求，因此即便对当地国家失去控制力以后彼此之间也可以保持较为友好的关系。托勒密王国与塞琉古王国在多个方面存在利益冲突。托勒密二世通过第一次叙利亚战争维持了对叙利亚和小亚细亚沿海地区的控制，在第二次叙利亚战争中面对不利局面，托勒密二世能够及时与安条克二世媾和并且利用联姻打破了马其顿王国与塞琉古王国的同盟，为托勒密三世的成功反击奠定了良好基础。
第四章集中讨论了在托勒密二世的决策下，托勒密王国在努比亚地区和红海沿岸地区展开扩张行动。托勒密二世通过组织探险考察活动和发动征服战争击败了南方的库什王国等国家和部落，控制了努比亚地区。对南方的扩张首先确保了埃及南部边境的安全并且获得了努比亚地区的矿产资源；其次为托勒密王国获得大象等动物资源提供了保障，这在一定程度上满足了建立战象部队的需要；再次利用在红海沿岸地区建立的基地，开辟了红海交通线，这样做既有助于进一步探索东非地区又提高了托勒密王国在东西方贸易中的地位。
托勒密二世时代的各种经济文化交往活动表明希腊化世界已经成为一个有机的整体，而一系列有限度的战争冲突反映出希腊化世界三强鼎立的格局已经形成。充满政治智慧的托勒密二世顺应这种趋势，运用政治、军事、经济、文化和宗教等多种手段扩大了托勒密王朝的影响力，促进了东西方的经济文化交流，巩固了托勒密国王自身的统治。
The era of Ptolemy Ⅱ means the foundationalstage of the PtolemaicKingdom, which is from the unification of the hellenistic world to thedisintegration triggered by strongest forces. By researching on therelationship between Egypt ruled by Ptolemy Ⅱ and other hellenisticstates, I will discuss the foreign policy of Ptolemy Ⅱ and its influence ondomestic political affairs, economic and culture of Egypt.
In the first chapter, I will introduce the formation and disintegrationof the empire of Alexander, and the political powers in the earlyHellenistic era. Although each power in the war of successor wants toreunify the entire Alexandria Empire, in fact, any political force cannotfirmly control such a vast country, which results in several coexistHellenistic kingdoms. Followed by analysing the despotism of thePtolemaic dynasty, the conclusion is that the foreign activities under thedespotism of the Ptolemaic dynasty, depending on the comprehensivenational strength, aim at meeting the demands of the economy andsecurity and expanding the political influence.
The second chapter discusses the relationship of the main politicalforces among the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Greece and Macedoniaand the Aegean region. In order to maintain its sphere of the easternMediterranean, Ptolemy Ⅱ positively wines over his friends and strikeshostile foes. Firstly, Ptolemy Ⅱ is for Greek city states fighting withMacedon, and makes use of navy to dominate the islands near theAegean region. Secondly, Ptolemy Ⅱ keeps the balance of power inHellenistic kingdoms with the help of Epirus.
Thirdly, Ptolemy Ⅱ attaches importance on the balance of power.Ptolemy Ⅱ fights against Antigonus Ⅱ of Macedon in order to maintainthe dominant position in Greece and the Aegean for a long time. In thethird chapter, I will discusse the relationship among the Ptolemaic Kingdom, Syria, and the states near Asia Mino and the Seleucid. For theregion of Syria, Ptolemy Ⅱ carries out the strict polices on political andeconomy. For small and medium-sized states near the Asia Minor,Ptolemy Ⅱ constraints on the these states by controlling the coastalareas. Meanwhile, Ptolemy Ⅱ respects their interests and demands,maintaining friendly relations with each other. Ptolemaic Kingdom andSeleucid Kingdom is full of the conflicts in many aspects. Through thefirst Syrian war, Ptolemy Ⅱ maintains his control of the coastal areas ofSyria and Asia Minor. Facing the disadvantage in the second Syrian war,Ptolemy Ⅱ makes use of marriage with Antiochus Ⅱ to make peace andbreak the alliance between Macedonia and the Seleucid kingdom,which lays a good foundation for Ptolemy ⅡI.
The fourth chapter focuses on the expansion in Nubia and the RedSea coastal areas of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Ptolemy Ⅱ defeats theSouth Kush Kingdom and controls Nubian after the expedition activities.The expansion of Ptolemy Ⅱ in the south ensures the safety of thesouthern Egypt and Ptolemy Ⅱ obtains mineral resources of the Nubianregion, which also guarantees that the Ptolemaic Kingdom can getenough elephants to establish the mumakil. Futher more, it does help toestablished the base near the Red Sea coastal, open up traffic lines toexplore the East African region and also promote the status of thePtolemaic kingdom in the East-West trade.
The sorts of economic and cultural exchange prove that theHellenistic world has been a organic form, while the conflicts reflct thatthe three strongest powers will coexist in the Hellenistic world. The wisePtolemy Ⅱ follows this trend and takes the measures on military,economic, culture and religion field to expand his influence, which alsopromotes the East-West economic and cultural exchange andconsolidates the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
引文
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7R. S. Bagnall and P. Derow, eds., The Hellenistic Period Historical Sources in Translation,Wiley-Blackwell,2004.
1吴于廑：《希腊化时期的文化》，《历史教学》1958年第2期，又刊《吴于廑学术论著自选集》，首都师范大学出版社，1995年。
2杨巨平：《论希腊化文化的多元与统一》，《世界历史》1992年第3期；杨巨平：《希腊化文化是人类历史上第一次文化大交流、大汇合》，《山西大学学报》1992年第4期；杨巨平：《希腊化文明的形成、影响与古代诸文明的交叉渗透》，《陕西师范大学学报》1998年第3期。
3黄洋、晏绍祥：《希腊史研究入门》，北京大学出版社，2009年。
4杨巨平：《阿伊哈努姆遗址与希腊化时期东西方诸文明的互动》，《西域研究》，2007年第
1期，第96页；《亚历山大东征与丝绸之路开通》，《历史研究》，2007年第4期，第150页。
1陈恒：《希腊化研究》，商务印书馆，2006年，第33—34页。
2刘文鹏：《古代埃及史》，商务印书馆，2000年。
1郭丹彤：《埃及与东地中海世界的交往》，社会科学文献出版社，2011年，第176—177页。
2沈坚：《关于希腊化时代的历史考察》，《史学集刊》，1992年第3期，第57页。
3裔昭印：《希腊化时代的妇女与东西文化交流》，《北方论丛》，1999年第6期，第71页。
4郭子林：《论托勒密埃及的专制主义》，《世界历史》，2008年第3期，第87—88页。
1[英]弗兰克·威廉·沃尔班克：《希腊化世界》，陈恒，茹倩译，上海人民出版社，2009年，第18页。
1[俄]维克多·V·瑞布里克：《世界古代文明史》，上海人民出版社2010年版，第308页。
2[英]弗兰克·威廉·沃尔班克：《希腊化世界》，陈恒，茹倩译，上海人民出版社，2009年，第20页。
1[俄]维克多·V·瑞布里克：《世界古代文明史》，上海人民出版社2010年版，第309页。
1[俄]维克多·V·瑞布里克：《世界古代文明史》，上海人民出版社2010年，第309页。
2[古罗马]奈波斯：《外族名将传》，刘君玲等译，上海人民出版社2005年，第185—193页。书中Evmenes译为“欧墨奈斯”，Antigonus译为“安提戈努斯”。
1[英]莱斯莉·阿德金斯，罗伊·阿德金斯：《探寻古希腊文明》，商务印书馆2010年，第146页。
2[俄]维克多·V·瑞布里克：《世界古代文明史》，上海人民出版社2010年，第309页。
3[俄]维克多·V·瑞布里克：《世界古代文明史》，上海人民出版社2010年，第309页。
1Nina L. Collins,“The Various Fathers of Ptolemy I”, Mnemosyne, Fourth Series, Vol.50, Fasc.
4(Aug.,1997), pp.436-476.
2[英]弗兰克·威廉·沃尔班克：《希腊化世界》，陈恒，茹倩译，上海人民出版社，2009年，第21页。
12Arrian, Events after Alexander, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker,156F1,5.H. Bell, Egypt From Alexander The Great to The Arab Conquest, Oxford,1956, p.32.
3刘文鹏：《古代埃及史》，商务印书馆，2000年，第582页。
4The Cambridge Ancient History, Cambridge. Second Edition. Vol. VII, pt. I,1984, p.122.
5刘文鹏：《古代埃及史》，商务印书馆，2000年，第582页。
1A. E. Astin and F. W. Walbank, The Cambridge Ancient History, Second Edition, vol VII, Part1,Cambridge University Press1984, p.122.
2[英]弗兰克·威廉·沃尔班克：《希腊化世界》陈恒，茹倩译，上海人民出版社，2009年，第86页。
1Andrew Erskine, A Companion to The Hellenistic World, Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2005,p.105.
2F. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, The Cambridge Ancient History, Second Edition, Volume VII, Part1,Cambridge University Press1984, p.105.
1“科勒叙利亚”在托勒密王朝的官方用语中是指”叙利亚和腓尼基”，主要范围相当于如今的叙利亚南部和黎巴嫩以及巴勒斯坦地区。
2Philip Sabin, Hans Van Wees, Michael Whitby, The Cambridge History of Greek and RomanWarfare, vol I, Cambridge University Press,2007, p.304.
3Walter M.Ellis, Ptolemy of Egypt, Routledge,2001. p.55.
1Diog. Laer.5.58.
1阿格乌斯和克劳努斯都是托勒密一世与安提帕特之女欧律狄克的儿子。关于托勒密二世处死阿格乌斯的讨论请参阅Christian Habicht, The Hellenistic Monarchies: Selected Papers, TheUniversity of Michigan Press,2006, p.154.
1Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, III.5.7, trans. P. A. Brunt, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1976.
2Walter M. Ellis, Ptolemy of Egypt, London and New York: Routledge,2001, p.8.
3Walter M. Ellis, Ptolemy of Egypt, London and New York: Routledge,2001, p.30.
1Roger S. Bagnall and Peter Derow, The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation,Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2004, p.285.
2L. Casson, Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press,2001, p.137.
1F. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, The Cambridge Ancient History, Second Edition, Volume VII, Part1,
2Cambridge University Press1984, p.68.Elias Joseph Bikerman, Institutions des Séleucides: ouvrage publié avec le concours del'Academie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, P. Geuthner,1938, p.47.
1Leon Mooren (ed.), Politics, Administration and Society in the Hellenistic and Roman World:Proceedings of the International Colloquium, Bertinoro19-24July1997，Leuven,2000,pp.365-388.
1Idyll14.59.
2Thomas G. Allen, The Book of the Dead or Going Forth by Day: Ideas of the Ancient EgyptiansConcerning the Hereafter as Expressed in their own Terms, Chicago,1978, pp.189–190.
1Dorothy J. Crawford, Kerkeosiris: an Egyptian Village in the Ptolemaic Period, Cambridge,1971, pp.5-38; Arthur M.F.W. Verhoogt, Menches, Komogrammateus of Kerkeosiris: the Doingsand Dealings of a Village Scribe in the Late Ptolemaic Period (120–110BC), Leiden,1998, pp.2133-146.Willy Clarysse and Dorothy J. Thompson, Counting the People in Hellenistic Egypt, CambridgeUniversity Press,2006.
1Willy Clarysse,“Toponymy of Fayyum villages in the Ptolemaic Period” in Mario Capasso and
P. Davoli (eds), New Archaeological and Papyrological Researches on the Fayyum (Lecce,2005),
pp.67-81.
2S. Héral,“Archives bilingues de nomarques dans les papyrus de Gh ran” in Janet H. Johnson
(ed.), Life in a Multi-Cultural Society: Egypt from Cambyses to Constantine and beyond (Chicago,
1992), pp.149-157.
3Sitta von Reden, Money in Early Ptolemaic Egypt from the Macedonian Conquest to the End of
the Third Century BC, Cambridge,2007, pp.29-57; Willy Clarysse and Dorothy J. Thompson,
4Counting the People in Hellenistic Egypt, Cambridge,2006, p.8.Willy Clarysse and Dorothy J. Thompson, Counting the People in Hellenistic Egypt, vol.2,
1Cambridge,2006, p.45.Willy Clarysse and Dorothy J. Thompson, Counting the People in Hellenistic Egypt, vol.2,
2Cambridge,2006, p.87.Willy Clarysse and Dorothy J. Thompson, Counting the People in Hellenistic Egypt, Cambridge,
3vol.2,2006, pp.60–61.P.Zen.Pestm.30.10-15.
12P.Rev.38.1-3.
3Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt, Oxyrhynchus Papyri, vol, London,1915, p.11.
4P.Rev.36, dated14June.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.404.
5Herman De Meulenaere and Pierre MacKay, Mendes II, Warminster,1976, pp.173-177.
6Günther Roeder, Die gyptische G tterwelt, Roeder1959, p.183.
1F. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, The Cambridge Ancient History, Second Edition, Volume VII, Part1,Cambridge University Press1984, p.153.阿塔巴是托勒密埃及的容积单位，1阿塔巴约等于40升。
2M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, Oxford
3University Press,1941. p.399.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.401.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, Oxford
2University Press,1941. p.402.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, Oxford
3University Press,1941. P.403.Glenn R.Bugh, The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenstic World, Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press,2006.
1刘文鹏：《古代埃及史》，商务印书馆，2000年，第600页。
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, Oxford
2University Press,1941. p.287.
3P. Cairo Zen.59001.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.332.
1ke Engsheden, La reconstitution du verbe en égyptien de tradition400-30avant J.-C, Uppsala,2003.
2Eleni Vassilika, Ptolemaic Philae, Leuven,1989, pp.27–38.
3Herman De Meulenaere and Pierre MacKay, Mendes II, Warminster,1976, pp.173-177.
（Urkunden II，28-54）
12Blankenberg-Van Delden1969,4-7,16and21-56.New edition KRI II233,5-257,16and282,1-284,1.
12Otto1960, II,28.Martina Minas, Die hieroglyphischen Ahnenreihen der ptolem ischen K nige. Ein Vergleich mit
3den Titeln der eponymen Priester in den demotischen und griechischen Papyri,Mainz,2000.Urkunden II,81-105.
1Günther H lbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, Routledge,2001, p.73.
2Günther H lbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, Routledge,2001, p.9.
3Diodorus, I,84.8
4J.D. Ray, The Archive of Hor, Oxford,1976. No.3, verso, pp.18-20.
5P.M. Fraser,“Two Studies on the Cult of Sarapis in the Hellenistic World”, OpusculaAtheniensia3,1960, pp.1–54.
6P.M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria, vol I., Oxford,1972, pp.227,263.
7Martin Bommas, Heiligtum und Mysterium: Griechenland und seine gyptischen Gottheiten,Mainz,2005, p.25.
8J.E. Stambaugh, Sarapis under the Early Ptolemies, Leiden,1972, p.25.
1Christian Habicht, Gottmenschentum und griechische St dte, second edition, Munich,1970, pp.109-110.
2Günther H lbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, Routledge,2001, p.87.
34P.M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria,vol.I, Oxford,1972, p.216.P.M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria,vol.I, Oxford,1972, p.228.
5Günther H lbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, Routledge,2001, p.73, pp.94-98.
6P.M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria,vol.I, Oxford,1972, p.217.
1J. Tondriau,“Princesses ptoléma ques comparées ou identifiées à des déesses (IIIe–Ier siècles
2avant J.-C.)” Bulletin de la Société Royale d’Archéologie-Alexandrie (37,1948), pp.16-18.Dorothy Burr Thompson, Ptolemaic Oinochoai and Portraits in Faience: Aspects of the Ruler
3Cult, Oxford,1973, pp.67,70,74.P.M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria, vol I., Oxford,1972, pp.270-272.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.334.
12Polybius, XVIII.55.Pausanias,1.7.1.
1Theocritus, Idyll,17.86–90; SEG XXIX102,42-43.
1IG XII,7,506.
1Irwin L. Merker,“The Ptolemaic Officials and the League of the Islanders”, Historia:
2Zeitschrift für Alte,1970, pp.149-151.,
3IG XII,7,506.
4IG XII,7,506.IG XI,4,559.
1IG XI,4,1083.
1Roger S. Bagnall, The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions Outside Egypt, New York,21976.p.39.Roger S. Bagnall, The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions Outside Egypt, New York,31976.p.40.Roger S. Bagnall, The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions Outside Egypt, New York,1976.p.41.
1Pausanias, I.36.4.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. P.394.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.171.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, Oxford
2University Press,1941. p.333.Tod, GHI II, p.276.
1Cf. SEG42.1663.
1M. M. Austin, The Hellenistic world from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection ofAncient Sources, Cambridege University Press,1981, p.210.
1M. Rostovtzeff,“Greek Sightseers in Egypt”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol.14,No.1/2(May,1928), pp.13-15.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.393.
1Pausanias1.11.5; Plutarch Pyrrhus4.4.安提戈涅是贝雷妮丝与前夫的女儿，而并非是托勒密一世的亲生女儿。
23R.M. Errington, A History of Macedonia, Berkeley,1990. p.149.Walter M.Ellis, Ptolemy of Egypt, London and New York,1994, p.55.
12Pausanias1.6.8; Plutarch Pyrrhus5.1.
3Dionyius of Halicarnassus19.8.1–10.5; Pausanias1.12.1; Justin18.1.1–11; Strabo8.7.1.Plutarch, Pyrrhus14.
1Pausanias1.13.2–3; Justin25.3.5–8; Plutarch Pyrrhus26.
1Plutarch, Pyrrhus5.1,6.3-4.
1N.G.L. Hammond,“Which Ptolemy Gave Troops and Stood as Protector of Pyrrhus’ Kingdom?”,Historia,37.4(1988), p.405.
1N.G.L. Hammond,“Which Ptolemy Gave Troops and Stood as Protector of Pyrrhus’ Kingdom?”,Historia,37.4(1988), p.413.
1Paul McKechnie and Philippe Guillaume, Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World, LeidenBoston,2008. p.93.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, Oxford
2University Press,1941. p.396.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.395.
1W.W. Tarn, Antigonos Gonatas, Oxford,1913.
12Pausanias1.13.2–3; Justin25.3.5–8; Plutarch Pyrrhus26.Kostas Buraselis,“Ambivalent Roles of Centre and Periphery: Remarks on the Relation of the
1Pausanias,3.6.4-6; Justin,26.2.
1Syll.1434/5.
12Christian Habicht, Athens from Alexander to Antony, Cambridge, MA,1997, p.142.Diodorus Siculus,20.37.2.
1Austin, M.M., The Hellenistic world from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of
2Ancient Sources, Cambridege University Press,1981, p.131.
3A. J. B. Wace,“Laconia: Excavations at Sparta1906” BSA,14(1907/8), pp.149-158.Robert Garland, The Piraeus: from the Fifth to the First Century BC, London,1987, p.51;James L. O’Neil,“The Creation of New Dynasties after the Death of Alexander the Great”,Prudentia,32.2(2000), pp.118-137.
12Pausanias,1.7.3.Barclay V. Head, Historia Numorum (second edition), Oxford,1911, p.434; H.A. Troxell,“The
3Peloponnesian Alexanders”, ANSMN17(1971), p.73.Paul Cartledge and Antony Spawforth, Hellenistic and Roman Sparta: A Tale of Two Cities,Routledge,2002, p.35.
12James R. McCredie, Fortified Military Camps in Attica, Princeton,1966, p.72.
3Pausanias3.6.5.
4Pausanias3.6.4.
5James R. McCredie, Fortified Military Camps in Attica, Princeton,1966, p.111.
6N. G. L. Hammond and F. W. Walbank, A History of Macedonia, vol.3, Oxford,1988, p.282.Plutarch, Agis,3.4.
12W.S. Ferguson, Hellenistic Athens, London,1911, p.180.
3Justin,26.2.9-11.Plutarch, Moralia,851F.
12Pausanias1.1.1; Strabo9.1.21[C395].
3Robert Garland, The Piraeus: from the Fifth to the First Century BC London,1987, p.51.
4James R. McCredie, Fortified Military Camps in Attica, Princeton,1966, pp.9-25.
5James R. McCredie, Fortified Military Camps in Attica, Princeton,1966, p.25.E. Vanderpool, J.R. McCredie and A. Steinberg,“Koroni: the Date of the Camp and the Pottery”,
6Hesperia33(1964), pp.26-60.
7James R. McCredie, Fortified Military Camps in Attica, Princeton,1966, p.46.James R. McCredie, Fortified Military Camps in Attica, Princeton,1966, p.48.
1William Scott Ferguson, Hellenistic Athens: An Historical Essay, Ares Publ,1974, p.181;Polyaenus4.6.20.
1E.R. Bevan, The House of Ptolemy: a History of Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty, London,1927, p.68.
1Günther H lbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, Routledge,2001, p.44; E.R. Bevan, The
2House of Ptolemy: a History of Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty, London,1927, p.69.Klaus Bringmann,“The King as Benefactor”, in Anthony Bulloch, Erich Gruen, A.A. Long andA. Stewart (eds.), Images and Ideologies: Self-Definition in the Hellenistic World, Los Angeles
3and London,1993, p.19.
4Justin,26.2.1
5Polyaenus,4.6.3; Aelian Natura Animaliun11.4,16.36.William Woodthorpe Tarn, Antigonos Gonatas, Argonaut,1969, p.236.
12Günther H lbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, Routledge,2001, p.44.Ephraim David, Sparta between Empire and Revolution (404-243B.C.): Internal Problems and
3Their Impact on Contemporary Greek Consciousness, Ayer Publishing,1981, p.139.Heinz Heinen, Untersuchungen zur hellenistichen Geschichte des3. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. ZurGeschichte der Zeit des Ptolemaios Keraunos und zum Chremonideischen Krieg, Wiesbaden,1972, p.191.
12W.S. Ferguson, Hellenistic Athens, London,1911, p.180.
3Athemaeus, Deipnosophistae5.46209E.
4Plutarch, Moralia,545B3.Günther H lbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, Routledge,2001, p.44.
1W. W. Tarn,“The Battles of Andros and Cos”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol.29(1909), p.
268.
1W. W. Tarn,“The Battles of Andros and Cos”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol.29(1909), p.2265.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.386.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, vol I, Oxford
2University Press,1941. p.127.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, vol I, Oxford
3University Press,1941. p.131.
4SEG I,363.Irwin L. Merker,“The Ptolemaic Officials and the League of the Islanders”, Historia: Zeitschrift
1A. E. Astin and F. W. Walbank, The Cambridge Ancient History, Second Edition, vol VII, Part1,Cambridge University Press1984, p.440.
2Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early
3Hellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.20.Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early
4Hellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.48.Eugene Schweigert,“Greek Inscriptions”, Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of
5Classic2al Studies at Athens,(Jul-Sep.,1940), pp.352-354.IG II,3425.
12RIG,373; IG XII,5,1065; SEG I,363.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, vol I, Oxford
3University Press,1941. pp.334-339.
4JOA111,53ff (cited above, note1).
5P. Cairo Zen.59036.Arthur Surridge Hunt and Campbell Cowan Edgar, Select Papyri II, W. Heinemann,1934, no.6410.Frank J. Frost,“Ptolemy II and Halicarnassus: An Honorary Decree”, Anatolian Studies, Vol.21
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8IG XII,7,5o6, line4. Polyb. V,35, I I.SEG I,363.
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1Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early
2Hellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.40.A. E. Astin and F. W. Walbank, The Cambridge Ancient History, Second Edition, vol VII, Part1,
Cambridge University Press1984, p.72; William J. Tait (eds.), Greek and Demotic Texts from the
3Zenon Archive, Brill,1980, pp.137-141.Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early
4Hellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.39.Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early
Hellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.40.
1A. E. Astin and F. W. Walbank, The Cambridge Ancient History, Second Edition, vol VII, Part1,
2Cambridge University Press1984, p.74.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. P.140.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, Oxford
2University Press,1941. P.153; P.Cairo Zen.59037.Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early
3Hellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.22.Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the EarlyHellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.29.
1Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the EarlyHellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.34.
2Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early
3Hellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.55.
4C.C. Edgar, Zenon Papyri,4vols., Cairo,1925-1931,59006,59015,58537.Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the EarlyHellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, pp.43-44.
1Paul McKechnie and Philippe Guillaume, Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World, LeidenBoston,2008. p.172.
23J.P. Peters and H. Thiersch, Painted Tombs in the Necropolis of Marissa, London,1905, p.21.
4E. Oren and U. Rappaport,“The Necropolis of Maresha-Beit Govrin”, IEJ34(1984), p.149.
5Amos Kloner,“Hellenistic Painted Tombs at Maresha” Michmanim14(2000), pp.7-16.Paul McKechnie and Philippe Guillaume, Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World, Leiden
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1Günther H lbl,“Aussagen zur gyptischen Religion in den Zenonpapyri” in Mario Capasso
2(ed.), Papiri Documentari Greci, Galatina,1993, p.29.
3P.Cair. Zen. I59034.IG Fayoum II118,11-13.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.156.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, Oxford
2University Press,1941. p.346.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.394.
1Roger S. Bagnall and Peter Derow, The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation,Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2004, p.52.
1Donald B. Redford, From Slave to Pharaoh: the Black Experience of Ancient Egypt, Baltimore,2004, pp.38–57.
23PP6.16962.
4PP2.4427,16303.PP2.4420.
5Strabo,16.4.8(C470).
67FGrHist666T.PP5.13794.
8埃拉托色尼对努比亚的描述部分保存于斯特拉波的记载中，见Strabo17.1.2(C786).
1阿加塔尔齐德斯著作的部分内容保存于尼多斯的著作里，见Stanley M. Burstein (ed. andtrans.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Erythraean Sea, London,1989.
23FHN vol.2, no.78.
4FHN vol.2, no.84.Stanley M. Burstein, Graeco-Africana: Studies in the History of Greek Relations with Egypt and
5Nubia, New Rochelle,1995, pp.63–76.Ritner, Robert (trans.),“The Romance of Setna Khaemuas and the Mummies (Setna I)” inWilliam Kelly Simpson, et al., The Literature of Ancient Egypt: an Anthology of Stories,Instructions, Stelea, Autobiographies, and Poetry (third edition, New Haven,2003), pp.453-469.
1Stanley M. Burstein, Graeco-Africana: Studies in the History of Greek Relations with Egypt andNubia, New Rochelle,1995, pp.97-104.
23. Lisa Heidorn,“The Horses of Kush”, JNES56(1997), pp.105-115.Stanley M. Burstein (ed. and trans.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Erythraean Sea, London,1989, pp.12-13.
4FHN no.97.在一份3世纪的纸草断片里提及一个麦罗埃方面曾经袭击过托勒密王朝在阿斯旺附近的地区，这起事件应该发生在托勒密二世出兵努比亚之前。
5Diod.i.37.5。
1Plin. N.H.vi.183。
2Diod.78。
3FGrHist627F2.32; Ellen E. Rice, The Grand Procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus, Oxford,1983, p.98.
45FHN no.112.Urkunden vol.2,119, line26; Eleonora Kormysheva,“Arkamani’s inscription from Dakke andits historical background”, Warsaw Egyptological Studies I: Essays in honour of Prof. JadwigaLipi’ nska (Warsaw,1997), p.360.
12Strabo,16.4.7(C770).Stanley M. Burstein (ed. and trans.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Erythraean Sea, London,31989, F57.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.383.
4Theocritus, Idyll17.86-87; Stanley M. Burstein, Graeco-Africana: Studies in the History ofGreek Relations with Egypt and Nubia, New Rochelle,1995, p.108; Richard Hunter (ed.),Theocritus: Encomium of Ptolemy Philadelphus, Berkeley,2003, pp.164-165.
5Gertrud Dietze,“Philae und die Dodekaschoinos in Ptolem ischer Zeit” Ancient Society25
(1994), pp.63-110.
1Eleonora Kormysheva,“Arkamani’s inscription from Dakke and its historical background”,Warsaw Egyptological Studies I: Essays in honour of Prof. Jadwiga Lipi’ nska (Warsaw,1997),
2pp.353-361.Eleni Vassilika, Ptolemaic Philae, Leuven,1989, p.132.
3H.H. Scullard, The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World, Ithaca,1974, pp.188-189.
4As preserved by Diodorus3.6; cf. T r k1992,555-561for his philhellenism. Date: Welsby1996,208.
5Stanley M. Burstein (ed. and trans.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Erythraean Sea (London,1989),8n.1.
1Lionel Casson,“Ptolemy II and the Hunting of African Elephants”, Transactions of the
2American Philological Association,(1974-), Vol.123,(1993), pp.247-260..Perdiccas: Diodorus18.33-34; Demetrius: Diodorus19.82-84.
1M.M. Austin, The Hellenistic world from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection ofAncient Sources, Cambridege University Press,1981, p.294.
2; H.H. Scullard, The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World, Ithaca,1974, pp.126-137; LionelCasson,“Ptolemy II and the Hunting of African Elephants”, Transactions of the AmericanPhilological Association (1974-), Vol.123(1993), pp.247-260.
34OGIS54lines11–14.Bion, FGrHist668F5.
12Strabo,16.4.5(C769).Redmount1995. Carol A. Redmount,“The Wadi Tumilat and the ‘Canal of the Pharaohs’”,JNES54(1995), pp.127-135.
3André Bernand, Le Paneion d’El Kana s: les inscriptions grecques, Leiden,1972, p.21.English translation: Naville1902-1903,21lines23-24. For a recent German translation seeRoeder1959,125–126. Cf. Bernand1972,9bis, for the graffito of a carpenter named Dorion whoaccompanied Eumedes, the founder of Ptolemais of the Hunts.
1Steven E. Sidebotham and Willemina Wendrich (eds.), Berenike94-98: Preliminary Report of
the Excavations at Berenike (Egyptian Red Sea Coast) and the Survey of the Eastern Desert (5
vols., Leiden,1995–2000).
Steven E. Sidebotham and Ronald E. Zitterkopf,“Routes Through the Eastern Desert of Egypt”,
Expedition,37(1995), pp.39–52.
2Fred W. Householder, Jr. and Donald W. Prakken,“A Ptolemaic Graffito in New York”, TAPA76
(1945), pp.108-116; André Bernand, Le Paneion d’El Kana s: les inscriptions grecques, Leiden,
1972, pp.13,18,42,44,47.
3Stanley M. Burstein,“Ivory and Ptolemaic Exploration of the Red Sea: the Missing Factor”, ΤＯ
ΠＯΙ6(1996), pp.799–807.
45Apud Porphyry, FGrHist260F42.
6Appian Preface10.Polybius,5.79.2,82.7.
1Polybius,5.84.3–7; Sir William Gowers,“African Elephants and Ancient Authors”, AfricanAffairs,47(1948), pp.173-180.
23Strabo,17.1.5(C789).Huss ‘Die Quellen des Nils’. Werner Huss,“Die Quellen des Nils”, Chrég130(1991),
4pp.334-343.Stanley M. Burstein,“Exploration and Ethnography in Ptolemaic Egypt” Ancient World,31
(2000), pp.31-37.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.186.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.187.
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2.[古希腊]阿里安：《亚历山大远征记》，李活译，北京：商务印书馆，2007年。
3.崔连仲主编：《世界军事后勤史资料选编·古代部分》，北京：金盾出版社，1990年。
4.[法]克代斯编：《希腊拉丁作家远东古文献辑录》，耿升译，上海：中华书局，1987年。
5.苗力田主编：《亚里士多德全集·第9卷》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1997年。
6.[古希腊]普鲁塔克：《希腊罗马名人传》，席代岳译，长春：吉林出版集团有限责任公司，2009年。
7.日知选译：《古代埃及和两河流域》北京：商务印书馆，1957年。
8.巫宝三主编：《古希腊、罗马经济思想资料选辑》，厉以平、郭小凌编译，北京：商务出版社，1999年。
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11.中国人民大学世界通史教研室编：《世界通史参考资料：古代史与中世史部分》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1954年。
1.[澳]A. B.博斯沃思：《亚历山大帝国》，王桂玲译，西宁：青海人民出版社，2006年。
2.[德]阿尔弗雷德·韦伯：《文化社会学视域中的文化史》，姚燕译，上海：上海人民出版社，2006年。
3.艾周昌,舒运国主编：《非洲黑人文明》，福州：福建教育出版社，2008年。
4.[俄]B. C.塞尔格叶夫：《古希腊史》，缪朗山译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2011年。
5.巴勒克拉夫主编：《泰晤士世界历史地图集》，北京：三联书店，1982年。
6.[法]保罗·佩迪什：《古代希腊人的地理学——古希腊地理学史》，蔡宗夏译，北京：商务印书馆，1983年。
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8.[法]保罗佩迪什：《古代希腊人的地理学——古希腊地理学史》，蔡宗夏译，北京：商务印书馆，1983年。
9.[美]不列颠百科全书公司编著：《简明不列颠百科全书》，中国大百科全书出版社编译，北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1985年。
10.陈恒：《失落的文明:古希腊》，香港：香港三联书店，2002年。
11.陈恒：《希腊化研究》，北京：商务印书馆，2006年。
12.陈启能：《西方历史学名著提要》，南昌：江西人民出版社，2001年。
13.陈思贤：《西方政治思想史：古典世界篇》，长春：吉林出版集团有限公司，2008年。
14.陈勇、罗通秀：《西方史学思想导论》，武汉：武汉大学出版社，1995年。
15.丛日云：《西方政治文化传统》，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，2002年。
16.[英]厄奈斯特·巴克：《希腊政治理论：柏拉图以其前人》，卢华萍译，长春：吉林人民出版社，2003年。
17.[英]芬利：《希腊的遗产》，张强等译，上海：上海人民出版社，2004年。
18.[英]弗兰克·威廉·沃尔班克：《希腊化世界》，陈恒等译，上海：上海人民出版社，2009年。
19.[英]弗格森：《希腊帝国主义》，晏绍祥译，上海：上海三联书店，2005年。
20.[法]G.格罗兹：《古希腊的劳作》，谢云光译，上海：格致出版社，2010年。
21.[埃]G．莫赫塔尔主编：《非洲通史：第2卷》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1984年。
22.郭丹彤：《古代埃及对外关系研究》，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，2005年。
23.郭圣铭、孙道天主编：《世界历史词典》，上海：上海辞书出版社，1985年。
24.[法]古郎士：《希腊罗马古代社会研究》，李玄伯译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2005年。
25.[美]哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德：《驯化君主》，冯克利译，南京：译林出版社，2005年。
26.何志龙：《中东国家通史·叙利亚和黎巴嫩卷》，北京：商务印书馆，2005年。
27.[美]亨利·富兰克弗特：《古代埃及宗教》，郭子林译，上海：上海三联书店，2005年。
28.[美]亨利·富兰克弗特：《王权与神祇——作为自然与社会结合体的古代近东宗教研究》，郭子林译，上海：上海三联书店，2007年。
29.黄洋：《古代希腊土地制度研究》，上海：复旦大学出版社，1995年。
30.黄洋、晏绍祥：《希腊史研究入门》，北京：北京大学出版社，2009年。
31.[英]J·R·哈里斯：《埃及的遗产》，田明等译，上海：上海人民出版社，2006年。
32.[美]J·W·汤普森：《历史著作史·上卷》（第一分册），谢德风译，北京：商务印书馆，1988年。
33.[英]简·艾伦·赫丽生：《古希腊宗教的社会起源》，谢世坚译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2004年。
34.[英]简·艾伦·赫丽生：《希腊宗教研究导论》，谢世坚译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2006年。
35.姜安：《国际政治关系的历史逻辑与人文理念》，长春：东北师范大学出版社，2001年。
36.[英]乔治·皮博迪·古奇：《十九世纪历史学与历史学家》，耿谈如译，北京：商务印书馆，1989年。
37.[法]克琳娜·库蕾：《古希腊的交流》，邓丽丹译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2005年。
38.[美]肯尼思·华尔兹：《国际政治理论》，信强译，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年。
39.[英]莱斯利·阿德金斯：《探寻古希腊文明》，张强译，北京：商务印书馆，2010年。
40.李安山：《非洲古代王国》，北京：北京大学出版社，2011年。
41.[德]利奇德：《古希腊风化史》，杜之等译，沈阳：辽宁教育出版社，2001年。
42.刘文鹏：《埃及考古学》，北京：三联书店，2008年。
43.刘文鹏：《古代埃及史》，北京：商务印书馆，2005年。
44.[英]罗莎莉·戴维：《探寻古埃及文明》，李晓东译，北京：商务印书馆，2007年。
45.[德]马克思，恩格斯：《马克思恩格斯选集·第4卷》，北京：人民出版社，1972年。
46.潘光，陈超南，余建华：《犹太文明》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1999年。
47.[法]皮埃尔·布吕莱：《古希腊人和他们的世界》，王美华译，南京：译林出版社，2006年。
48.萨拉·B·波默罗伊等著：《古希腊政治、社会和文化史》，傅洁莹等译，上海：上海三联书店，2010年。
49.孙道天：《古希腊历史遗产》，上海：上海辞书出版社，2004年。
50.[英]汤因比：《历史研究》，曹未风译，上海：上海人民出版社，1987年。
51.唐士其：《西方政治思想史》，北京：北京大学出版社，2002年。
52.[美]汤普森：《历史著作史》，谢德风译、李活校，北京：商务印书馆，1992年。
53.[德]特奥多尔·蒙森：《罗马史》（第三卷），李嫁年译，北京：商务印书馆，2005年。
54.[美]腾尼·弗兰克：《罗马帝国主义》，宫秀华译，上海：上海三联书店，2008年。
55.[德]特奥多尔·蒙森：《罗马史》，北京：商务印书馆，2005年。
56.汪子嵩：《希腊哲学史》，北京：人民出版社，1988年。
57.王晓朝：《希腊宗教概论》，上海：上海人民出版社，1997年。
58.王新刚：《中东国家通史·叙利亚和黎巴嫩卷》，北京：商务印书馆，2003年。
59.魏凤莲：《古希腊民主制研究的历史考察》，济南：山东人民出版社，2008年。
60.[美]威尔·杜兰：《世界文明史》，幼狮文化公司译，上海：东方出版社，1998年。
61.[美]威廉·邓宁：《政治学说史》，谢义伟译，长春：吉林出版有限集团公司，2009年。
62.[美]威廉·弗格森：《希腊帝国主义》，晏绍祥译，上海：上海三联书店，2005年。
63.[俄]维克多·V·瑞布里克：《世界古代文明史》，师学良，刘军译，上海：上海人民出版社，2010年。
64.[德]文德尔班：《古代哲学史》，詹文杰译，上海：上海三联书店，2009年。
65.[美]沃格林：《希腊化、罗马和早期基督教》，谢华育译，上海：华东师范大学出版社，2007年。
66.[英]沃尔班克：《希腊化研究》，陈恒等译，上海：上海人民出版社，2009年。
67.吴于廑：《吴于廑学术论著自选集》，北京：首都师范大学出版社，1995年。
68.[美]小约瑟夫·奈：《理解国际冲突：理论与历史》，张小明译，上海：上海人民出版社，2011年。
69.徐大同：《西方政治思想史》，天津：天津教育出版社，2000年。
70.[瑞士]雅各布·布克哈特：《希腊人和希腊文明》，王大庆译，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年。
71.裔昭印：《古希腊妇女——文化视野中的研究》，北京：商务印书馆，2001年。
72.[美]约翰·麦克里兰：《西方政治思想史》，彭淮栋译，海口：海南出版社，2003年。
73.[美]约瑟夫·熊彼特：《经济分析史》，北京：商务印书馆，1996年。3、论文
1.陈恒：《关于希腊化时代的若干问题》，《华东师范大学学报》，1997年第2期，第41—48页。
2.陈恒：《从希腊化文化的传播看全球化之起源》，《世界历史》，2004年第3期，第101—108页。
3.郭丹彤：《论自然环境对古代埃及文化的影响》，《东北师大学报》，2000年第4期，第11—17页。
4.郭子林：《王权与专制主义——以古埃及公共权力的演变为例》，《史学理论研究》，2008年第4期，第64—74页。
5.郭子林：《从托勒密埃及国王的经济管理透视专制王权》，《史学月刊》，2009年第7期，第44—51页。
6.郭子林：《论埃及托勒密王朝王权与神权的关系》，《古代文明》，2008年第4期，第18—27页。
7.郭子林：《论托勒密埃及的专制主义》，《世界历史》，2008年第3期，第83—95页。
8.郭子林，李岩：《托勒密埃及官僚制度探微》，《内蒙古民族大学学报》，2006年第3期，第7—11页。
9.郭子林，李凤伟：《论托勒密埃及的王室婚姻》，《广西社会科学》，2005年第7期，第138—140页。
10.郭子林：《从托勒密埃及国王的经济管理透视专制王权》，《史学月刊》，2009年第7期，第44—51页。
11.郝海迪：《古埃及货币史刍议》，《中国钱币》，2008年第2期，第59—63页。
12.金寿福：《古代埃及神权与王权之间的互动和联动》，《北京大学学报》，2010年第6期，第79—89页。
13.李红云：《托勒密埃及的经济管理模式》，《内蒙古民族大学学报》，2005年第4期，第15—17页。
14.李红云：《托勒密王朝对农业活动的管理》，《内蒙古民族大学学报》，2009年第1期，第8—11页。
15.李模：《古代埃及祭司免税特权考》，《西亚非洲》，2009年第3期，第56—58页。
16.李晓东：《古埃及红海航路考》，《东北师大学报》，2010年第６期，第65—69页。
17.徐松岩：《希腊历史发展趋势与马其顿征服希腊之主要原因》，《西南师范大学学报》，1997年第4期，第115—120页。
18.徐晓旭：《马其顿帝国主义中的希腊认同》，《世界历史》，2008年第4期，第24—34页。
19.颜海英：《托勒密时期埃及奴隶制评析》，《历史研究》，1996年第6期，第106—114页。
20.杨巨平：《试析“希腊化”时期君主制的形成与特点》，《山西大学学报》，1991年第1期，第71—77页。
21.杨巨平：《亚历山大东征与丝绸之路开通》，《历史研究》，2007年第4期，第150—161页。
22.张继华：《古代希腊城邦自治观念与霸权兴衰——试析公元前386至公元前371年斯巴达与雅典的称霸》，《史学集刊》，2007年第2期，第43—49页。
23.张绪山：《三世纪以前希腊——罗马世界与中国在欧亚草原之路上的交流》，《清华大学学报》，2000年第5期，第67—72页。
2Tarn, Alexander the Great, Cambridge University Press,1948.
3[美]汤普森：《历史著作史》上卷第1分册，谢德风译，商务印书馆，1988年，第57页。
1[法]保罗·佩迪什：《古代希腊人的地理学——古希腊地理学史》，蔡宗夏译，商务印书馆，1983年，第85—86页。
2[英]弗兰克·威廉·沃尔班克：《希腊化世界》，陈恒，茹倩译，上海人民出版社，2009年，
1[法]保罗·佩迪什：《古代希腊人的地理学——古希腊地理学史》，蔡宗夏译，商务印书馆，1983年，第126页。
2[法]保罗·佩迪什：《古代希腊人的地理学——古希腊地理学史》，蔡宗夏译，商务印书馆，1983年，第88页。
1Polybius, The Histories, Translated by W. R. Paton, The Loeb Classical Library,1922-1927, vol.V, p.34.
2[英]弗兰克·威廉·沃尔班克：《希腊化世界》，陈恒，茹倩译，上海人民出版社，2009年，第6—8页。
1[法]保罗·佩迪什：《古代希腊人的地理学——古希腊地理学史》，蔡宗夏译，商务印书馆，1983年，第133页。
2[苏]波德纳尔斯基：《古代的地理学》，梁昭锡译，商务印书馆，1986年，第220页。
3[苏]波德纳尔斯基：《古代的地理学》，梁昭锡译，商务印书馆，1986年，第240页。
4[苏]波德纳尔斯基：《古代的地理学》，梁昭锡译，商务印书馆，1986年，第243页。
1阿里安：《亚历山大远征记》，李活译，商务印书馆，1979年。
12Pausanias1.7.1.Johann Gustav Droysen, Geschichte des Hellenismus, F. Perthes,1833,1843.
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23W. W. Tarn, Hellenistic Military and Naval Developments, Cambridge,1930.W.W. Tarn, Antigonos Gonatas, Oxford,1913, pp.216–217.
1W. W. Tarn,“Ptolemy II and Arabia”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol.15, No.1/2
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2M. I. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of The Hellenistic world,1941, vol. I, p.29.
3M. I. Rostovtzeff,“Greek Sightseers in Egypt”, TheJournal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol.14,No.1/2(May,1928), pp.13-15.
4Roger S. Bagnall, The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions Outside Egypt, New York,1976, pp.11-24.
John D. Grainger, Hellenistic Phoenicia, Oxford,1991, pp.40-105
5P.W. Pestman (ed.), A Guide to the Zenon Archive, Leiden,1981, pp.172-173.Roger S. Bagnall, The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions Outside Egypt, New York,
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1F. W. Walbank, A history commentary on polybius,3vols, Cambridge University Press,1985.
2[英]弗兰克·威廉·沃尔班克：《希腊化世界》，陈恒，茹倩译，上海人民出版社，2009年，第3页。
3F. W. Walbank, The Hellenistic World, London,1992.
1[英]弗兰克·威廉·沃尔班克：《希腊化世界》，陈恒，茹倩译，上海人民出版社，2009年。
2Brigitte Beyer-Rotthoff:“Untersuchungen zur Aussenpolitik Ptolemaios III”, Habelts
3Dissertationsdrucke: Reihe Alte Geschichte,37, Habelt,1993.
4H. W. Parke, History of Greek Mercenary, Oxford,1933.G. T. Griffith, The Mercenaries in the Hellenistic World, Cambridge,1935.
12F. E. Adcock, Diplomacy of Ancient Greece, London,1975.
3F. E. Adcock, The Greek and Macedonian Art of War, Berkeley,1957.J. A. O. Larsen, The Greek Federal States, Oxford,1968.
4Roger S. Bagnall, The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions Outside Egypt, New York,1976.
5Paul McKechnie, Philippe Guillaume, Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World, Leiden-Boston,62008, p.65.J. R. Hamilton, Alexander the Great, London,1973.
1Paul McKechnie, Philippe Guillaume, Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World, Leiden-Boston,2008, p.39.
23E. V. Hansen, Ten Attalids of Pergaum, Ithaca and London,1971.
4G. M. Cohen, The Seleucid Colonies, Wiesbaden,1978.N. G. L. Hammond, Epirus, Oxford,1967.
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12P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria,3vols. Oxford University Press,1984.
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4Hellenic Studies,1974, pp.233-235.
5S. Davis, Race-relations in ancient Egypt: Greek, Egyptian, Hebrew, Roman, Methuen,1953.S. K. Eddy, The King Is Dead, Lincoln,1961.
1N. Lewis, Greeks in the Ptolemaic Egypt: Case Studies in the Social History of the Hellenistic
2World, Oxford University Press,1986.
3N. Lewis, Greeks in the Ptolemaic Egypt, Oxford,1986.Dorothy J. Thompson, Memphis under the Ptolemies, Princeton University Press,1988; KoenGoudriaan, Ethnicity in Ptolemaic Egypt, Gieben,1988; Per Bilde, Troels Engberg Pedersen, Lise
4Hannestad and Jan Zahle, eds., Ethnicity in Hellenistic Egypt, Aarhus University Press,1992.Günther H lbl, A history of the Ptolemaic empire, Routledge,2001.
1Paul McKechnie, Philippe Guillaume, Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World, Leiden-Boston,22008, pp.193-207.J. M. Modrzejewski, The Jews of Egypt, Varda Books,2001.
1Roger S. Bagnall, The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions Outside Egypt, New York,21976, pp.11-24; P.W. Pestman (ed.), A Guide to the Zenon Archive, Leiden,1981, pp.172-173.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. pp.341-346.
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4M. Austin, The Hellenistic Age, Cambridge,1981.
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6M. M. Austin, The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest, A Selection ofAncient Sources in Translation, Cambridge University Press,2006.
7R. S. Bagnall and P. Derow, eds., The Hellenistic Period Historical Sources in Translation,Wiley-Blackwell,2004.
1吴于廑：《希腊化时期的文化》，《历史教学》1958年第2期，又刊《吴于廑学术论著自选集》，首都师范大学出版社，1995年。
2杨巨平：《论希腊化文化的多元与统一》，《世界历史》1992年第3期；杨巨平：《希腊化文化是人类历史上第一次文化大交流、大汇合》，《山西大学学报》1992年第4期；杨巨平：《希腊化文明的形成、影响与古代诸文明的交叉渗透》，《陕西师范大学学报》1998年第3期。
3黄洋、晏绍祥：《希腊史研究入门》，北京大学出版社，2009年。
4杨巨平：《阿伊哈努姆遗址与希腊化时期东西方诸文明的互动》，《西域研究》，2007年第
1期，第96页；《亚历山大东征与丝绸之路开通》，《历史研究》，2007年第4期，第150页。
1陈恒：《希腊化研究》，商务印书馆，2006年，第33—34页。
2刘文鹏：《古代埃及史》，商务印书馆，2000年。
1郭丹彤：《埃及与东地中海世界的交往》，社会科学文献出版社，2011年，第176—177页。
2沈坚：《关于希腊化时代的历史考察》，《史学集刊》，1992年第3期，第57页。
3裔昭印：《希腊化时代的妇女与东西文化交流》，《北方论丛》，1999年第6期，第71页。
4郭子林：《论托勒密埃及的专制主义》，《世界历史》，2008年第3期，第87—88页。
1[英]弗兰克·威廉·沃尔班克：《希腊化世界》，陈恒，茹倩译，上海人民出版社，2009年，第18页。
1[俄]维克多·V·瑞布里克：《世界古代文明史》，上海人民出版社2010年版，第308页。
2[英]弗兰克·威廉·沃尔班克：《希腊化世界》，陈恒，茹倩译，上海人民出版社，2009年，第20页。
1[俄]维克多·V·瑞布里克：《世界古代文明史》，上海人民出版社2010年版，第309页。
1[俄]维克多·V·瑞布里克：《世界古代文明史》，上海人民出版社2010年，第309页。
2[古罗马]奈波斯：《外族名将传》，刘君玲等译，上海人民出版社2005年，第185—193页。书中Evmenes译为“欧墨奈斯”，Antigonus译为“安提戈努斯”。
1[英]莱斯莉·阿德金斯，罗伊·阿德金斯：《探寻古希腊文明》，商务印书馆2010年，第146页。
2[俄]维克多·V·瑞布里克：《世界古代文明史》，上海人民出版社2010年，第309页。
3[俄]维克多·V·瑞布里克：《世界古代文明史》，上海人民出版社2010年，第309页。
1Nina L. Collins,“The Various Fathers of Ptolemy I”, Mnemosyne, Fourth Series, Vol.50, Fasc.
4(Aug.,1997), pp.436-476.
2[英]弗兰克·威廉·沃尔班克：《希腊化世界》，陈恒，茹倩译，上海人民出版社，2009年，第21页。
12Arrian, Events after Alexander, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker,156F1,5.H. Bell, Egypt From Alexander The Great to The Arab Conquest, Oxford,1956, p.32.
3刘文鹏：《古代埃及史》，商务印书馆，2000年，第582页。
4The Cambridge Ancient History, Cambridge. Second Edition. Vol. VII, pt. I,1984, p.122.
5刘文鹏：《古代埃及史》，商务印书馆，2000年，第582页。
1A. E. Astin and F. W. Walbank, The Cambridge Ancient History, Second Edition, vol VII, Part1,Cambridge University Press1984, p.122.
2[英]弗兰克·威廉·沃尔班克：《希腊化世界》陈恒，茹倩译，上海人民出版社，2009年，第86页。
1Andrew Erskine, A Companion to The Hellenistic World, Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2005,p.105.
2F. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, The Cambridge Ancient History, Second Edition, Volume VII, Part1,Cambridge University Press1984, p.105.
1“科勒叙利亚”在托勒密王朝的官方用语中是指”叙利亚和腓尼基”，主要范围相当于如今的叙利亚南部和黎巴嫩以及巴勒斯坦地区。
2Philip Sabin, Hans Van Wees, Michael Whitby, The Cambridge History of Greek and RomanWarfare, vol I, Cambridge University Press,2007, p.304.
3Walter M.Ellis, Ptolemy of Egypt, Routledge,2001. p.55.
1Diog. Laer.5.58.
1阿格乌斯和克劳努斯都是托勒密一世与安提帕特之女欧律狄克的儿子。关于托勒密二世处死阿格乌斯的讨论请参阅Christian Habicht, The Hellenistic Monarchies: Selected Papers, TheUniversity of Michigan Press,2006, p.154.
1Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, III.5.7, trans. P. A. Brunt, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1976.
2Walter M. Ellis, Ptolemy of Egypt, London and New York: Routledge,2001, p.8.
3Walter M. Ellis, Ptolemy of Egypt, London and New York: Routledge,2001, p.30.
1Roger S. Bagnall and Peter Derow, The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation,Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2004, p.285.
2L. Casson, Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press,2001, p.137.
1F. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, The Cambridge Ancient History, Second Edition, Volume VII, Part1,
2Cambridge University Press1984, p.68.Elias Joseph Bikerman, Institutions des Séleucides: ouvrage publié avec le concours del'Academie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, P. Geuthner,1938, p.47.
1Leon Mooren (ed.), Politics, Administration and Society in the Hellenistic and Roman World:Proceedings of the International Colloquium, Bertinoro19-24July1997，Leuven,2000,pp.365-388.
1Idyll14.59.
2Thomas G. Allen, The Book of the Dead or Going Forth by Day: Ideas of the Ancient EgyptiansConcerning the Hereafter as Expressed in their own Terms, Chicago,1978, pp.189–190.
1Dorothy J. Crawford, Kerkeosiris: an Egyptian Village in the Ptolemaic Period, Cambridge,1971, pp.5-38; Arthur M.F.W. Verhoogt, Menches, Komogrammateus of Kerkeosiris: the Doingsand Dealings of a Village Scribe in the Late Ptolemaic Period (120–110BC), Leiden,1998, pp.2133-146.Willy Clarysse and Dorothy J. Thompson, Counting the People in Hellenistic Egypt, CambridgeUniversity Press,2006.
1Willy Clarysse,“Toponymy of Fayyum villages in the Ptolemaic Period” in Mario Capasso and
P. Davoli (eds), New Archaeological and Papyrological Researches on the Fayyum (Lecce,2005),
pp.67-81.
2S. Héral,“Archives bilingues de nomarques dans les papyrus de Gh ran” in Janet H. Johnson
(ed.), Life in a Multi-Cultural Society: Egypt from Cambyses to Constantine and beyond (Chicago,
1992), pp.149-157.
3Sitta von Reden, Money in Early Ptolemaic Egypt from the Macedonian Conquest to the End of
the Third Century BC, Cambridge,2007, pp.29-57; Willy Clarysse and Dorothy J. Thompson,
4Counting the People in Hellenistic Egypt, Cambridge,2006, p.8.Willy Clarysse and Dorothy J. Thompson, Counting the People in Hellenistic Egypt, vol.2,
1Cambridge,2006, p.45.Willy Clarysse and Dorothy J. Thompson, Counting the People in Hellenistic Egypt, vol.2,
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12P.Rev.38.1-3.
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5Herman De Meulenaere and Pierre MacKay, Mendes II, Warminster,1976, pp.173-177.
6Günther Roeder, Die gyptische G tterwelt, Roeder1959, p.183.
1F. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, The Cambridge Ancient History, Second Edition, Volume VII, Part1,Cambridge University Press1984, p.153.阿塔巴是托勒密埃及的容积单位，1阿塔巴约等于40升。
2M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, Oxford
3University Press,1941. p.399.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.401.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, Oxford
2University Press,1941. p.402.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, Oxford
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1刘文鹏：《古代埃及史》，商务印书馆，2000年，第600页。
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, Oxford
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3P. Cairo Zen.59001.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.332.
1ke Engsheden, La reconstitution du verbe en égyptien de tradition400-30avant J.-C, Uppsala,2003.
2Eleni Vassilika, Ptolemaic Philae, Leuven,1989, pp.27–38.
3Herman De Meulenaere and Pierre MacKay, Mendes II, Warminster,1976, pp.173-177.
（Urkunden II，28-54）
12Blankenberg-Van Delden1969,4-7,16and21-56.New edition KRI II233,5-257,16and282,1-284,1.
12Otto1960, II,28.Martina Minas, Die hieroglyphischen Ahnenreihen der ptolem ischen K nige. Ein Vergleich mit
3den Titeln der eponymen Priester in den demotischen und griechischen Papyri,Mainz,2000.Urkunden II,81-105.
1Günther H lbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, Routledge,2001, p.73.
2Günther H lbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, Routledge,2001, p.9.
3Diodorus, I,84.8
4J.D. Ray, The Archive of Hor, Oxford,1976. No.3, verso, pp.18-20.
5P.M. Fraser,“Two Studies on the Cult of Sarapis in the Hellenistic World”, OpusculaAtheniensia3,1960, pp.1–54.
6P.M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria, vol I., Oxford,1972, pp.227,263.
7Martin Bommas, Heiligtum und Mysterium: Griechenland und seine gyptischen Gottheiten,Mainz,2005, p.25.
8J.E. Stambaugh, Sarapis under the Early Ptolemies, Leiden,1972, p.25.
1Christian Habicht, Gottmenschentum und griechische St dte, second edition, Munich,1970, pp.109-110.
2Günther H lbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, Routledge,2001, p.87.
34P.M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria,vol.I, Oxford,1972, p.216.P.M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria,vol.I, Oxford,1972, p.228.
5Günther H lbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, Routledge,2001, p.73, pp.94-98.
6P.M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria,vol.I, Oxford,1972, p.217.
1J. Tondriau,“Princesses ptoléma ques comparées ou identifiées à des déesses (IIIe–Ier siècles
2avant J.-C.)” Bulletin de la Société Royale d’Archéologie-Alexandrie (37,1948), pp.16-18.Dorothy Burr Thompson, Ptolemaic Oinochoai and Portraits in Faience: Aspects of the Ruler
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1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.334.
12Polybius, XVIII.55.Pausanias,1.7.1.
1Theocritus, Idyll,17.86–90; SEG XXIX102,42-43.
1IG XII,7,506.
1Irwin L. Merker,“The Ptolemaic Officials and the League of the Islanders”, Historia:
2Zeitschrift für Alte,1970, pp.149-151.,
3IG XII,7,506.
4IG XII,7,506.IG XI,4,559.
1IG XI,4,1083.
1Roger S. Bagnall, The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions Outside Egypt, New York,21976.p.39.Roger S. Bagnall, The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions Outside Egypt, New York,31976.p.40.Roger S. Bagnall, The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions Outside Egypt, New York,1976.p.41.
1Pausanias, I.36.4.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. P.394.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.171.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, Oxford
2University Press,1941. p.333.Tod, GHI II, p.276.
1Cf. SEG42.1663.
1M. M. Austin, The Hellenistic world from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection ofAncient Sources, Cambridege University Press,1981, p.210.
1M. Rostovtzeff,“Greek Sightseers in Egypt”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol.14,No.1/2(May,1928), pp.13-15.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.393.
1Pausanias1.11.5; Plutarch Pyrrhus4.4.安提戈涅是贝雷妮丝与前夫的女儿，而并非是托勒密一世的亲生女儿。
23R.M. Errington, A History of Macedonia, Berkeley,1990. p.149.Walter M.Ellis, Ptolemy of Egypt, London and New York,1994, p.55.
12Pausanias1.6.8; Plutarch Pyrrhus5.1.
3Dionyius of Halicarnassus19.8.1–10.5; Pausanias1.12.1; Justin18.1.1–11; Strabo8.7.1.Plutarch, Pyrrhus14.
1Pausanias1.13.2–3; Justin25.3.5–8; Plutarch Pyrrhus26.
1Plutarch, Pyrrhus5.1,6.3-4.
1N.G.L. Hammond,“Which Ptolemy Gave Troops and Stood as Protector of Pyrrhus’ Kingdom?”,Historia,37.4(1988), p.405.
1N.G.L. Hammond,“Which Ptolemy Gave Troops and Stood as Protector of Pyrrhus’ Kingdom?”,Historia,37.4(1988), p.413.
1Paul McKechnie and Philippe Guillaume, Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World, LeidenBoston,2008. p.93.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, Oxford
2University Press,1941. p.396.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.395.
1W.W. Tarn, Antigonos Gonatas, Oxford,1913.
12Pausanias1.13.2–3; Justin25.3.5–8; Plutarch Pyrrhus26.Kostas Buraselis,“Ambivalent Roles of Centre and Periphery: Remarks on the Relation of the
1Pausanias,3.6.4-6; Justin,26.2.
1Syll.1434/5.
12Christian Habicht, Athens from Alexander to Antony, Cambridge, MA,1997, p.142.Diodorus Siculus,20.37.2.
1Austin, M.M., The Hellenistic world from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of
2Ancient Sources, Cambridege University Press,1981, p.131.
3A. J. B. Wace,“Laconia: Excavations at Sparta1906” BSA,14(1907/8), pp.149-158.Robert Garland, The Piraeus: from the Fifth to the First Century BC, London,1987, p.51;James L. O’Neil,“The Creation of New Dynasties after the Death of Alexander the Great”,Prudentia,32.2(2000), pp.118-137.
12Pausanias,1.7.3.Barclay V. Head, Historia Numorum (second edition), Oxford,1911, p.434; H.A. Troxell,“The
3Peloponnesian Alexanders”, ANSMN17(1971), p.73.Paul Cartledge and Antony Spawforth, Hellenistic and Roman Sparta: A Tale of Two Cities,Routledge,2002, p.35.
12James R. McCredie, Fortified Military Camps in Attica, Princeton,1966, p.72.
3Pausanias3.6.5.
4Pausanias3.6.4.
5James R. McCredie, Fortified Military Camps in Attica, Princeton,1966, p.111.
6N. G. L. Hammond and F. W. Walbank, A History of Macedonia, vol.3, Oxford,1988, p.282.Plutarch, Agis,3.4.
12W.S. Ferguson, Hellenistic Athens, London,1911, p.180.
3Justin,26.2.9-11.Plutarch, Moralia,851F.
12Pausanias1.1.1; Strabo9.1.21[C395].
3Robert Garland, The Piraeus: from the Fifth to the First Century BC London,1987, p.51.
4James R. McCredie, Fortified Military Camps in Attica, Princeton,1966, pp.9-25.
5James R. McCredie, Fortified Military Camps in Attica, Princeton,1966, p.25.E. Vanderpool, J.R. McCredie and A. Steinberg,“Koroni: the Date of the Camp and the Pottery”,
6Hesperia33(1964), pp.26-60.
7James R. McCredie, Fortified Military Camps in Attica, Princeton,1966, p.46.James R. McCredie, Fortified Military Camps in Attica, Princeton,1966, p.48.
1William Scott Ferguson, Hellenistic Athens: An Historical Essay, Ares Publ,1974, p.181;Polyaenus4.6.20.
1E.R. Bevan, The House of Ptolemy: a History of Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty, London,1927, p.68.
1Günther H lbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, Routledge,2001, p.44; E.R. Bevan, The
2House of Ptolemy: a History of Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty, London,1927, p.69.Klaus Bringmann,“The King as Benefactor”, in Anthony Bulloch, Erich Gruen, A.A. Long andA. Stewart (eds.), Images and Ideologies: Self-Definition in the Hellenistic World, Los Angeles
3and London,1993, p.19.
4Justin,26.2.1
5Polyaenus,4.6.3; Aelian Natura Animaliun11.4,16.36.William Woodthorpe Tarn, Antigonos Gonatas, Argonaut,1969, p.236.
12Günther H lbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, Routledge,2001, p.44.Ephraim David, Sparta between Empire and Revolution (404-243B.C.): Internal Problems and
3Their Impact on Contemporary Greek Consciousness, Ayer Publishing,1981, p.139.Heinz Heinen, Untersuchungen zur hellenistichen Geschichte des3. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. ZurGeschichte der Zeit des Ptolemaios Keraunos und zum Chremonideischen Krieg, Wiesbaden,1972, p.191.
12W.S. Ferguson, Hellenistic Athens, London,1911, p.180.
3Athemaeus, Deipnosophistae5.46209E.
4Plutarch, Moralia,545B3.Günther H lbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, Routledge,2001, p.44.
1W. W. Tarn,“The Battles of Andros and Cos”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol.29(1909), p.
268.
1W. W. Tarn,“The Battles of Andros and Cos”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol.29(1909), p.2265.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.386.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, vol I, Oxford
2University Press,1941. p.127.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, vol I, Oxford
3University Press,1941. p.131.
4SEG I,363.Irwin L. Merker,“The Ptolemaic Officials and the League of the Islanders”, Historia: Zeitschrift
1A. E. Astin and F. W. Walbank, The Cambridge Ancient History, Second Edition, vol VII, Part1,Cambridge University Press1984, p.440.
2Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early
3Hellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.20.Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early
4Hellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.48.Eugene Schweigert,“Greek Inscriptions”, Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of
5Classic2al Studies at Athens,(Jul-Sep.,1940), pp.352-354.IG II,3425.
12RIG,373; IG XII,5,1065; SEG I,363.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, vol I, Oxford
3University Press,1941. pp.334-339.
4JOA111,53ff (cited above, note1).
5P. Cairo Zen.59036.Arthur Surridge Hunt and Campbell Cowan Edgar, Select Papyri II, W. Heinemann,1934, no.6410.Frank J. Frost,“Ptolemy II and Halicarnassus: An Honorary Decree”, Anatolian Studies, Vol.21
7(1971), pp.167-172.
8IG XII,7,5o6, line4. Polyb. V,35, I I.SEG I,363.
1Irwin L. MerkerReviewed,“The Ptolemaic Officials and the League of the Islanders”, Historia:Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd.19, H.2(Apr.,1970), pp.141-160.
1Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early
2Hellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.40.A. E. Astin and F. W. Walbank, The Cambridge Ancient History, Second Edition, vol VII, Part1,
Cambridge University Press1984, p.72; William J. Tait (eds.), Greek and Demotic Texts from the
3Zenon Archive, Brill,1980, pp.137-141.Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early
4Hellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.39.Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early
Hellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.40.
1A. E. Astin and F. W. Walbank, The Cambridge Ancient History, Second Edition, vol VII, Part1,
2Cambridge University Press1984, p.74.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. P.140.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, Oxford
2University Press,1941. P.153; P.Cairo Zen.59037.Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early
3Hellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.22.Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the EarlyHellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.29.
1Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the EarlyHellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.34.
2Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early
3Hellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, p.55.
4C.C. Edgar, Zenon Papyri,4vols., Cairo,1925-1931,59006,59015,58537.Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the EarlyHellenistic Period, volume I, Fortress Press,1974, pp.43-44.
1Paul McKechnie and Philippe Guillaume, Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World, LeidenBoston,2008. p.172.
23J.P. Peters and H. Thiersch, Painted Tombs in the Necropolis of Marissa, London,1905, p.21.
4E. Oren and U. Rappaport,“The Necropolis of Maresha-Beit Govrin”, IEJ34(1984), p.149.
5Amos Kloner,“Hellenistic Painted Tombs at Maresha” Michmanim14(2000), pp.7-16.Paul McKechnie and Philippe Guillaume, Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World, Leiden
6Boston,2008. p.178.Amos Kloner, Maresha Excavations Final Report I: Subterranean Complexes21,44,70, Jerusalem,2003, pp.
725-26.OGIS16.
1Günther H lbl,“Aussagen zur gyptischen Religion in den Zenonpapyri” in Mario Capasso
2(ed.), Papiri Documentari Greci, Galatina,1993, p.29.
3P.Cair. Zen. I59034.IG Fayoum II118,11-13.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.156.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, Oxford
2University Press,1941. p.346.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.394.
1Roger S. Bagnall and Peter Derow, The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation,Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2004, p.52.
1Donald B. Redford, From Slave to Pharaoh: the Black Experience of Ancient Egypt, Baltimore,2004, pp.38–57.
23PP6.16962.
4PP2.4427,16303.PP2.4420.
5Strabo,16.4.8(C470).
67FGrHist666T.PP5.13794.
8埃拉托色尼对努比亚的描述部分保存于斯特拉波的记载中，见Strabo17.1.2(C786).
1阿加塔尔齐德斯著作的部分内容保存于尼多斯的著作里，见Stanley M. Burstein (ed. andtrans.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Erythraean Sea, London,1989.
23FHN vol.2, no.78.
4FHN vol.2, no.84.Stanley M. Burstein, Graeco-Africana: Studies in the History of Greek Relations with Egypt and
5Nubia, New Rochelle,1995, pp.63–76.Ritner, Robert (trans.),“The Romance of Setna Khaemuas and the Mummies (Setna I)” inWilliam Kelly Simpson, et al., The Literature of Ancient Egypt: an Anthology of Stories,Instructions, Stelea, Autobiographies, and Poetry (third edition, New Haven,2003), pp.453-469.
1Stanley M. Burstein, Graeco-Africana: Studies in the History of Greek Relations with Egypt andNubia, New Rochelle,1995, pp.97-104.
23. Lisa Heidorn,“The Horses of Kush”, JNES56(1997), pp.105-115.Stanley M. Burstein (ed. and trans.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Erythraean Sea, London,1989, pp.12-13.
4FHN no.97.在一份3世纪的纸草断片里提及一个麦罗埃方面曾经袭击过托勒密王朝在阿斯旺附近的地区，这起事件应该发生在托勒密二世出兵努比亚之前。
5Diod.i.37.5。
1Plin. N.H.vi.183。
2Diod.78。
3FGrHist627F2.32; Ellen E. Rice, The Grand Procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus, Oxford,1983, p.98.
45FHN no.112.Urkunden vol.2,119, line26; Eleonora Kormysheva,“Arkamani’s inscription from Dakke andits historical background”, Warsaw Egyptological Studies I: Essays in honour of Prof. JadwigaLipi’ nska (Warsaw,1997), p.360.
12Strabo,16.4.7(C770).Stanley M. Burstein (ed. and trans.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Erythraean Sea, London,31989, F57.M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.383.
4Theocritus, Idyll17.86-87; Stanley M. Burstein, Graeco-Africana: Studies in the History ofGreek Relations with Egypt and Nubia, New Rochelle,1995, p.108; Richard Hunter (ed.),Theocritus: Encomium of Ptolemy Philadelphus, Berkeley,2003, pp.164-165.
5Gertrud Dietze,“Philae und die Dodekaschoinos in Ptolem ischer Zeit” Ancient Society25
(1994), pp.63-110.
1Eleonora Kormysheva,“Arkamani’s inscription from Dakke and its historical background”,Warsaw Egyptological Studies I: Essays in honour of Prof. Jadwiga Lipi’ nska (Warsaw,1997),
2pp.353-361.Eleni Vassilika, Ptolemaic Philae, Leuven,1989, p.132.
3H.H. Scullard, The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World, Ithaca,1974, pp.188-189.
4As preserved by Diodorus3.6; cf. T r k1992,555-561for his philhellenism. Date: Welsby1996,208.
5Stanley M. Burstein (ed. and trans.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Erythraean Sea (London,1989),8n.1.
1Lionel Casson,“Ptolemy II and the Hunting of African Elephants”, Transactions of the
2American Philological Association,(1974-), Vol.123,(1993), pp.247-260..Perdiccas: Diodorus18.33-34; Demetrius: Diodorus19.82-84.
1M.M. Austin, The Hellenistic world from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection ofAncient Sources, Cambridege University Press,1981, p.294.
2; H.H. Scullard, The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World, Ithaca,1974, pp.126-137; LionelCasson,“Ptolemy II and the Hunting of African Elephants”, Transactions of the AmericanPhilological Association (1974-), Vol.123(1993), pp.247-260.
34OGIS54lines11–14.Bion, FGrHist668F5.
12Strabo,16.4.5(C769).Redmount1995. Carol A. Redmount,“The Wadi Tumilat and the ‘Canal of the Pharaohs’”,JNES54(1995), pp.127-135.
3André Bernand, Le Paneion d’El Kana s: les inscriptions grecques, Leiden,1972, p.21.English translation: Naville1902-1903,21lines23-24. For a recent German translation seeRoeder1959,125–126. Cf. Bernand1972,9bis, for the graffito of a carpenter named Dorion whoaccompanied Eumedes, the founder of Ptolemais of the Hunts.
1Steven E. Sidebotham and Willemina Wendrich (eds.), Berenike94-98: Preliminary Report of
the Excavations at Berenike (Egyptian Red Sea Coast) and the Survey of the Eastern Desert (5
vols., Leiden,1995–2000).
Steven E. Sidebotham and Ronald E. Zitterkopf,“Routes Through the Eastern Desert of Egypt”,
Expedition,37(1995), pp.39–52.
2Fred W. Householder, Jr. and Donald W. Prakken,“A Ptolemaic Graffito in New York”, TAPA76
(1945), pp.108-116; André Bernand, Le Paneion d’El Kana s: les inscriptions grecques, Leiden,
1972, pp.13,18,42,44,47.
3Stanley M. Burstein,“Ivory and Ptolemaic Exploration of the Red Sea: the Missing Factor”, ΤＯ
ΠＯΙ6(1996), pp.799–807.
45Apud Porphyry, FGrHist260F42.
6Appian Preface10.Polybius,5.79.2,82.7.
1Polybius,5.84.3–7; Sir William Gowers,“African Elephants and Ancient Authors”, AfricanAffairs,47(1948), pp.173-180.
23Strabo,17.1.5(C789).Huss ‘Die Quellen des Nils’. Werner Huss,“Die Quellen des Nils”, Chrég130(1991),
4pp.334-343.Stanley M. Burstein,“Exploration and Ethnography in Ptolemaic Egypt” Ancient World,31
(2000), pp.31-37.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.186.
1M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Helenistic World, volume I, OxfordUniversity Press,1941. p.187.
1Roger S. Bagnall and Peter Derow, The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation, BlackwellPublishing Ltd,2004, p.42-44. Milet I3139.
2Milet I3.122-126.
1M. M. Austin, A Companion to The Hellenistic World, Blackwell Publishing Ltd,2005, pp.69-70; SEG9.1.
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9.[古希腊]希罗多德：《历史》，王以铸译，北京：商务印书馆，1959年。
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17.[英]芬利：《希腊的遗产》，张强等译，上海：上海人民出版社，2004年。
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22.郭丹彤：《古代埃及对外关系研究》，哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社，2005年。
23.郭圣铭、孙道天主编：《世界历史词典》，上海：上海辞书出版社，1985年。
24.[法]古郎士：《希腊罗马古代社会研究》，李玄伯译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2005年。
25.[美]哈维·C·曼斯菲尔德：《驯化君主》，冯克利译，南京：译林出版社，2005年。
26.何志龙：《中东国家通史·叙利亚和黎巴嫩卷》，北京：商务印书馆，2005年。
27.[美]亨利·富兰克弗特：《古代埃及宗教》，郭子林译，上海：上海三联书店，2005年。
28.[美]亨利·富兰克弗特：《王权与神祇——作为自然与社会结合体的古代近东宗教研究》，郭子林译，上海：上海三联书店，2007年。
29.黄洋：《古代希腊土地制度研究》，上海：复旦大学出版社，1995年。
30.黄洋、晏绍祥：《希腊史研究入门》，北京：北京大学出版社，2009年。
31.[英]J·R·哈里斯：《埃及的遗产》，田明等译，上海：上海人民出版社，2006年。
32.[美]J·W·汤普森：《历史著作史·上卷》（第一分册），谢德风译，北京：商务印书馆，1988年。
33.[英]简·艾伦·赫丽生：《古希腊宗教的社会起源》，谢世坚译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2004年。
34.[英]简·艾伦·赫丽生：《希腊宗教研究导论》，谢世坚译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2006年。
35.姜安：《国际政治关系的历史逻辑与人文理念》，长春：东北师范大学出版社，2001年。
36.[英]乔治·皮博迪·古奇：《十九世纪历史学与历史学家》，耿谈如译，北京：商务印书馆，1989年。
37.[法]克琳娜·库蕾：《古希腊的交流》，邓丽丹译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2005年。
38.[美]肯尼思·华尔兹：《国际政治理论》，信强译，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年。
39.[英]莱斯利·阿德金斯：《探寻古希腊文明》，张强译，北京：商务印书馆，2010年。
40.李安山：《非洲古代王国》，北京：北京大学出版社，2011年。
41.[德]利奇德：《古希腊风化史》，杜之等译，沈阳：辽宁教育出版社，2001年。
42.刘文鹏：《埃及考古学》，北京：三联书店，2008年。
43.刘文鹏：《古代埃及史》，北京：商务印书馆，2005年。
44.[英]罗莎莉·戴维：《探寻古埃及文明》，李晓东译，北京：商务印书馆，2007年。
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46.潘光，陈超南，余建华：《犹太文明》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1999年。
47.[法]皮埃尔·布吕莱：《古希腊人和他们的世界》，王美华译，南京：译林出版社，2006年。
48.萨拉·B·波默罗伊等著：《古希腊政治、社会和文化史》，傅洁莹等译，上海：上海三联书店，2010年。
49.孙道天：《古希腊历史遗产》，上海：上海辞书出版社，2004年。
50.[英]汤因比：《历史研究》，曹未风译，上海：上海人民出版社，1987年。
51.唐士其：《西方政治思想史》，北京：北京大学出版社，2002年。
52.[美]汤普森：《历史著作史》，谢德风译、李活校，北京：商务印书馆，1992年。
53.[德]特奥多尔·蒙森：《罗马史》（第三卷），李嫁年译，北京：商务印书馆，2005年。
54.[美]腾尼·弗兰克：《罗马帝国主义》，宫秀华译，上海：上海三联书店，2008年。
55.[德]特奥多尔·蒙森：《罗马史》，北京：商务印书馆，2005年。
56.汪子嵩：《希腊哲学史》，北京：人民出版社，1988年。
57.王晓朝：《希腊宗教概论》，上海：上海人民出版社，1997年。
58.王新刚：《中东国家通史·叙利亚和黎巴嫩卷》，北京：商务印书馆，2003年。
59.魏凤莲：《古希腊民主制研究的历史考察》，济南：山东人民出版社，2008年。
60.[美]威尔·杜兰：《世界文明史》，幼狮文化公司译，上海：东方出版社，1998年。
61.[美]威廉·邓宁：《政治学说史》，谢义伟译，长春：吉林出版有限集团公司，2009年。
62.[美]威廉·弗格森：《希腊帝国主义》，晏绍祥译，上海：上海三联书店，2005年。
63.[俄]维克多·V·瑞布里克：《世界古代文明史》，师学良，刘军译，上海：上海人民出版社，2010年。
64.[德]文德尔班：《古代哲学史》，詹文杰译，上海：上海三联书店，2009年。
65.[美]沃格林：《希腊化、罗马和早期基督教》，谢华育译，上海：华东师范大学出版社，2007年。
66.[英]沃尔班克：《希腊化研究》，陈恒等译，上海：上海人民出版社，2009年。
67.吴于廑：《吴于廑学术论著自选集》，北京：首都师范大学出版社，1995年。
68.[美]小约瑟夫·奈：《理解国际冲突：理论与历史》，张小明译，上海：上海人民出版社，2011年。
69.徐大同：《西方政治思想史》，天津：天津教育出版社，2000年。
70.[瑞士]雅各布·布克哈特：《希腊人和希腊文明》，王大庆译，上海：上海人民出版社，2008年。
71.裔昭印：《古希腊妇女——文化视野中的研究》，北京：商务印书馆，2001年。
72.[美]约翰·麦克里兰：《西方政治思想史》，彭淮栋译，海口：海南出版社，2003年。
73.[美]约瑟夫·熊彼特：《经济分析史》，北京：商务印书馆，1996年。3、论文
1.陈恒：《关于希腊化时代的若干问题》，《华东师范大学学报》，1997年第2期，第41—48页。
2.陈恒：《从希腊化文化的传播看全球化之起源》，《世界历史》，2004年第3期，第101—108页。
3.郭丹彤：《论自然环境对古代埃及文化的影响》，《东北师大学报》，2000年第4期，第11—17页。
4.郭子林：《王权与专制主义——以古埃及公共权力的演变为例》，《史学理论研究》，2008年第4期，第64—74页。
5.郭子林：《从托勒密埃及国王的经济管理透视专制王权》，《史学月刊》，2009年第7期，第44—51页。
6.郭子林：《论埃及托勒密王朝王权与神权的关系》，《古代文明》，2008年第4期，第18—27页。
7.郭子林：《论托勒密埃及的专制主义》，《世界历史》，2008年第3期，第83—95页。
8.郭子林，李岩：《托勒密埃及官僚制度探微》，《内蒙古民族大学学报》，2006年第3期，第7—11页。
9.郭子林，李凤伟：《论托勒密埃及的王室婚姻》，《广西社会科学》，2005年第7期，第138—140页。
10.郭子林：《从托勒密埃及国王的经济管理透视专制王权》，《史学月刊》，2009年第7期，第44—51页。
11.郝海迪：《古埃及货币史刍议》，《中国钱币》，2008年第2期，第59—63页。
12.金寿福：《古代埃及神权与王权之间的互动和联动》，《北京大学学报》，2010年第6期，第79—89页。
13.李红云：《托勒密埃及的经济管理模式》，《内蒙古民族大学学报》，2005年第4期，第15—17页。
14.李红云：《托勒密王朝对农业活动的管理》，《内蒙古民族大学学报》，2009年第1期，第8—11页。
15.李模：《古代埃及祭司免税特权考》，《西亚非洲》，2009年第3期，第56—58页。
16.李晓东：《古埃及红海航路考》，《东北师大学报》，2010年第６期，第65—69页。
17.徐松岩：《希腊历史发展趋势与马其顿征服希腊之主要原因》，《西南师范大学学报》，1997年第4期，第115—120页。
18.徐晓旭：《马其顿帝国主义中的希腊认同》，《世界历史》，2008年第4期，第24—34页。
19.颜海英：《托勒密时期埃及奴隶制评析》，《历史研究》，1996年第6期，第106—114页。
20.杨巨平：《试析“希腊化”时期君主制的形成与特点》，《山西大学学报》，1991年第1期，第71—77页。
21.杨巨平：《亚历山大东征与丝绸之路开通》，《历史研究》，2007年第4期，第150—161页。
22.张继华：《古代希腊城邦自治观念与霸权兴衰——试析公元前386至公元前371年斯巴达与雅典的称霸》，《史学集刊》，2007年第2期，第43—49页。
23.张绪山：《三世纪以前希腊——罗马世界与中国在欧亚草原之路上的交流》，《清华大学学报》，2000年第5期，第67—72页。