斯基泰人与希腊罗马世界的关系
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摘要
斯基泰人(Scythians)又译成西徐亚人,是上古时期生活在南俄草原的一支操伊朗语的游牧民族。作为早期铁器时代的游牧民族,她承上启下,孕育出较为典型、成熟的游牧文化,为以后的游牧文化提供了一定的范式。同时,她还是东方游牧民族西迁的先驱,与周邻的农耕世界尤其是古希腊罗马交往频繁、关系密切,在当时所谓的“蛮族”群体中扮演了重要的角色。因此,斯基泰人无论在纵向还是横向上,即在古代游牧民族历史上和上古时期南俄草原及黑海地区,都具有重要的地位,影响重大,对斯基泰人的研究也因而具有重要的意义。通过研究斯基泰文化,我们可以了解到游牧文化的成因、游牧民族文化的本质和特征,通过研究斯基泰人的文化,进而可以了解到诸草原游牧文化之间的相互关系,尤其是文化上的传承、种族的更叠等。不仅如此,研究斯基泰人与农耕世界的关系,还有利于我们了解古典时期希腊罗马与蛮族的关系,从而可以明晰游牧文明对世界文明的贡献、游牧文明在与农耕文明交往过程中自身的走向等问题。
     本文的写作即是基于这种的思考。
     全文由绪论、正文和结语三部分组成:
     绪论分两节,第一节界定了斯基泰人的定义,明确本文使用的是狭义斯基泰人这个概念。第二节总结介绍了国内外斯基泰人研究的历史及现状,指出了本文写作的基础和新意。
     正文部分第一章,着重介绍了南俄草原斯基泰人的一些基本状况,包括其生活的南俄草原的地理环境、与其他族群的关系以及自身的历史、文化等。
     第二章,是本文的重点所在,主要探讨了斯基泰人与希腊人的关系。在简单介绍黑海北岸希腊殖民城邦的建立状况后,先从全局纵向上对斯基泰人与希腊世界的交往做了梳理,接着探究了某些具体的希腊城邦与斯基泰人之间的关系,考察了希腊-斯基泰艺术的形成过程。最后对两者之间的关系作了总结性评论,探讨了斯基泰人此时未能“希腊化”的原因。
     第三章,则主要论述了进入罗马时代后斯基泰人与希腊罗马世界的交往。通过对斯基泰人对外政治军事、经济文化交往的描述,指出此时的斯基泰人加速了农业化、定居化和希腊化过程,在生活方式、文化类型上做出了重大抉择。但随后,哥特人的入侵则打断并终结了斯基泰人刚刚开始的希腊化进程。
     结语部分从纵向上对斯基泰人文化的变迁作了总结,并就其对外交往水平作了简短评论。
Scythians was an ancient nomadic ethnic groups who lived in the southern Russia steppe and spoke Iranian. As the nomads of the early Iron Age, Scythians developed the typical developed nomadic culture, which provided a certain model of the coming nomadic culture. At the same time, as the precursors of eastern nomads who migrated west earlier, Scythians affiliated with the near agricultural world especially the ancient Greco-Roman world frequently, so Scythians played an important role in the so-called "Barbarians" groups at that time. In a word, Scythians played an important part and had a significant impact on the history of the ancient nomads, the southern steppe and the Black Sea. Therefore, the research of Scythians is of great significance. Through the research of the Scythians' culture, we can learn the causes of the nature and characteristics of the nomadic culture, and then know the mutual relations among the nomadic cultures, especially the inheritance of culture and the change of races etc. Besides, the research of the relations between Scythians and the agricultural world can also help us know the relations between the Greece-Roman world and the barbarians, and then understand the contributions of the nomadic civilization to the world civilization and the history movement of the nomadic civilization in the process of exchanging with the agricultural civilization etc.
     This paper is the production of those thoughts.
     It consists of three parts.
     The introduction consists of two sections. The first section defines the conception of Scythians and clearly shows that this paper uses the Scythians in a narrow sense. The second part concludes the history of Scythians' research and the temporary situation and points out the foundation and novelty of the paper.
     Chapter one mainly describes the basic situations of Scythians in the southern Russian steppe, including the geographical environment of southern Russian steppe, the relations between Scythians and other ethnic groups and the history and culture of Scythians etc.
     Chapter two is the main part of this paper which probes into the relations between Scythians and Greeks. After simply introducing the foundation of the Greek colonial city-states in the northern Black Sea, this paper reviews the intercourse between Scythians and the Greek world in the whole and then discusses the idiographic relations between Scythians and some Greek city-states and the formation process of the Greco-Scythian art. Finally, this chapter makes a conclusion about the mutual relations and estimates the level of relations between them and discusses the reasons that Scythians could not carry through Hellenization.
     Chapter three mainly dissertates the relations between Scythians and the Greco-Roman world in Rome era. Through the description of the political and military diplomacy, foreign trade, culture intercourse of Scythians, this chapter points that Scythians accelerated the process of settlement and agriculturation andhellenization and made a big choice in the aspect of life style and types of culture.
     In the end, this paper concludes the cultural vicissitude of Scythians according to time logic and gives a simple evaluation about its level of foreign exchanges
引文
1 胡果文:《碰撞与迁徙:公元前九至七世纪欧亚草原上的历史场景》,《华东师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2000年第5期,第63—65页;赵林,《农耕世界与游牧世界的冲突与融合及其历史效应》,《武汉大学学报》(人文社科版),2002年第6期,第700-706页。
    2 项英杰等:《中亚:马背上的文化》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,1993年,第19-21页。
    3 撒乌罗马泰伊人(Sauromatae),按照希罗多德所说,是斯基泰人和阿马宗人之间通婚融合而成的一个部落,与斯基泰人在很多方面颇为相似。现今很多学者一般将撒乌罗马泰伊人看成是萨尔马特人的一个部落。罗斯托夫采夫则认为,撒乌罗马泰伊人虽然后来被萨尔马特人征服并融入其中,但仍不能将两者简单混为一谈。(M.Rostovtzeff,Iranians &Greeks in south Russia,Oxford:The Clarendon Press.1922,p.113-114.)
    4 黄时鉴:《希罗多德笔下的欧亚草原居民与草原之路的开辟》,《东西交流史论稿》,上海古籍出版社,1998年,第3页。
    1 【古希腊】希罗多德:《历史:希腊波斯战争史》,王以铸译,北京:商务印书馆,1959年,第263-320页。
    2 《不列颠百科全书(国际中文版)》,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1997年,卷15,第157页。
    3 《中国大百科全书·外国历史》Ⅱ,北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1990年,第855—856页。
    4 W. B. Fisher., Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge history of Iran, V.2. "The Median and Achaemenian periods" , Cambridge [Eng.]: Cambridge University Press, 1986,p.153.
    1 余太山:《塞种史研究》,中国社会科学出版社,1992年,第11-12页。
    1 在罗马时代,因为另外一支伊朗语游牧民族萨尔马特人的强势进入,这一地区又被称之为萨尔马提亚(Sarmatia)。
    2 希罗多德:《历史》,第284-287页。
    3 这是一个模糊的说话,因为希罗多德没有明确指出斯基提亚的北部边界位于何处。然而根据今天的考古结果,我们可以判断出北部疆界大概是濒临森林的地带,也就是黑土地带。也许大概因为乌克兰的河流都由北向南流动,且北部无甚山脉,南北之间没有明显的自然分界线,加之森林草原的确切分野,弥漶不清,故希罗多德没有予以明确的记载。
    4 相对于斯基泰人的广义、狭义说,作为地名的斯基提亚也有广义狭义之分。广义的斯基提亚从喀尔巴阡山到中国边境,几乎涵盖了整个欧亚草原。本文阐述的主要是狭义斯基提亚,即南俄草原的地理范围和地理环境。
    5 W. B. Fisher., Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge history of Iran, V.2. "The Median and Achaemenian periods" , p.191. Paul Lagassé, The Columbia encyclopedia, mbia University Press: Sold and distributed by Gale Group c2000, p.2550. Canby, Courtlandt., Carruth, Gorton, The encyclopedia of historic piaces, New York, N. Y.: Facts on File Publications, c1984., V. Ⅱ, p833. Halsey, William D., Friedman, Emanuel, Collier's encyclopedia with bibliography and index, V. 20, macmillan Educational Corporation, c1980, p. 522.
    6 Peter Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree, Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.--A. D. 1000: encyclopedia of the Barbarian world Ⅱ, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, c2004, p.293.
    1 【英】麦金德:《历史的地理枢纽》,林尔蔚、陈江译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年,第44—63页。
    2 Peter Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree, Ancient Europe 8000 B. C.--A. D. 1000: encyclopedia of the Barbarian world Ⅱ, pp. 290—291. Cary, M. Rose, H. J. Harvey, H. P., Souter, A, The Oxford classical dictionary, Oxford, 1953, p. 820.
    3 希罗多德:《历史》,第269-270页。
    4 Http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/thraco-cimmerian
    5 Http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/thraco-cimmerian
    1 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2001, pp. 33--34.
    2 Denis Sinor, The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 98.
    3 W. B. Fisher., Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge history of Iran, V.2. "The Median and Achaemenian periods", p.173.
    4 Peter Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree, Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.--A.D. 1000 : encyclopedia of the Barbarian world Ⅱ, p. 290.
    5 第一个是斯基泰人自己的说法,认为自己是塔尔吉塔欧斯三个儿子里波克赛斯、阿尔波克赛斯和克拉克赛斯的后裔。第二个传说是希腊人的说话,认为斯基泰人是古希腊大力士赫拉克勒斯和当地一个半人半蛇的生物的后裔。最后一个是希罗多德的看法,认为斯基泰人是因为战败从东方迁来的。(希罗多德:《历史》,第266-270页。)
    1 胡果文:《碰撞与迁徙:公元前九至七世纪欧亚草原上的历史场景》,《华东师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2000年第5期,第63—65页;《中国大百科全书·外国历史》Ⅱ,“斯基泰人”条目,第855—856页。
    2 Denis Sinor, The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, p.98.
    3 斯鲁布纳亚文化是第聂伯河以东至乌拉尔山地区的晚期青铜文化。
    4 Denis Sinor, The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, p.99.
    5 Paul Lagassé, The Columbia encyclopedia, p.2550.
    6 希罗多德:《历史》,第269—270。
    1 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, p.40.
    2 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1922, p.35.
    3 《不列颠百科全书》国际中文版,中国大百科全书出版社,1999年,第157页,“西徐亚”条目。
    4 希罗多德:《历史》,第55页。
    5 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, p.10.
    6 Tamara Talbot Rice, The Scythians, London: Thames and Hudson, 1957, p.P45.
    7 也许另有一个中心在库班地区,在这里发现了许多早期斯基泰人的坟墓—库尔干。
    1 关于大流士远征斯基泰,学术界颇有争论,主要集中在其目的、范围和结果上。关于其目的,有人认为,大流士是为了统治所有黑海地区的国家才发动远征的。
    2 希罗多德:《历史》,第265-320页。
    1 W. B. Fisher., Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge history of Iran, V.2. "The Median and Achaemenian periods", p.173.
    2 Ibid, p. 152.
    3 Ibid, p. 173.
    4 Denis Sinor, The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, P103.
    5 卡里皮达伊人又称希腊—斯基泰人(希罗多德:《历史》,第272页)。
    1 希罗多德:《历史》,第307页。
    2 同上,第269页。
    1 沈坚:《古色雷斯人透视》,《历史研究》,2002年第2期,第104-118页;《色雷斯人与其周邻的巴尔干诸族》,《世界民族》,2003年第1期,第48-58页。
    2 希罗多德:《历史》,第297页。
    3 恩格斯:《工人阶级同波兰有什么关系》,《马克思恩格斯全集》第16卷,人民出版社,1964年,第176页。
    4 W. B. Fisher., Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge history of Iran, V.2. "The Median and Achaemenian periods", p. 175.
    5 Ibid, p. 197.
    6 Ibid, p. 191.
    1 Denis Sinor, The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, p.106.
    2 Tamara Talbot Rice. The Scvthians, P49.
    3 【古希腊】阿里安著:《亚历山大远征记》,李活译,商务印书馆1985年,第120页、138页、243页。
    4 Denis Sinor, The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, p.104.
    1 Paul Lagassé, The Columbia encyclopedia, P2550.
    2 Barry Cunliffe, The ancient Celts, London: Penguin Books, 1997, PP80-82, PP168-170, PP172-17.凯尔特人在巴尔干地区的播迁,可参阅沈坚:《关于分布在中东欧和小亚的凯尔特人》,《华东师范大学学报》,199年第5期,第33-39页;《色雷斯与其周邻的巴尔干诸族》,《世界民族》,2003年第1期,第48-56页;《伊利里亚人与外部世界的关系》,《华东师范大学学报》,2000年第5期,第52-60页。
    3 加拉提亚人是凯尔特人的另外一种称呼,一般指进入小亚的凯尔特人,此处泛指凯尔特人。
    1 帖萨马提埃人、萨乌拉泰人是何民族,有何来历,目前尚不清楚,很有可能是一些依附斯基泰人的小部落。
    2 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, p. 87.
    3 Barry Cunliffe, The ancient Celts, P175.
    4 沈坚:《色雷斯人与其周邻的巴尔干诸族》,《世界民族》,2003年第1期,第54页。
    5 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, pp.69-71.
    1 Denis Sinot, The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, p.108.
    1 乌恩:《欧亚大陆早期游牧文化的几点思考》,《考古学报》2002年第4期,第448页。
    1 乌恩,《欧亚大陆早期游牧文化的几点思考》,《考古学报》2002年第4期,第448页。
    2 Jane Turner, The dictionary of art, New York: Grove, 1996, VolumeⅧ, P321, "scythian animal style".
    3 郭物,《马背上的信仰—欧亚草原动物风格艺术》,第56页。
    4 同上,第57页。
    5 同上。
    1 郭物:《马背上的信仰—欧亚草原动物风格艺术》,第56-57页。
    2 同上,第57页。
    3 同上。
    4 乌恩,《欧亚大陆早期游牧文化的几点思考》,《考古学报》2002年第4期,第457页。
    1 乌恩,《欧亚大陆早期游牧文化的几点思考》,《考古学报》2002年第4期,第457页。
    1 M. Rostovtzeff. Iranians & Greeks in South Russia, p.61.
    2 吴素梅:《古希腊民族初探》,华东师范大学硕士学位论文;【苏】斯尼萨连科著:《黑暗海洋》,周太忠、邓曙光译,长沙:湖南人民出版社,1987年,第19-29页。
    1 希佩摩尔戈斯人即北方人(【古希腊】荷马:《伊利亚特》,罗念生、王焕生译,人民文学出版社,2003年,第320页)。
    2 【古希腊】荷马:《奥德赛》,王焕生译,人民文学出版社,1997年,第168页。
    3 James William Johnson, the Scythians: his rise and fall, Journal of the History of Ideas(C) 1959, University of Pennsylvania Press, pp.250-257.
    4 Alan M. Greaves, Miletos: a history, New York: Routledge, 2002, p.104.
    1 Peter Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree, Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.--A. D. 1000: encyclopedia of the Barbarian world Ⅱ, pp. 200-209. Alan M. Greaves, Miletos: A history, pp.107-108.
    2 Peter Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree, Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.--A.D. 1000 : encyclopedia of the Barbarian world Ⅱ, p. 209. John V. A. Fine, The ancient Greeks: a critical history, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, c1983, p.243.
    3 Peter Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree, Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.--A.D. 1000: encyclopedia of the Barbarian world Ⅱ, p. 209.
    4 Ibid.
    5 John V. A. Fine, The ancient Greeks: a critical history, pp.242-244.
    6 Alan M. Greaves, Miletos: A history, p.109.
    1 W. B. Fisher., Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge history of Iran, V.2. "The Median and Achaemenian periods", p.158.
    2 David Brannd, Scythians and Greeks: cultural interactions in Scythia, Athens and the early Roman Empire (sixth century BC-first century AD), Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2005, p. 156.
    3 Peter Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree, Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.--A. D. 1000: encyclopedia of the Barbarian world Ⅱ, p.208.
    4 希罗多德:《历史》,第268-269页。
    5 也存在一些政治交往,如奥尔比亚曾和米利都达成过一个双重公民权的认可协议(Alan M.Greaves.Miletos: A history,p.109)。
    6 Alan M. Greaves, Miletos: A history, PP82-84, pp.108-109.
    7 Peter Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree, Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.--A.D. 1000: encyclopedia of the Barbarian world Ⅱ, p.209.
    1 希罗多德:《历史》,第296-297页。
    2 John Boardman, The Greeks overseas: their early colonies and trade, p.243.
    1 W. B. Fisher., Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yarshater., The Cambridge history of Iran, V.2. "The Median and Achaemenian periods", p. 157.
    2 John Boardman, The Greeks overseas: their early colonies and trade, p.259.
    3 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, p.50.
    4 希罗多德:《历史》,第272-276页。
    5 W. B. Fisher., Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge history of Iran, V2. "The Median and Achaemenian periods", pp.180-187.
    6 John Boardman, The Greeks overseas: their early colonies and trade, pp.258-259.
    7 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, p.12, p.44.
    1 David Braund, Scythians and Greeks: cultural interactions in Scythia, Athens and the early Roman Empire (sixth century BC-first century AD), p.156.
    2 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, p.250.
    3 Ibid, p. 247。
    4 Ibid, p. 254。
    5 Ibid, p. 153.
    6 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, p.67.
    1 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, p.171.
    1 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, p.171.
    2 奥尔比亚意为“富裕”(【法】佩迪什:《古代希腊人的地理学:古希腊地理学史》,蔡宗夏译,北京:商务印书馆,,1983年,第19页)。
    3 奥尔比亚人也自称是米利都人(参见希罗多德《历史》第296页,“这些包律斯铁涅司人自称是米利都人”)。
    1 希罗多德:《历史》,第272页。
    2 David Braund, Scythians and Greeks: cultural interactions in Scythia, Athens and the early Roman Empire(sixth century BC-first century AD), p.35.
    3 Ibid, p. 36.
    4 希罗多德:《历史》,第307页。
    5 Peter Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree, Ancient Europe 8000 B. C.--A. D. 1000: encyclopedia of the Barbarian world Ⅱ, p.293.
    1 David Braund, Scythians and Greeks: cultural interactions in Scythia, Athens and the early Roman Empire (sixth century BC-first century AD), p.84.
    2 John Boardman, The Greeks overseas: their early colonies and trade, p.260.
    3 Tamara Talbot Rice, The Scythians, p.141.
    4 W. B. Fisher., Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge history of Iran, V. 2. "The Median and Achaemenian periods", p.155.
    5 Tamara Talbot Rice, The Scythians, p.142.
    6 W. B. Fisher., Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge history of Iran, V2. "The Median and Achaemenian periods", p.196.
    7 David Braund, Scythians and Greeks: cultural interactions in Scythia, Athens and the early Roman Empire (sixth century BC-first century AD), p.127.
    1 W. B. Fisher., Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge history of Iran, V2. "The Median and Achaemenian periods", p.189.
    2 David Braund, Scythians and Greeks: cultural interactions in Scythia, Athens and the early Roman Empire (sixth century BC-first century AD), p,35.
    3 希罗多德:《历史》,第296-297页。
    4 传说中的斯基泰人王子,聪颖睿智,曾出师雅典,被雅典人誉为“高贵的野蛮人”,并将其列入“七贤”,回国之后因崇奉大母教,热衷希腊风俗习惯,被斯基泰国王射杀。
    5 希罗多德:《历史》,第265-320页。
    6 W. B. Fisher., Ilya Gersheviteh, Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge history of Iran, V.2. "The Median and Achaemenian periods", p.189.
    1 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, p.111.
    2 Ibid, p. 99.
    3 Ibid, p. 87.
    4 Tamara Talbot Rice, The Scythians, p.49.
    5 Denis Sinor, The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, p.106.
    6 Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, V. Bashilov & L. Yablonsky, Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, p. 57.
    7 S. A. Cook, The Cambridge Ancient HistoryXI: The Imperial Peace AD70-192, Cambridge University Press, 1975, p.97.
    1 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, p.247.
    2 Ibid, p. 249.
    3 Ibid, p. 247.
    4 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, p. 250.
    5 Ibid, p. 251.
    1 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, p.259.
    2 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, p.66.
    3 Peter Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree, Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.--A. D. 1000: encyclopedia of the Barbarian world Ⅱ, p. 292.
    4 Ibid, p.249.
    5 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, p.71.
    1 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, pp.71-72.
    2 http://cacw.arts.ubc.ca/Tsetskhladze.htm
    3 David Braund, Scythians and Greeks: cultural interactions in Scythia, Athens and the early Roman Empire (sixth century BC-first century AD), p.159.
    4 Ibid, p.159.
    5 Ibid, p.163.
    1 David Braund, Scythians and Greeks: cultural interactions in Scythia, Athens and the early Roman Empire (sixth century BC-first century AD), p.163.
    2 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, p.259.
    3 Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, V. Bashilov & L. Yablonsky, Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, p.143.
    1 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, pp.100-102.
    2 Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, V. Bashilov & L. Yablonsky, Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, p. 36.
    3 Ibid, p.67.
    4 Ibid, p.67, p.71.
    5 David Braund, Scythians and Greeks: cultural interactions in Scythia, Athens and the early Roman Empire (sixth century BC-first century AD), p.163.
    1 W. B. Fisher., Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yarshater, The Cambridge history of Iran, V.2. "The Median and Achaemenian periods", p. 158.
    2 Ibid, p. 196.
    3 Ibid.
    4 Denis Sinor, The Cambridge history of early InnerAsia, p. 110.
    1 Peter Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree, Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.--A.D. 1000: encyclopedia of the Barbarian world Ⅱ, pp. 293-294.
    2 Ibid, p. 294.
    3 Ibid, p. 294.
    4 Peter Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree, Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.--A.D. 1000: encyclopedia of the Barbarian world Ⅱ, p.294.
    1 希罗多德:《历史》,第276页。
    2 Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, V. Bashilov & L. Yablonsky, Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, p. 68.
    3 Ibid, p. 72.
    4 S. A. Cook, The Cambridge Ancient hstory Ⅷ: Rome and the Mediterranean 218-133BC, Cambridge University Press, 1978, p. 577.
    5 Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, V. Bashilov & L. Yablonsky, Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, p. 72.
    6 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, p.70.
    7 Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, V. Bashilov & L. Yablonsky, Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, p. 72.
    1 希罗多德:《历史》,第304页。
    2 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, p.154.
    3 Ibid, p. 163.
    4 Ibid, p. 154.
    5 Ibid, p. 259.
    6 Ibid, p. 165.
    7 Ibid, pp. 166-167.
    1 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, p.166-167.
    2 Ibid, p. 167.
    3 Ibid, p. 167.
    1 John Boardman, The Greeks overseas: their early colonies and trade, p. 258.
    2 Jane Turner, The dictionary of art, New York: Grove, 1996, Volume Ⅷ, p. 322, "Scythian animal style".
    3 John Boardman, The Greeks overseas: their early colonies and trade, p.260.
    4 古希腊神话传说中的一种野兽,狮身鹰头鹰翅。
    5 John Boardman, The Greeks overseas: their early colonies and trade, p.262.
    1 郭物:《马背上的信仰—欧亚草原动物风格艺术》,第58页。
    2 Jane Turner, The dictionary of art, Volume Ⅷ, p. 323, "scythian animal style".
    3 Ibid, p. 323
    4 勒内·格鲁塞著,蓝琪译,项英杰校,《草原帝国》商务印书馆,1998年,第21页。
    1 Jane Turner, The dictionary of art, Volume Ⅷ, p. 323, "scythian animal style".
    1 Jane Turner, The dictionary of art, Volume Ⅷ, p. 324, "scythian animal style".
    2 Ibid, p. 324.
    3 郭物:《马背上的信仰—动物风格艺术》,第60页。
    4 Jane Turner, The dictionary of art, Volume Ⅷ, p. 324, "scythian animal style".
    1 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, p.201.
    2 Jane Turner, The dictionary of art, Volume Ⅷ, p. 326, "scythian animal style".
    1 希罗多德:《历史》,第294页。
    1 Charles King, The Black Sea: a history, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, c2004, p.46.
    1 Philip Matyszak, The enemies of Rome: from Hannibal to Attila the Hun, London: Thames & Hudson, 2004, pp. 87-92.
    2 F. H. Thompson, The Archaeology of the Greek and Roman slavery, London: Duckworth: in association with the Society of Antiquaries of London, 2003, p.57.
    3 Ibid, p. 259-260.
    4 李毅夫、赵锦元主编,《世界民族大辞典》,长春:吉林文史出版社,1994年,第425页。
    5 【古罗马】阿庇安著:《罗马史》(上卷),谢德风译,北京:商务印书馆,1995年,上卷,第421页。
    6 同上,第458页。
    7 Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, V. Bashilov & L. Yablonsky, Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, p.69.
    8 【古罗马】阿庇安著:《罗马史》(上卷),第498页。
    9 Charles King, The Black Sea: a history, p.49.
    1 【古罗马】阿庇安著:《罗马史》(上卷),第504-508页。
    2 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, p.171.
    3 S. A. Cook, F. E. Adcock, The Cambridge ancient history, VolumeⅩ "The Augustan empire. 44 B. C.-A.D", p. 265.
    4 M.Rostovtzeff,Iranians & Greeks in south Russia,p.149,pp.152-153;【匈牙利】哈尔马塔主编:《中亚文明史》(第二卷),徐文堪译,中国对外翻译出版公司2002年,第375页。
    5 S. A. Cook, F. E. Adcock, The Cambridge ancient history , Volume Ⅹ "The Augustan empire, 44 B.C.-A.D", p.265.
    6 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, p.149, pp.154-155.
    7 Ibid, p.149, p.117, p.154..
    8 Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, V. Bashilov & L. Yablonsky, Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, p.72.
    1 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, pp.150-153.
    2 Ibid, pp.154.
    3 罗斯托夫采夫:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,马雍、厉以宁译,北京:商务印书馆,1985年,第370页。
    4 同上,第373页。
    5 同上,第356页。
    6 S. A. Cook, The Cambridge ancient history, Volume Ⅹ, P270; The Cambridge ancient history, VolumeⅪ, "The Imperial Peace, AD70--192" , p. 99.
    1 罗斯托夫采夫:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,第371-372页。
    2 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, p.164.
    3 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, p.171.
    4 Ibid, p.171.
    5 罗斯托夫采夫:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,第370页。
    1 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, p.171.
    2 罗斯托夫采夫:《罗马帝国社会经济史》,第370页。
    3 同上,第373页。
    4 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, P172.
    5 Ibid.
    6 Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, V. Bashilov & L. Yablonsky, Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, pp.79-80.
    7 Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, p.172.
    1 Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, V. Bashilov & L. Yablonsky, Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, pp. 74-75; Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, North Pontic archaeology: recent discoveries and studies, p.172.
    2 Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, V. Bashilov & L. Yablonsky, Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, pp. 74-75.
    3 Ibid, p.79.
    1 Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, V. Bashilov & L. Yablonsky, Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, p. 80.
    2 Denis Sinor, The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, p.109.
    3 Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, V. Bashilov & L. Yablonsky, Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age, p.72, p.81.
    1 S. A. Cook, The Cambridge Ancient history Ⅺ "The Imperial Peace, AD70-192" , pp.96-97.
    2 M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians & Greeks in south Russia, p.161.
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    1、Http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/thraco-cimmerian
    2、http://cacw.arts.ubc.ca/Tsetskhladze.htm
    3、http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/scythian
    4、http://studentorgs.utexas.edu/husa/origins/szkitahist/scythianstag.2.htm
    5、http://vm.kemsu.ru/en/skyth/skyth-mirror.html
    6、http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/uj/plaque06.jpg
    7、http://vm.kemsu.ru/en/skyth/skyth-chertomlyk.html
    8、http://vm.kemsu.ru/en/skyth/skyth-pectoral.html
    5、http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/fcgi-bin/db2www/fullSize.mac/fullSize?selLang=English&dlViewId=FJ9YFE6TSLP5VSLN&size=small&selCateg=archeological&dlCategId=SQQXNB6CUDL1RXJ7&comeFrom=quick
    6、http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/fcgi-bin/db2www/fullSize.mac/fullSize?selLang=English&dlViewld=CTDSOGKUG5%2B230C%2B23IV&size=small&selCateg=archeological&dlCategId=PPNJW2XQOJ1F61UZ&comeFrom=quick
    7、http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/fcgi-bin/db2www/fullSize.mac/fullSize?selLang=English&dlViewId=JF%2B23U4GGLGSE8WWL&size=small&selCateg=archeological&dlCategld=HLD$X$1QCV41%2B40WGD&comeFrom=quick
    8、http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/fcgi-bin/db2www/fullSize.mac/fullSize?selLang=English&dlViewId=OENMSZTDESB$MTBH&size=big&selCateg=archeological&dlCategld=GE11WWQ20M%2B40QKCBJ&comeFrom=quick
    9、http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/fcgi-bin/db2www/fullSize.mac/fullSize?selLang=English&dlViewId=OENMSZTDE$BSMTBH&size=big&selCateg=archeological&dlCategId=GE11WWQ20M%2B40QKCBJ&comeFrom=quick

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