从认知角度培养英语学习中的隐喻能力——经济类英语隐喻研究
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摘要
几千年来，隐喻一直是学者们讨论研究的对象。相对于近年来的隐喻热，二／外语教学中对于隐喻的教学及学习者的隐喻能力的培养的研究才刚刚起步。本文在对隐喻进行认知理解的基础上提出在二／外语教学中对学习者进行隐喻能力的培养。本文对英语经济报导中的隐喻进行了分类归纳，探讨了隐喻理解过程中进行意义推理的认知过程，试图通过对认知过程的了解以及相应影响因素的概括分析找出一些适用于隐喻教学的可行的方法。在研究的过程中作者还进行了一次问卷调查，旨在了解英语学习者理解隐喻的情况。回收的问卷显示英语学习者在理解隐喻的过程存在很多问题。本文对存在的问题进行了归纳并在例证分析的基础上提出了一些解决办法，同时文章还通过对一些经济类隐喻的认知理解过程的分解提出在教学中如何教授隐喻。本研究仅对作者收集到的经济类隐喻进行了分类、定性分析，初步提出如何进行隐喻教学，提高学习者的隐喻能力，其实际应用价值则需要进一步通过大量的实验分析来验证。
The present research, by analyzing and categorizing some business metaphors, tries to explore the cognitive process of inferring metaphorical meanings in understanding metaphors by English learners. The topic is chosen out of two considerations: first, most English learners find it difficult to understand metaphors, especially those that require effort to work out the metaphorical meanings; second, metaphoric competence is closely related to the ways in which a culture organizes its world conceptually, a cultivation of metaphoric competence would help to develop conceptual fluency in second/foreign language learning. Discussion of a questionnaire designed to find out the status quo of English
learners' ability of understanding metaphors shows that students have many difficulties in understanding metaphors, which suggests that the topic of metaphors should not be neglected in second/foreign language teaching and learning. Solutions are given to the problems revealed by the questionnaire, and some feasible means in metaphor teaching are also proposed for reference.
The present research, by analyzing and categorizing some business metaphors, tries to explore the cognitive process of inferring metaphorical meanings in understanding metaphors by English learners. The topic is chosen out of two considerations: first, most English learners find it difficult to understand metaphors, especially those that require effort to work out the metaphorical meanings; second, metaphoric competence is closely related to the ways in which a culture organizes its world conceptually, a cultivation of metaphoric competence would help to develop conceptual fluency in second/foreign language learning. Discussion of a questionnaire designed to find out the status quo of English
learners' ability of understanding metaphors shows that students have many difficulties in understanding metaphors, which suggests that the topic of metaphors should not be neglected in second/foreign language teaching and learning. Solutions are given to the problems revealed by the questionnaire, and some feasible means in metaphor teaching are also proposed for reference.
引文
Asher, R.E. 1994. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Pergman Press.
Aronoff', M. and J. Rees-Miller. 2001. The Handbook of Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Barcelona, A. (ed). 2000. Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads: A Cognitive Perspective. Berlin: Morton de Gruyter.
Brown, G., K. Malmkjaer, A. Pollitt, and J. Williams.1999. Language and Understanding. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Cameron, L & G. Low. 1999. Metaphor (Survey article). Language Teaching. 32, 77-96. Cambridge University Press.
Cameren, L. and Low, G. 2001. Researching and Applying Metaphor. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Cooper, D.E. 1986. Metaphor. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
Coulson, S. & T. Oakley. 2000. Blending basics. Cognitive Linguistics, 11.3-4, 175-196.
Deignan, A. 2001. Metaphor.北京：外文出版社，香港：商务印书馆．
Denesi, M. 1988. The Development of Metaphorical Competence: A Neglected Dimension in Second Language Pedagogy. Italiana, ed. A. N. Mancini, P. Giordano, and P. R. Baldini. River Forest, IL: Rosary College.
Denesi, M. 1992. Metaphorical competence in second language acquisition and second language teaching: The neglected dimension [A]. In Alatis, James E. (ed.) Georgetown University Round Table on Language and Linguistics 1992: Language, Commnication and Social Meaning [C]. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Fauconnier, G. & Turner, M. 1998. Conceptual integration networks [J]. Cognitive Science, 1998 (22): 133-187.
Gardner, H. & Ellen Winner. 1979. The development of metaphorical competence:
Implication for humanistic disciplines. IN Sacks (ed.).
Gee, J.P. 2000. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Routledge.
Gibbs, R.W. Jr. & J.S. Steen. (ed) 1999. Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics. Armsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Goatly, A. 1997. The Language of Metaphors. London, New York: Routledge.
Grice, P. 2002. Studies in the Way of Words. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Harvard University Press.
Hart, R.P. 1989. Modern Historical Criticism. Scott: Brown Higher Education.
Hinkel, E. 1999. Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Holme, R. 1991. Talking texts. Harlow, UK: Longman
Howatt, A.P.R. 1999. A history of English language teaching. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Hymes, D. 1972. On communicative competence. In Sociolinguistics, Pride, J. B. & J. Holmes (ed) Penguin.
Joseph, G., T. Oakley & S. Coulson. 1999. Blending and Metaphor. Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics. Ed. by R.W. Gibbs & G.J. Steen. Armsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Koller, V. 2003. Metaphor Clusters in Business Media Discourse: A Social Cognition Approach. Ph.D. Thesis submitted at the University of Vienna.
Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphor we Live by. Chicago: The University of Chicago University Press.Lakoff, G. 1993. The contemporary theory of metaphor [A]. In Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Lakoof, G. & M. Turnor. 1989. More Than Cool Reason. The University of Chicago Press.
Lazar, G. 1996. Using figurative language to expand students' vocabulary. ELT Journal 50, 1, 43-51.
Lindstromberg, S. 1991. Metaphor and ESP: a ghost in the machine. In English for Specific Purposes Journal. Vol 10 (pp. 207-225). Pergamon Press: USA.
Lindstromberg, S. 1996. Prepositions: meaning and method. EL T Journal, 50, 3, 225-236.
Lindstromberg, S. 1997. Vocabulary teaching in the light of an awareness of metaphor: a few ways of working. IATEFL paper. IATEFL Conference Brighton.
Low, G. 1988. On teaching metaphor. In Applied Linguistics, 9, 2, 125-147. Oxford University Press.
Mio, J.S. & A.N. Katz. 1996. Metaphor: Implications and Applications. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates publishers.
Mooij, J.J.A. 1976. A Study of Metaphor. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company.
Murphy, G. L. 1996. On metaphorical representation [J]. Cognition, 60, 1996: 173-204.
Nattinger, J. R. & J. S. DeCarrico. 1992. Lexicalphrases and language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ortony, A. (ed.). 1979. Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Petrie, H.G & R.S. Oshlag. 1993. Metaphor and Learning, in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, 2n~ edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ricoeur, P. 1986. The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-disciplinary studies of the Creation of meaning m language. London: Rutldge.
Rosch, E. 1978. Principles of Categorization. In: Eleanor Rosch and Barbara B. Lloyd, ed. Cognition and Categorization, Hillsdale/N.J., N.Y.: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Saeed, J.I. 2000. Semantics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Sperber, D. and D. Wilson. 2001. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Stern, J. 2000. Metaphor in Context. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Taylor, J. 1993. Some Pedagogical Implications of Cognitive Grammar. In: Geiger and Rudzka-Ostyn. 1993, 201-26.
Turner, M. & G. fauconnier. 1995. Conceptual Integration and Formal Expression. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity. Available: http://philosophy.uoregon.edu/metaphor/turner.htm 15 June 2002
Ungerer, F.and H.J. Schmid. 2001. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Vizmuller-Zocco, J. 1993. Metaphoric Competence of the Advanced Foreign Language Learner: Vico in the Foreign Language Classroom. L2 and Beyond: Teaching and Learning Modern Languages. Ed. V. Adamantova, L.G. Sbrocchi, and R. Williarnson. Ottawa, Ontario: LEGAS.
White, R.M. 1996. The Structure of Metaphor. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.
Yu, N. 1998. The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor: A perspective from Chinese. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamin's Publishing Company.
曹务堂．1999．隐喻的认知性立体透视．外语与外语教学，1999年第3期(总第118期)，49-53．
程琪龙．2002．语言认知和隐喻．外国语，2002年第1期(总第137期)，46-52．
董莉．2000．空间隐喻的辨证思考．解放军外国语学院学报．2000年11月，第23卷第6期，31-33．
黄华．2001．商务语篇中的概念隐喻研究．广东商学院学报．2001年第3期(总第56期)，No3，Sum．56，83-92．
姜玲．2002．论隐喻及其在英语教学中的运用．河南职业技术师范学院学报(职业教育版)，2002年第4期，64-66．
孔德明．2002．从认知看经济语篇中的隐喻概念．外语与外语教学．2002年第2期，总第155期，Serial No．155，13-16．
蓝纯．1999．从认知角度看汉语的空间隐喻．外语教学与研究．1999年第4期，7-15．
李苗．2002．隐喻认知中的概念溶合与语义转移．外语与外语教学，2002年第9期(总第162期)，60-62．
李瑛．2002．“前后”域方位隐喻初探．四川教育学院学报，2002年7月，第18卷第7期，52，53，65．
林庆扬．2000．浅析经贸英语文章中的隐喻．莆田高等专科学校学报．2000年9月，第7卷第3期，Vol．7，No．3，25-27．
林玉霞．2000．英语中A and B is X表达方式的隐喻特征．外语与外语教学，2000年第3期(总第131期)，17-19，23。
刘菁，张必隐．2001．隐喻理解认知加工的几种主要理论．宁波大学学报(教育科学版)，2001年2月，第23卷第1期，14-17．
刘菁，张必隐．2002．本体和喻体在隐喻句理解中的作用．心理科学．第25卷，第3期，363-364．
刘曼．2002．论影响隐喻理解的几种因素．株洲工学院学报．2002年5月，第16卷增刊，Vol．16 supplement．58-59．
刘駸．2002．试论隐喻认知与言语能力培养．南京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版)，2002年6月，第4卷第2期，79-81．
刘正光．2001．莱可夫隐喻理论中的缺陷．外语与外语教学．2001年第1期(总第141期)，Serial No．141．25-29．
任正来，李玉萍．2001．隐喻与英语教学．吕梁高等专科学校学报，2001年6
月，第17卷第2期，57-59．
史天禄．西方报刊国际经贸文章选读[M]．对外经贸大学出版社，1989．
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严世清．2001．隐喻能力与外语教学．山东外语教学，2001年第2期(总第83期)，60-64．
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卷第2期，Vol．25，No．2，7-11．
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赵英玲．1999．英语空间性隐喻的特性分析．外语学刊，1999年第3期(总第97期)，17-21．
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Aronoff', M. and J. Rees-Miller. 2001. The Handbook of Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Barcelona, A. (ed). 2000. Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads: A Cognitive Perspective. Berlin: Morton de Gruyter.
Brown, G., K. Malmkjaer, A. Pollitt, and J. Williams.1999. Language and Understanding. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Cameron, L & G. Low. 1999. Metaphor (Survey article). Language Teaching. 32, 77-96. Cambridge University Press.
Cameren, L. and Low, G. 2001. Researching and Applying Metaphor. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Cooper, D.E. 1986. Metaphor. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
Coulson, S. & T. Oakley. 2000. Blending basics. Cognitive Linguistics, 11.3-4, 175-196.
Deignan, A. 2001. Metaphor.北京：外文出版社，香港：商务印书馆．
Denesi, M. 1988. The Development of Metaphorical Competence: A Neglected Dimension in Second Language Pedagogy. Italiana, ed. A. N. Mancini, P. Giordano, and P. R. Baldini. River Forest, IL: Rosary College.
Denesi, M. 1992. Metaphorical competence in second language acquisition and second language teaching: The neglected dimension [A]. In Alatis, James E. (ed.) Georgetown University Round Table on Language and Linguistics 1992: Language, Commnication and Social Meaning [C]. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Fauconnier, G. & Turner, M. 1998. Conceptual integration networks [J]. Cognitive Science, 1998 (22): 133-187.
Gardner, H. & Ellen Winner. 1979. The development of metaphorical competence:
Implication for humanistic disciplines. IN Sacks (ed.).
Gee, J.P. 2000. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Routledge.
Gibbs, R.W. Jr. & J.S. Steen. (ed) 1999. Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics. Armsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Goatly, A. 1997. The Language of Metaphors. London, New York: Routledge.
Grice, P. 2002. Studies in the Way of Words. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Harvard University Press.
Hart, R.P. 1989. Modern Historical Criticism. Scott: Brown Higher Education.
Hinkel, E. 1999. Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Holme, R. 1991. Talking texts. Harlow, UK: Longman
Howatt, A.P.R. 1999. A history of English language teaching. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Hymes, D. 1972. On communicative competence. In Sociolinguistics, Pride, J. B. & J. Holmes (ed) Penguin.
Joseph, G., T. Oakley & S. Coulson. 1999. Blending and Metaphor. Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics. Ed. by R.W. Gibbs & G.J. Steen. Armsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Koller, V. 2003. Metaphor Clusters in Business Media Discourse: A Social Cognition Approach. Ph.D. Thesis submitted at the University of Vienna.
Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphor we Live by. Chicago: The University of Chicago University Press.Lakoff, G. 1993. The contemporary theory of metaphor [A]. In Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Lakoof, G. & M. Turnor. 1989. More Than Cool Reason. The University of Chicago Press.
Lazar, G. 1996. Using figurative language to expand students' vocabulary. ELT Journal 50, 1, 43-51.
Lindstromberg, S. 1991. Metaphor and ESP: a ghost in the machine. In English for Specific Purposes Journal. Vol 10 (pp. 207-225). Pergamon Press: USA.
Lindstromberg, S. 1996. Prepositions: meaning and method. EL T Journal, 50, 3, 225-236.
Lindstromberg, S. 1997. Vocabulary teaching in the light of an awareness of metaphor: a few ways of working. IATEFL paper. IATEFL Conference Brighton.
Low, G. 1988. On teaching metaphor. In Applied Linguistics, 9, 2, 125-147. Oxford University Press.
Mio, J.S. & A.N. Katz. 1996. Metaphor: Implications and Applications. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates publishers.
Mooij, J.J.A. 1976. A Study of Metaphor. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company.
Murphy, G. L. 1996. On metaphorical representation [J]. Cognition, 60, 1996: 173-204.
Nattinger, J. R. & J. S. DeCarrico. 1992. Lexicalphrases and language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ortony, A. (ed.). 1979. Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Petrie, H.G & R.S. Oshlag. 1993. Metaphor and Learning, in A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought, 2n~ edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ricoeur, P. 1986. The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-disciplinary studies of the Creation of meaning m language. London: Rutldge.
Rosch, E. 1978. Principles of Categorization. In: Eleanor Rosch and Barbara B. Lloyd, ed. Cognition and Categorization, Hillsdale/N.J., N.Y.: Lawrence
Erlbaum.
Saeed, J.I. 2000. Semantics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Sperber, D. and D. Wilson. 2001. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Stern, J. 2000. Metaphor in Context. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Taylor, J. 1993. Some Pedagogical Implications of Cognitive Grammar. In: Geiger and Rudzka-Ostyn. 1993, 201-26.
Turner, M. & G. fauconnier. 1995. Conceptual Integration and Formal Expression. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity. Available: http://philosophy.uoregon.edu/metaphor/turner.htm 15 June 2002
Ungerer, F.and H.J. Schmid. 2001. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Vizmuller-Zocco, J. 1993. Metaphoric Competence of the Advanced Foreign Language Learner: Vico in the Foreign Language Classroom. L2 and Beyond: Teaching and Learning Modern Languages. Ed. V. Adamantova, L.G. Sbrocchi, and R. Williarnson. Ottawa, Ontario: LEGAS.
White, R.M. 1996. The Structure of Metaphor. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.
Yu, N. 1998. The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor: A perspective from Chinese. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamin's Publishing Company.
曹务堂．1999．隐喻的认知性立体透视．外语与外语教学，1999年第3期(总第118期)，49-53．
程琪龙．2002．语言认知和隐喻．外国语，2002年第1期(总第137期)，46-52．
董莉．2000．空间隐喻的辨证思考．解放军外国语学院学报．2000年11月，第23卷第6期，31-33．
黄华．2001．商务语篇中的概念隐喻研究．广东商学院学报．2001年第3期(总第56期)，No3，Sum．56，83-92．
姜玲．2002．论隐喻及其在英语教学中的运用．河南职业技术师范学院学报(职业教育版)，2002年第4期，64-66．
孔德明．2002．从认知看经济语篇中的隐喻概念．外语与外语教学．2002年第2期，总第155期，Serial No．155，13-16．
蓝纯．1999．从认知角度看汉语的空间隐喻．外语教学与研究．1999年第4期，7-15．
李苗．2002．隐喻认知中的概念溶合与语义转移．外语与外语教学，2002年第9期(总第162期)，60-62．
李瑛．2002．“前后”域方位隐喻初探．四川教育学院学报，2002年7月，第18卷第7期，52，53，65．
林庆扬．2000．浅析经贸英语文章中的隐喻．莆田高等专科学校学报．2000年9月，第7卷第3期，Vol．7，No．3，25-27．
林玉霞．2000．英语中A and B is X表达方式的隐喻特征．外语与外语教学，2000年第3期(总第131期)，17-19，23。
刘菁，张必隐．2001．隐喻理解认知加工的几种主要理论．宁波大学学报(教育科学版)，2001年2月，第23卷第1期，14-17．
刘菁，张必隐．2002．本体和喻体在隐喻句理解中的作用．心理科学．第25卷，第3期，363-364．
刘曼．2002．论影响隐喻理解的几种因素．株洲工学院学报．2002年5月，第16卷增刊，Vol．16 supplement．58-59．
刘駸．2002．试论隐喻认知与言语能力培养．南京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版)，2002年6月，第4卷第2期，79-81．
刘正光．2001．莱可夫隐喻理论中的缺陷．外语与外语教学．2001年第1期(总第141期)，Serial No．141．25-29．
任正来，李玉萍．2001．隐喻与英语教学．吕梁高等专科学校学报，2001年6
月，第17卷第2期，57-59．
史天禄．西方报刊国际经贸文章选读[M]．对外经贸大学出版社，1989．
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