清末民初的京师自来水公司
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
19世纪末,中国在市政建设方面与西方的都市比较相去甚远。随着欧风美雨对中国的影响,作为清王朝首都的北京迈出了市政近代化的步伐,比较有代表性的就是京师自来水公司的建立。
     近代北京的城市人口激增,而北京是一个缺水城市,人们用水主要依靠水井。而由于历史地理因素和人类活动的影响,北京的地下水水质很差,加上水井数量有限,采水技术落后,远远不能满足近代居民日常生活用水、商业消费用水和消防卫生用水,水资源短缺一直困扰着人民的生活、城市的发展。20世纪初,在人们的呼吁下,清政府成立了官督商办性质的京师自来水公司。自来水公司在周学熙等人的精心筹备下,克服了种种困难,仅用22个月的时间就完成了创建工作,于1910年2月开始向北京城市供水。
     从京师自来水公司的招股章程中,可以看出清末颁布的《公司律》对自来水公司的影响。官督商办的性质,也为公司的发展提供了一定的保护作用。为了吸引投资,自来水公司采取了当时较为流行的官利制度,但是,自来水公司又做了一定的变通,使之更趋于合理化。自来水公司在清末民初的经营发展过程中,采取多种销售方式,还利用白话文广告的形式进行促销,使得自来水这一新生事物很快被人民所接受。但是由于公司的不完善,也出现了一些问题,如对水质化验不重视遭到了人们的批评,强制用户安设水表而导致与用户的冲突。
     京师自来水公司的顺利创建和发展,很大程度上归功于袁世凯、周学熙和王锡彤三个人的作用。袁世凯的大力支持、周学熙的苦心经营和王锡彤的高超管理形成了良性互动,加上人们随着观念进步而对自来水的接受,使自来水公司在清末民初动荡的社会环境中得以迅速发展,即使是这样,自来水公司在清末民初的发展规模还是十分有限的。相比之下,其它市政建设如电车、汽车和公园发展更是困难重重,举步维艰。
In the 19th century, China fell quite far away from the West in municipal construction. But under the influence of Europe and America, Beijing, the capital city of the Qing dynasty, also took steps in modernization of the municipal works, the representative of which is the establishment of the imperial water company.
    Beijing's population was on the upsurge in modern times and Beijing was faced with insufficient water supply. Residents mainly depended upon wells to get water. Due to historical and geographical conditions and human activities, the ground water was very poor in quality, which, together with the limited number of wells and the backward technology in water production, resulted in the incapability of meeting the needs of daily life, commercial and firefighting water consumption of modern residents. The lack of water resources had been bothering people's life and city development. At the beginning of 20th century, the Qing government founded the commercial imperial water company under official supervision due to mass appeal. Under the careful preparation of Zhou Xuexi, this water company, overcoming various hardships, completed the establishment works in just 22 months and began water supply for Beijing in February, 1910.
    The influence of the Company Law promulgated in the last years of the Qing dynasty on the water company can be seen from this company's regulations in raising capital by floating shares. Being commercial and under official supervision protected it's development, the company followed the popular official benefit system to attract investment. In the
    
    
    
    meanwhile, it offered certain flexibilities which made the system more reasonable. During its management and development in the transitional period from the Qing dynasty to the Republic of China, it made use of many sale methods and promoted its products through advertisements written in the vernacular, all of which made people accept tap water, this newly emerging thing very quickly. But there also appeared some problems due to unsoundness, such as lack of emphasis on water quality test resulting in mass criticism, and clashes with end-users dissatisfied with forcing them to install water meter.
    The company, on a large part, owed it's smooth establishment and development to Yuan Shikai, Zhou Xuexi and Wang Xitong. Yuan's great encouragement, Zhou's painstaking running and Wang's wise management interacted with each other benignly. What's more, people accepted tap water with the concept progressing. These ensured the rapid development of the company under the unstable social conditions of the final stage of the Qing dynasty. Even so, it was very limited, let alone the development of other municipal works, such as trolleys > buses and recreational parks.
引文
《北京自来水公司档案史料》,北京燕山出版社,1986年10月第1版
    王锡彤著,郑永福、吕美颐点校,《抑斋自述》,河南大学出版社,2001年6月第1版
    沈云龙主编,《周止庵(学熙)先生别传》,《近代中国史料丛刊》(台湾)文海出版社,中华民国五十五年十月台初版
    《光绪朝东华录》五
    丛刊本《洋务运动》
    《大公报》
    《德宗实录》,中华书局,1987年5月第1版
    《中华民国史档案资料汇编》第三辑工矿业,江苏古籍出版社,1991年6月第1版
    廖一中、罗真容整理,《袁世凯奏议》下,天津古籍出版社,1987年3月第1版
    郭嵩焘,《伦敦与巴黎日记》,《走向世界丛书》,钟叔河主编,岳麓书社出版社,1984年11月第1版
    刘锡鸿,《英轺日记》,《走向世界丛书》,钟叔河主编,岳麓书社出版社,1986年1月第1版
    《维新旧梦录》,朱维铮、龙应台编,生活·读书·新知三联书店(北京),2000年10月第1版
    《燕都春秋》,北京史研究会编,北京出版社,1982年5月第1版,
    (英)阿绮波地·立德,《穿蓝色长袍的国度》,王成东,刘皓 译,时事出版社,1998年1月版,
    史玄、夏仁虎、阙名,《旧京遗事·旧京琐记·燕京杂记》,北京古籍出版社,1986年7月第1版
    斯当东,《英使谒见乾隆纪实》,商务印书馆,1963年版
    《北京历史纪年》,北京市社会科学研究所《北京历史纪年》编写组编,北京出版社,1984年1月第1版
    《北平市统计览要》,《北京史苑》第2辑,北京出版社,1985年6月第1版
    《中国近代经济史研究资料》(8),上海社会科学院出版社,1987年11月第1版
    
    
    韩光辉,《清代北京八旗人口的演变》,《人口与经济》,1987年第2期
    崔永福、谭列飞,《漫谈历史上的北京人口》,《北京史苑》第2辑,北京出版社,1985年6月第1版,
    葛剑雄主编,《中国人口史》第五卷,复旦大学出版社,2001年5月第1版
    王伟杰,《北京城近郊区地下水中硝酸盐的来源》,载于《燕京春秋》,北京出版社,1982年5月第1版
    蔡蕃著,《北京古运河与城市供水研究》,北京燕山出版社,1986年第1版
    《北京档案史料》1999年第1期,北京市档案馆编,新华出版社,1999年4月第1版
    段天顺,《竹枝词与北京风俗》,《北京社会科学》,1996年第3期
    纪良,《近代北京城市的变迁》,《北京社会科学》,1990年第2期
    《引进与变革:近代中国企业官利制度分析》,《近代史研究》,2001年第4期
    熊月之、罗苏文、周武,《略论近代上海市政》,《学术月刊》,1999年第6期

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700