城市污水生化处理出水回用于循环冷却水系统中缓蚀阻垢实验研究
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摘要
循环冷却用水是工业用水的主要组成部分,开展污水回用于循环冷却水是节能降耗减排的重要手段。城市污水经二级生化处理后,具有水质水量稳定,水质组成简单的特点,可回用作循环冷却水。然而,城市污水生化出水中含有较高的Ca2+、Mg2+、S042-和HC03-等无机离子,以及少量的有机物。这些物质会加重循环冷却水系统设备表面的结垢和腐蚀问题。因此,如何缓解城市污水生化出水回用于循环冷却水系统的结垢和腐蚀问题是城市污水生化出水回用于循环冷却水的难点和关键。
本论文在实际废水水质分析的基础上,针对城市污水生化出水回用作循环冷却水产生的结垢和腐蚀问题,系统的研究了城市污水生化出水中的无机离子和有机物对于循环冷却水系统结垢的影响。开发了适用于城市污水生化出水水质的低分子量水解聚马来酸酐(HPMA),优化出了三组分复合缓蚀阻垢剂低磷配方。主要研究内容如下：
1、对实际水样进行水质分析,考察水样中无机离子和有机物对于结垢量的影响及对结垢颗粒形貌和晶型的影响,分析城市污水生化出水回用于循环冷却水对循环冷却水系统造成的结垢和腐蚀问题。
2、基于城市污水生化出水水质,采用过氧化苯甲酰作为聚合反应的引发剂制备了聚羧酸型缓蚀阻垢剂低分子量水解聚马来酸酐(HPMA),当引发剂用量为单体重量的15%时,合成的HPMA在城市污水生化出水模拟废水水质条件下的阻垢性能最好,静态阻垢性能达到72%。采用凝胶色谱和傅里叶红外光谱分析了合成的HPMA分子量分别和官能团组成。合成的聚马来酸酐(PMA)的分子量集中分布在240～900g/mol,峰值分布在430g/mol左右。HPMA的平均分子量为625g/mol。将合成的低分子量HPMA与较大分子量组成的聚羧酸类缓蚀阻垢剂聚丙烯酸(PAA)一起,分别与有机膦类缓蚀阻垢剂羟基乙叉二膦酸(HEDP)、氨基三甲叉膦酸(ATMP)和2-磷酸基-1,2,4-三羧酸丁烷(PBTCA)进行了三组分复合缓蚀阻垢剂配方优化,得到了3个高性能三组分复合缓蚀阻垢剂优化配方。优化配方1组成为HEDP/HPMA/PAA=10/80/10,静态阻垢性能为80.6%,优化配方2的组成为ATMP/HPMA/PAA=10/5406/35.4,静态阻垢性能为79.5%,优化配方3的组成为PBTCA/HPMA/PAA=10/58.2/31.8,静态阻垢性能为74.3%。优化配方的静态阻垢性能高于相同用量条件下的单组份药剂。配方中各组分表现出了协同阻垢效应。
3、本论文基于城市污水生化出水水质和循环冷却水系统工况条件,设计了适用于循环冷却水系统的动态阻垢性能评价方法。该方法既能反映缓蚀阻垢剂对Ca2+的稳定性能,也能反映缓蚀阻垢剂对结垢颗粒的分散性能。采用静态阻垢性能评价方法和动态阻垢性能测试方法对合成低分子量HPMA和3个三组分优化配方进行测试。结果显示,合成的低分子量HPMA和优化配方在用量10mg/L-30mg/L之间变化时,静态阻垢性能基本保持稳定,HPMA、优化配方1、优化配方2和优化配方3的静态阻垢效率分别达到72%、80.5%、79.5%和74.3%,四种缓蚀阻垢剂均表现出了阈值效应。而在动态性能评价方法下,合成的低分子量HPMA和3个三组分优化配方随着使用浓度在10mg/L-30mg/L之间增大,动态阻垢性能显著提高。在30mg/L用量条件下,合成的HPMA、优化配方1、优化配方2和优化配方3的动态阻垢性能分别达到95.6%、100%、98.2%和96.9%。结垢颗粒的微观形貌和晶型分析显示,开发的缓蚀阻垢剂可以使碳酸钙结垢颗粒的微观形貌和结晶晶型发生改变。合成的低分子量HPMA和优化配方可以使结垢颗粒呈现出具有椭圆边缘的颗粒状,颗粒的生长,颗粒的堆簇呈现出很多空隙。优化配方中的聚羧酸分子和有机膦分子可以影响碳酸钙结晶的不同生长方向和不同的结晶面,在对碳酸钙结晶过程的影响上表现出了协同作用。
4、基于城市污水生化出水水质和循环冷却水工况条件,设计了适用于循环冷却水系统的动态缓蚀性能评价装置和方法,采用城市污水生化出水实际废水作为测试水样,考察了合成的低分子量HPMA和3个三组分优化配方对于碳钢的缓蚀作用。结果显示,HPMA对于该水质条件下的碳钢的缓蚀作用较小(低于20%)。而优化配方1、优化配方2和优化配方3的缓蚀效率分别达到55.5%、90.0%和71.4%。温度从40℃升高到60℃时,优化配方1、优化配方2和优化配方3的缓蚀效率分别下降不到3.45%、3.67%和3.94%。而浓缩倍数由1倍提高到4倍时,优化配方1、优化配方2和优化配方3的缓蚀效率分别下降近20.35%、18.77%和20.64%。采用交流阻抗谱分析结合电化学拟合分析了优化配方对该水质体系下碳钢的缓蚀作用机理。在优化配方1的作用下,腐蚀测试体系的膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗分别增大为694.4Ω·cm2和292.2Ω·cm2(空白实验的膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗分别为206.2Ω·cm2和269.1Ω·cm2),在优化配方2的作用下,腐蚀测试体系的膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗分别增大为892.4Ω·cm2和1735Ω·cm2,在优化配方3的作用下,腐蚀测试体系的膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗分别增大为568.2Ω·cm2和316.1Ω·cm2。优化配方中的有机膦分子与聚羧酸分子可以吸附在碳钢表面,形成致密的保护膜,从而降低碳钢的腐蚀速率。
With increasing shortages of freshwater, wastewater is now being recognized as a significant source of water for nonpotable uses. For recirculating cooling water systems, which are very important in a lot of industries, wastewater reusing as cooling water instead of fresh water will not only save a lot of fresh water resource but also reduce pollutant dischargement into the surface water system. Among different types of wastewater, secondary-treated municipal wastewater is of increasing interest, primarily because it holds promise as viable alternative source of cooling water in terms of quantity and proximity to existing and future cooling water exhausting industries (eg. Power plant). The primary challenges with secondary-treated municipal wastewater reuse for cooling arise from its low quality. The secondary-treated municipal wastewater usually contains kinds of cations including Ca+, Mg+, Na+and anions including HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-et al. In recirculating cooling systems, the water constituents become concentrated many times because of the evaporative loss of water. The elevated concentrations and high water temperature can cause severe mineral deposition and metal corrosion problems. In the present study, the effect of inorganic ions and organic maters on the mineral scale deposition was scientificly studied. It is indicated that Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-and SO42+showed strong effect on mineral scale deposition on stainless steel specimen. Increasing the ion concentration could make the mineral scale deposition problem much more severe. Insignificant effect of organic matter was detected. Based on the chemical composition of the secondary-treated municipal wastewater, low molecular weight Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) was synthesized. Based on the synthesized HPMA, Three component inhibitors including polyacrylic acid (PAA), and l-hydroxyethane-l,l-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) or Amino Trimethylene Phosphonic Acid (ATMP) or2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid (PBTCA) was chosed to obtain3three-component mixture inhibitor formulations. The composition of formulation was HEDP/HPMA/PAA=10/80/10, ATMP/HPMA/PAA=10/5406/35.4, PBTCA/HPMA/PAA=10/58.2/31.8, respectively. The formulations showed much higher antiscale efficiency than the component at the same dosage.
Based on the4times concentrated secondary-treated municipal wastewater, the synthesized HPMA and the three formulations were evaluated according to both the static scale deposition methods and the developed dynamic scale deposition methods. During the static scale deposition method, the synthesized HPMA and the three formulations showed stable inhibition efficiency (72%,80.5%,79.5%and74.3%, respectively) when the inhibitor concentration was in the range of10-30mg/L However, during the developed dynamic scale deposition method, the inhibition efficiency increased significantly with increasing the inhibitor concentration from10mg/L to30mg/L. The dynamic antiscale efficiency of the synthesized HPMA and the three formulations are all above95%, even upto100%.
The micromorphology investigation and the crystal phase analysis of the particle precipitates indicated the synthesized HPMA and the three formulations showed strong effect on crystal growth and particle morphology of calcium carbonate during the scaling process in the recirculating cooling water system. The functional group of the Polycarboxylic acid and the organic phosphonate may react with different crystal faces and different direction of crystal growth. The two kinds of inhibitor together showed synergistic inhibition effect on mineral scale depositon.
Using secondery-treated municipal wastewater, a dynamic corrosion test installation was set up to simulate the recirculating cooling water system. The three formulations showed excellent corrosion inhibition effect on20#carbon steel, especially formulation2with the efficiency of90%. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests together with the fit results indicated that the inhibitors could adsorbed onto the surface of carbon steel to form a protective film.
本论文在实际废水水质分析的基础上,针对城市污水生化出水回用作循环冷却水产生的结垢和腐蚀问题,系统的研究了城市污水生化出水中的无机离子和有机物对于循环冷却水系统结垢的影响。开发了适用于城市污水生化出水水质的低分子量水解聚马来酸酐(HPMA),优化出了三组分复合缓蚀阻垢剂低磷配方。主要研究内容如下：
1、对实际水样进行水质分析,考察水样中无机离子和有机物对于结垢量的影响及对结垢颗粒形貌和晶型的影响,分析城市污水生化出水回用于循环冷却水对循环冷却水系统造成的结垢和腐蚀问题。
2、基于城市污水生化出水水质,采用过氧化苯甲酰作为聚合反应的引发剂制备了聚羧酸型缓蚀阻垢剂低分子量水解聚马来酸酐(HPMA),当引发剂用量为单体重量的15%时,合成的HPMA在城市污水生化出水模拟废水水质条件下的阻垢性能最好,静态阻垢性能达到72%。采用凝胶色谱和傅里叶红外光谱分析了合成的HPMA分子量分别和官能团组成。合成的聚马来酸酐(PMA)的分子量集中分布在240～900g/mol,峰值分布在430g/mol左右。HPMA的平均分子量为625g/mol。将合成的低分子量HPMA与较大分子量组成的聚羧酸类缓蚀阻垢剂聚丙烯酸(PAA)一起,分别与有机膦类缓蚀阻垢剂羟基乙叉二膦酸(HEDP)、氨基三甲叉膦酸(ATMP)和2-磷酸基-1,2,4-三羧酸丁烷(PBTCA)进行了三组分复合缓蚀阻垢剂配方优化,得到了3个高性能三组分复合缓蚀阻垢剂优化配方。优化配方1组成为HEDP/HPMA/PAA=10/80/10,静态阻垢性能为80.6%,优化配方2的组成为ATMP/HPMA/PAA=10/5406/35.4,静态阻垢性能为79.5%,优化配方3的组成为PBTCA/HPMA/PAA=10/58.2/31.8,静态阻垢性能为74.3%。优化配方的静态阻垢性能高于相同用量条件下的单组份药剂。配方中各组分表现出了协同阻垢效应。
3、本论文基于城市污水生化出水水质和循环冷却水系统工况条件,设计了适用于循环冷却水系统的动态阻垢性能评价方法。该方法既能反映缓蚀阻垢剂对Ca2+的稳定性能,也能反映缓蚀阻垢剂对结垢颗粒的分散性能。采用静态阻垢性能评价方法和动态阻垢性能测试方法对合成低分子量HPMA和3个三组分优化配方进行测试。结果显示,合成的低分子量HPMA和优化配方在用量10mg/L-30mg/L之间变化时,静态阻垢性能基本保持稳定,HPMA、优化配方1、优化配方2和优化配方3的静态阻垢效率分别达到72%、80.5%、79.5%和74.3%,四种缓蚀阻垢剂均表现出了阈值效应。而在动态性能评价方法下,合成的低分子量HPMA和3个三组分优化配方随着使用浓度在10mg/L-30mg/L之间增大,动态阻垢性能显著提高。在30mg/L用量条件下,合成的HPMA、优化配方1、优化配方2和优化配方3的动态阻垢性能分别达到95.6%、100%、98.2%和96.9%。结垢颗粒的微观形貌和晶型分析显示,开发的缓蚀阻垢剂可以使碳酸钙结垢颗粒的微观形貌和结晶晶型发生改变。合成的低分子量HPMA和优化配方可以使结垢颗粒呈现出具有椭圆边缘的颗粒状,颗粒的生长,颗粒的堆簇呈现出很多空隙。优化配方中的聚羧酸分子和有机膦分子可以影响碳酸钙结晶的不同生长方向和不同的结晶面,在对碳酸钙结晶过程的影响上表现出了协同作用。
4、基于城市污水生化出水水质和循环冷却水工况条件,设计了适用于循环冷却水系统的动态缓蚀性能评价装置和方法,采用城市污水生化出水实际废水作为测试水样,考察了合成的低分子量HPMA和3个三组分优化配方对于碳钢的缓蚀作用。结果显示,HPMA对于该水质条件下的碳钢的缓蚀作用较小(低于20%)。而优化配方1、优化配方2和优化配方3的缓蚀效率分别达到55.5%、90.0%和71.4%。温度从40℃升高到60℃时,优化配方1、优化配方2和优化配方3的缓蚀效率分别下降不到3.45%、3.67%和3.94%。而浓缩倍数由1倍提高到4倍时,优化配方1、优化配方2和优化配方3的缓蚀效率分别下降近20.35%、18.77%和20.64%。采用交流阻抗谱分析结合电化学拟合分析了优化配方对该水质体系下碳钢的缓蚀作用机理。在优化配方1的作用下,腐蚀测试体系的膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗分别增大为694.4Ω·cm2和292.2Ω·cm2(空白实验的膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗分别为206.2Ω·cm2和269.1Ω·cm2),在优化配方2的作用下,腐蚀测试体系的膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗分别增大为892.4Ω·cm2和1735Ω·cm2,在优化配方3的作用下,腐蚀测试体系的膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗分别增大为568.2Ω·cm2和316.1Ω·cm2。优化配方中的有机膦分子与聚羧酸分子可以吸附在碳钢表面,形成致密的保护膜,从而降低碳钢的腐蚀速率。
With increasing shortages of freshwater, wastewater is now being recognized as a significant source of water for nonpotable uses. For recirculating cooling water systems, which are very important in a lot of industries, wastewater reusing as cooling water instead of fresh water will not only save a lot of fresh water resource but also reduce pollutant dischargement into the surface water system. Among different types of wastewater, secondary-treated municipal wastewater is of increasing interest, primarily because it holds promise as viable alternative source of cooling water in terms of quantity and proximity to existing and future cooling water exhausting industries (eg. Power plant). The primary challenges with secondary-treated municipal wastewater reuse for cooling arise from its low quality. The secondary-treated municipal wastewater usually contains kinds of cations including Ca+, Mg+, Na+and anions including HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-et al. In recirculating cooling systems, the water constituents become concentrated many times because of the evaporative loss of water. The elevated concentrations and high water temperature can cause severe mineral deposition and metal corrosion problems. In the present study, the effect of inorganic ions and organic maters on the mineral scale deposition was scientificly studied. It is indicated that Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-and SO42+showed strong effect on mineral scale deposition on stainless steel specimen. Increasing the ion concentration could make the mineral scale deposition problem much more severe. Insignificant effect of organic matter was detected. Based on the chemical composition of the secondary-treated municipal wastewater, low molecular weight Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) was synthesized. Based on the synthesized HPMA, Three component inhibitors including polyacrylic acid (PAA), and l-hydroxyethane-l,l-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) or Amino Trimethylene Phosphonic Acid (ATMP) or2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-Tricarboxylic Acid (PBTCA) was chosed to obtain3three-component mixture inhibitor formulations. The composition of formulation was HEDP/HPMA/PAA=10/80/10, ATMP/HPMA/PAA=10/5406/35.4, PBTCA/HPMA/PAA=10/58.2/31.8, respectively. The formulations showed much higher antiscale efficiency than the component at the same dosage.
Based on the4times concentrated secondary-treated municipal wastewater, the synthesized HPMA and the three formulations were evaluated according to both the static scale deposition methods and the developed dynamic scale deposition methods. During the static scale deposition method, the synthesized HPMA and the three formulations showed stable inhibition efficiency (72%,80.5%,79.5%and74.3%, respectively) when the inhibitor concentration was in the range of10-30mg/L However, during the developed dynamic scale deposition method, the inhibition efficiency increased significantly with increasing the inhibitor concentration from10mg/L to30mg/L. The dynamic antiscale efficiency of the synthesized HPMA and the three formulations are all above95%, even upto100%.
The micromorphology investigation and the crystal phase analysis of the particle precipitates indicated the synthesized HPMA and the three formulations showed strong effect on crystal growth and particle morphology of calcium carbonate during the scaling process in the recirculating cooling water system. The functional group of the Polycarboxylic acid and the organic phosphonate may react with different crystal faces and different direction of crystal growth. The two kinds of inhibitor together showed synergistic inhibition effect on mineral scale depositon.
Using secondery-treated municipal wastewater, a dynamic corrosion test installation was set up to simulate the recirculating cooling water system. The three formulations showed excellent corrosion inhibition effect on20#carbon steel, especially formulation2with the efficiency of90%. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests together with the fit results indicated that the inhibitors could adsorbed onto the surface of carbon steel to form a protective film.
引文
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