混凝土中氯盐的传输机理及钢筋锈胀模型
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摘要
氯盐侵蚀是导致钢筋混凝土结构服役性能劣化的重要原因。荷载作用及混凝土裂缝对氯离子的侵蚀有显著影响,研究氯离子在受荷载或开裂混凝土内的传输机理,以及钢筋混凝土锈胀开裂进程,对准确预测钢筋混凝土结构的服役寿命具有十分重要的意义。混凝土结构寿命分为三个阶段：诱导期、发展期和破坏期。本文以此主线,重点研究了荷载和混凝土裂缝在诱导期的影响机理,建立了发展期钢筋混凝土锈胀预测模型。主要研究工作如下：
(1)设计了一种钢筋混凝土梁的持续加载装置,对施加不同荷载的普通混凝土梁和掺矿粉混凝土梁进行氯盐溶液浸泡试验,分析了荷载作用和混凝土氯离子结合能力对氯离子传输的影响。提出了荷载影响氯离子扩散的影响系数模型,确定了模型中的参数,并引入氯离子结合系数和温度影响系数,修正了Fick第二定律的解析解模型。该修正模型的计算结果与试验结果吻合,可以用来预测浸泡和荷载作用下混凝土中氯离子的传输。
(2)将干湿循环过程氯离子传输的驱动力分解为对流和扩散作用,考虑水分在干燥和湿润过程中扩散系数的差异,分别建立了水分扩散系数与饱和度的关系,并考虑氯离子结合、温度影响和荷载影响系数,建立了干湿循环和荷载作用下氯离子的传输模型,编制了相应的Matlab程序求解了氯离子在混凝土中的传输方程。为了准确控制干湿循环过程的干湿制度和干燥过程边界条件,设计加工了全自动干湿循环试验系统,结合人工模拟环境试验箱,对干湿循环和荷载作用下的混凝土梁进行了试验研究。数值结果与试验结果的对比验证了数值模型的可靠性,较好地反映了拉、压荷载对氯离子传输的影响。
(3)通过分析裂缝中氯离子的传输机理,建立了浸泡条件下开裂混凝土氯离子传输的双重孔隙介质模型,提出了制作带有真实裂缝试件的方法和有效测定裂缝周围氯离子浓度的方法,对开裂混凝土氯离子传输规律进行了试验研究,验证了所建立的理论模型。
(4)采用离散裂缝模型可以较好地反映裂缝周围氯离子的浓度分布,以及对钢筋局部脱钝锈蚀带来的影响。通过将流体力学和毛细力学理论分别用于描述水分在裂缝中的传输和混凝土裂缝壁面对水分的毛细吸收作用,建立了干湿循环作用下开裂混凝土裂缝区域的氯离子传输模型。对干湿循环条件下开裂混凝土氯离子传输进行了试验研究,并采用电子探针的能谱分析技术测定了混凝土开裂区的氯离子浓度。结果发现,混凝土裂缝中存在氯离子浓度梯度,对流区深度大约在20mm～40mm之间,数值计算结果较好地反映了这一特点,并且试验数据与计算结果吻合良好。参数分析发现,裂缝宽度、裂缝粗糙度、裂缝长宽比及干燥过程边界条件影响着裂缝中氯离子的浓度分布。
(5)基于混凝土各向异性损伤和混凝土的损伤软化,考虑了腐蚀产物和钢筋的弹性力学性能,以及腐蚀产物对钢筋-混凝土界面过渡区孔隙和混凝土开裂裂缝的填充效应,建立了钢筋-腐蚀产物-混凝土三相介质模型。采用直接在混凝土截面上粘贴应变片的方法,测定了钢筋锈蚀过程中混凝土内应变的变化,建立锈蚀率与混凝土应变的对应关系,将模型计算结果与试验结果进行比对,发现模型可以较好地预测混凝土的开裂时间,确定了混凝土环向应变是评价混凝土开裂的理想指标,并进行了模型参数分析。
The chloride attack is always regarded as an important cause of deteriorate in service performance of reinforced concrete structure (RC). Because of the significant influences of loading and cracks of concrete on chloride penetration, the study of chloride transport mechanism subjected to loading and cracks, as well as concrete rust expansion cracking process, play a great significant influence on the accurate prediction of service life. The service life of concrete structure can be divided into three phases:inductive phase, development phase and destruction phase. Thus, present work makes it as a major line, focusing on the mechanism of loading and cracks in the inductive period, and establishing the prediction model of corrosion expansion of reinforced concrete in development phase. The main research works as follows:
By designing of a device for sustained loading on reinforced concrete beam, the chloride solution immersion tests are carried out for ordinary concrete beams and slag cement concrete beam subjected to different loadings tests, analyzing the influences of loading and binding capacity on chloride ion transport. By proposing a model considering the influence of loading on chloride ion diffusion coefficient, and determining the parameters in model, and introducing of chloride binding factor and temperature coefficient, the analytical Fick's second law is modified. The model calculation is consistent with experimental results, and it can be used to predict the transport of the chloride ion in concrete subjected to soaking conditions and loadings.
Through decomposing the driving force of chloride ion transport subjected to wetting-drying cycles into convection and diffusion, and through considering the difference of the diffusion coefficient of water in the dry and wet process, the relationship between moisture diffusion coefficient and saturation is established, and through considering the combination of chloride ion, temperature influence and loading influence coefficients, the model of chloride ions subjected to wetting-drying cycles and loading is established, with programming of the corresponding Matlab program for solving the transport equation of the chloride ion in concrete. In order to accurately control the boundary conditions of the wetting-drying cycles, a fully automatic wetting-drying cycles test system is designed, and combined with the artificial simulation of environmental chambers, test study is carried out on the influence of wetting-drying cycles and loadings on concrete beam. When comparing the numerical results with experimental results, it can verify the reliability of the numerical model for better reflecting the pull and pressure loading on the transport of the chloride ion.
Through analysis the mechanism of cracks in chloride ion transport, a dual porosity media model for cracked concrete considering the chloride ion transporting in soaking conditions is established, and the methods are proposed of generating the specimens with real cracks and effective determining the chloride ion concentration around cracks, and through conducting an experiment study, it verify the established theoretical model.
Using the discrete crack model, it better reflects the distribution of the chloride ion concentration around cracks, as well as on the influence of partially corrosion of reinforcement. Through combining the mechanical theory of hydrodynamics and capillary, which are used to describe the wall face of the capillary absorption and the crack area of the cracked concrete, the model of chloride transport in the cracked concrete in the wetting-drying cycles is proposed. The experiment test of chloride ion concentration in cracked concrete subjected to wetting-drying cycles is studied, and the Energy-Spectrum Analysis Technique of the electron probe is used to determine the concentration of chloride ions of concrete cracked zone. It was found that gradient of chloride ion concentration exist in the concrete cracks, and the depth of the convection zone is approximately20mm-40mm, which verified by the numerical results, reflecting that the characteristics of experimental data and calculation results are in good agreement. Parameter analysis also reveal that the crack width, roughness of cracks, the ratio of length and width and boundary conditions of the drying process can affect the chloride ion concentration distribution in the crack.
Based on the concrete anisotropic damage and softening damage of concrete, and considering the elastic behavior of the corrosion products, steel and corrosion products, the porosity in steel-concrete interface transition zone and the filling effect among cracks-corrosion products-concrete, three-phase medium model is established. Through pasting the strain gauge directly on the concrete cross section, the strain variation in the process of steel corrosion in concrete is conducted, and corresponding relationship between corrosion rate and concrete strain is established too, and through comparing the model calculation results with the experimental results, it is found that it can greatly predict the cracking of the concrete, and found that the concrete ring is a good indicator for the evaluation of concrete cracking strain, together with the analysis of model parameters.
(1)设计了一种钢筋混凝土梁的持续加载装置,对施加不同荷载的普通混凝土梁和掺矿粉混凝土梁进行氯盐溶液浸泡试验,分析了荷载作用和混凝土氯离子结合能力对氯离子传输的影响。提出了荷载影响氯离子扩散的影响系数模型,确定了模型中的参数,并引入氯离子结合系数和温度影响系数,修正了Fick第二定律的解析解模型。该修正模型的计算结果与试验结果吻合,可以用来预测浸泡和荷载作用下混凝土中氯离子的传输。
(2)将干湿循环过程氯离子传输的驱动力分解为对流和扩散作用,考虑水分在干燥和湿润过程中扩散系数的差异,分别建立了水分扩散系数与饱和度的关系,并考虑氯离子结合、温度影响和荷载影响系数,建立了干湿循环和荷载作用下氯离子的传输模型,编制了相应的Matlab程序求解了氯离子在混凝土中的传输方程。为了准确控制干湿循环过程的干湿制度和干燥过程边界条件,设计加工了全自动干湿循环试验系统,结合人工模拟环境试验箱,对干湿循环和荷载作用下的混凝土梁进行了试验研究。数值结果与试验结果的对比验证了数值模型的可靠性,较好地反映了拉、压荷载对氯离子传输的影响。
(3)通过分析裂缝中氯离子的传输机理,建立了浸泡条件下开裂混凝土氯离子传输的双重孔隙介质模型,提出了制作带有真实裂缝试件的方法和有效测定裂缝周围氯离子浓度的方法,对开裂混凝土氯离子传输规律进行了试验研究,验证了所建立的理论模型。
(4)采用离散裂缝模型可以较好地反映裂缝周围氯离子的浓度分布,以及对钢筋局部脱钝锈蚀带来的影响。通过将流体力学和毛细力学理论分别用于描述水分在裂缝中的传输和混凝土裂缝壁面对水分的毛细吸收作用,建立了干湿循环作用下开裂混凝土裂缝区域的氯离子传输模型。对干湿循环条件下开裂混凝土氯离子传输进行了试验研究,并采用电子探针的能谱分析技术测定了混凝土开裂区的氯离子浓度。结果发现,混凝土裂缝中存在氯离子浓度梯度,对流区深度大约在20mm～40mm之间,数值计算结果较好地反映了这一特点,并且试验数据与计算结果吻合良好。参数分析发现,裂缝宽度、裂缝粗糙度、裂缝长宽比及干燥过程边界条件影响着裂缝中氯离子的浓度分布。
(5)基于混凝土各向异性损伤和混凝土的损伤软化,考虑了腐蚀产物和钢筋的弹性力学性能,以及腐蚀产物对钢筋-混凝土界面过渡区孔隙和混凝土开裂裂缝的填充效应,建立了钢筋-腐蚀产物-混凝土三相介质模型。采用直接在混凝土截面上粘贴应变片的方法,测定了钢筋锈蚀过程中混凝土内应变的变化,建立锈蚀率与混凝土应变的对应关系,将模型计算结果与试验结果进行比对,发现模型可以较好地预测混凝土的开裂时间,确定了混凝土环向应变是评价混凝土开裂的理想指标,并进行了模型参数分析。
The chloride attack is always regarded as an important cause of deteriorate in service performance of reinforced concrete structure (RC). Because of the significant influences of loading and cracks of concrete on chloride penetration, the study of chloride transport mechanism subjected to loading and cracks, as well as concrete rust expansion cracking process, play a great significant influence on the accurate prediction of service life. The service life of concrete structure can be divided into three phases:inductive phase, development phase and destruction phase. Thus, present work makes it as a major line, focusing on the mechanism of loading and cracks in the inductive period, and establishing the prediction model of corrosion expansion of reinforced concrete in development phase. The main research works as follows:
By designing of a device for sustained loading on reinforced concrete beam, the chloride solution immersion tests are carried out for ordinary concrete beams and slag cement concrete beam subjected to different loadings tests, analyzing the influences of loading and binding capacity on chloride ion transport. By proposing a model considering the influence of loading on chloride ion diffusion coefficient, and determining the parameters in model, and introducing of chloride binding factor and temperature coefficient, the analytical Fick's second law is modified. The model calculation is consistent with experimental results, and it can be used to predict the transport of the chloride ion in concrete subjected to soaking conditions and loadings.
Through decomposing the driving force of chloride ion transport subjected to wetting-drying cycles into convection and diffusion, and through considering the difference of the diffusion coefficient of water in the dry and wet process, the relationship between moisture diffusion coefficient and saturation is established, and through considering the combination of chloride ion, temperature influence and loading influence coefficients, the model of chloride ions subjected to wetting-drying cycles and loading is established, with programming of the corresponding Matlab program for solving the transport equation of the chloride ion in concrete. In order to accurately control the boundary conditions of the wetting-drying cycles, a fully automatic wetting-drying cycles test system is designed, and combined with the artificial simulation of environmental chambers, test study is carried out on the influence of wetting-drying cycles and loadings on concrete beam. When comparing the numerical results with experimental results, it can verify the reliability of the numerical model for better reflecting the pull and pressure loading on the transport of the chloride ion.
Through analysis the mechanism of cracks in chloride ion transport, a dual porosity media model for cracked concrete considering the chloride ion transporting in soaking conditions is established, and the methods are proposed of generating the specimens with real cracks and effective determining the chloride ion concentration around cracks, and through conducting an experiment study, it verify the established theoretical model.
Using the discrete crack model, it better reflects the distribution of the chloride ion concentration around cracks, as well as on the influence of partially corrosion of reinforcement. Through combining the mechanical theory of hydrodynamics and capillary, which are used to describe the wall face of the capillary absorption and the crack area of the cracked concrete, the model of chloride transport in the cracked concrete in the wetting-drying cycles is proposed. The experiment test of chloride ion concentration in cracked concrete subjected to wetting-drying cycles is studied, and the Energy-Spectrum Analysis Technique of the electron probe is used to determine the concentration of chloride ions of concrete cracked zone. It was found that gradient of chloride ion concentration exist in the concrete cracks, and the depth of the convection zone is approximately20mm-40mm, which verified by the numerical results, reflecting that the characteristics of experimental data and calculation results are in good agreement. Parameter analysis also reveal that the crack width, roughness of cracks, the ratio of length and width and boundary conditions of the drying process can affect the chloride ion concentration distribution in the crack.
Based on the concrete anisotropic damage and softening damage of concrete, and considering the elastic behavior of the corrosion products, steel and corrosion products, the porosity in steel-concrete interface transition zone and the filling effect among cracks-corrosion products-concrete, three-phase medium model is established. Through pasting the strain gauge directly on the concrete cross section, the strain variation in the process of steel corrosion in concrete is conducted, and corresponding relationship between corrosion rate and concrete strain is established too, and through comparing the model calculation results with the experimental results, it is found that it can greatly predict the cracking of the concrete, and found that the concrete ring is a good indicator for the evaluation of concrete cracking strain, together with the analysis of model parameters.
引文
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