我国新型农民培训模式研究
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摘要
农民培训是农村人力资本形成的重要途径,在现代农业产业体系与社会主义新农村建设过程中,农民培训尤显重要。通过培训使农民成为文化素质高、科技素质高、懂得科技种田、能够进行产业化经营的新型农民成为时代的需要。对我国新型农民培训模式进行研究,通过大力开展农民科技培训,提高农村劳动者的思想道德和科学文化素质,培养一大批觉悟高、懂科技、善经营的新型农民,对于提高农业的科技含量和国际竞争力,推进现代农业和农村经济发展具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。
本文首先对新型农民培训相关概念进行了界定,以相关理论为基础,通过在全国3404份具有代表性的农民培训问卷调查,运用规范分析和实证分析相结合的方法,对我国农民培训的现状和特征进行系统剖析,总结提炼出我国农民培训工作中存在的诸多影响培训效率的问题。在对我国农民培训现有模式进行全面分析的基础上,借鉴国外农民培训成功模式,结合我国新型农民培训要适应现代农业发展的背景,通过对我国新型农民培训供需均衡分析和影响因素的Logistic模型研究,指出了我国新型农民培训模式选择原则,并进行了制度设计,进一步从我国农民培训投资机制、管理机制和运行效率三个方面进行了分析,通过研究新型农民培训的长效机制,提出我国新型农民培训模式应根据不同经济区域、不同的产业领域和不同的培训目标进行选择。最后提出我国开展新型农民培训工作的对策建议。
本文得到了以下研究结果与结论。
(1)通过对我国现有农民培训模式的归纳和分类,将我国农民培训模式分为政府主导类、政企配合类和市场运作类共三类模式。通过对我国农民培训模式的实践与探索,对我国新型农民培训实践中涌现出的典型模式进行了有效性分析。江苏姜堰模式属于政府工程型模式,带有政府强制性,在全国推广的范围最广。河北定兴模式通过主导产业的发展,实现对农民的培训,反过来农民通过培训,促使其整体素质和技能提高,又进一步推进主导产业的发展。陕西宝鸡模式要求的条件较高,要以科技示范基地为依托,且距离高等院校或科研院所专家较多的地方较近。河北农大模式符合高等农林教育改革的发展要求,为各地和当地学校紧密结合走出了一条科教兴农的创新之路。北京京郊模式结合京郊实际,为经济发达地区进行新型农民培训探索出了一条成功之路。
(2)对国外具有较好借鉴意义的西欧模式、北美模式、东亚模式和新兴经济体模式进行了比较分析,西欧模式适应以家庭农场为主要农业经营单位进行农业生产的特点；东亚模式适应于人均耕地面积低于世界平均水平,很难形成较大的土地规模经营的农业生产特点；北美模式适应以机械化耕作和规模经营为主要特点的农业生产；新兴经济体模式的一个共同特点就是农业在国民经济中占有很大的比重,农业人口众多,人口素质相对较低,需要通过培训实现由农村向城市化的转变,与我国情况相类似。通过对主要因素的比较,总结出国外农民培训模式具有法制化、主体多元化、投入规范化、体系科学化、形式多样化的共同特征,这对于我国新型农民培训模式选择提供了科学的理论依据和有益的经验与方法借鉴。
(3)借助在全国3404份具有代表性的农民培训问卷调查数据,对我国农民培训的现状和特征做一总结,并进一步发现我国农民培训仍存在专门立法空缺、管理制度缺失、经费投入不足、思想观念陈旧和监督评价落后的问题。从需求变化看我国新型农民培训趋向于现代农业,具体表现为种植业趋向标准化,养殖业趋向于规模化,并向非农化和系统化发展。从供需均衡角度对我国新型农民培训进行综合分析,指出我国农民培训总体表现为供需失衡,不仅表现在总量上,而且也反映在结构上。具体表现形式是农民参与培训的积极性较高但实际参与率较低,政府在培训中的行为与农民期望有所差距,培训内容及形式供求错位不能满足农民需求。
(4)采取规范分析方法系统构建农民参与培训行为影响因素的理论框架,并运用农民培训调查数据通过引入多元统计分析中的二项式Logistic回归模型,得出结论：对于新型农民培训对象首先从青年农民且以务农为主的愿意参加培训的农民中进行选择。政府部门在组织培训时应合理安排培训时间的长短,多安排一些系统性的培训并与农业生产环节紧密结合。培训内容要切合农民实际,对农民有一定帮助,必要时可先征求农民意见。增强为农民着想的意识,提高农民对培训的满意度,从而形成良性循环。
(5)对于新型农民培训提出了“一部法律、两个部门、多种机构、几类模式”的制度安排。在机制分析的基础上,提出构建我国新型农民培训的长效机制。当前我国的新型农民培训模式以政府主导类为主,说明我国农民培训良性循环机制尚未完全形成,还需要政府部门的大力推动。我国新型农民培训模式的选择应根据不同经济区域、不同的产业领域和不同的培训目标由政府主导类模式向政企配合类模式转变,条件成熟的可以逐步过渡到市场运作类模式。
Farmers training is an important way to form human captital in rural areas, in the modern agricultural industrial system and the process of building new socialist countryside, farmers training is utmost importance. It's times need to make the farmers become high cultural quality, high technical quality, know how to farm, carry out industrial management new farmers through training. Research on new farmers training pattern, through carry out the farmers training to improve rural workers' thought morals and scientific and cultural quality, train a large number of high consciousness, understand science and technology, be good at the management new farmers. Regarding enhances agricultural technology content and the international competitiveness, advancement modern agriculture and rural economic development has the important theory significance and practical significance.
Firstly, this article defined related concepts of new farmers training, based on correlation theories, through national 3404 representative farmers training questionnaire survey, combining normative analysis and positive analysis methods, system analysis farmers training present situation and characteristics, summarized influence training efficiency question exist in our country farmers training work. Based on overall analysis of the farmers existing training pattern, Learning from successful models of abroad farmers training, research combining modern agriculture development and our country new farmers training, through analysis supply and demand equilibrium and influencing factors of new farmers training in China the Logistic model, and carried out system design, Further analysis three aspects in our country farmers training investment system, management mechanism and operating efficiency, pointed out selection principles and standards of China's new farmers training pattern, through long-term mechanism research of new farmers traning, choice a new farmers training pattern which for different economic regions, different domain field, and different training goal. Finally, the article suggested how to carry out the new farmers traning in our country.
From this article we get the following results and conclusions.
(1) Through generalization and classification in our country existing farmers training pattern, farmers training pattern will be divided into three which are government-led class, government-enterprise coordination class and market operation class. Through practice and exploration in our country farmers training pattern, carry on valid analysis in typical model which emerged in our country new farmers training. The Jiangsu Jiangyan pattern which belongs to the government project pattern, has the government compulsory, is expanded the broadest scope in our country. The Hebei Dingxing pattern through leading industry's development, realizes to farmer's training, in turn the farmer through training, urges its overall quality and the skill enhances, also further advances the leading industry's development. The Shanxi Baoji pattern request condition is high, must take the technical demonstration base as the backing, and must near places that there are many institutions of higher learning or scientific research institutes. Hebei Agricultural University pattern meets development requirements of agriculture and forest education's reform, went out a road that is science and technology education promotion of agriculture for regional and the local school combine closely. Beijing suburbs pattern links to its reality, explores a successful road for economical developed area on carring a new farmers training.
(2) Through carring on comparative analysis to overseas with good significance profits from the Western Europe pattern, North America pattern, the East Asian pattern and the emerging economy pattern, Western European pattern adapt to the family farm as the main operating units of agricultural features of agricultural production; the East Asian adapt to cultivated land per capita below the world average, is difficult to form a large-scale land management characteristics of agricultural production; the North American pattern adapt to mechanized farming and scale of operation for the main features of agricultural production; the emerging economy pattern,a common feature of models of agriculture in national economy and plays a substantial proportion of the population with relatively low population quality, achieved through training of urbanization from rural areas to changes similar to the situation with China. By comparison of the main factors,summarizes abroad farmer training pattern's common characteristic that are legalization, main body multiplication, investment standardization, system scientific style, form diversification, provided the science theory basis, the beneficial experience and the method uses for reference for our country new peasants training pattern choice.
(3) With the aid of 3404 representative questionnaire survey data of farmers training of our country, Farmers training on the current status and characteristics make a summary, further find out the problem that the training farmers of special legislation in China are still exist blank, management deficiencies, funding shortage, the government and farmers themselves obsolete ideas,supervision and evaluation backward. Changes in demand in China farmers training show itself a new trend to modern agriculture, the specific performance standards trend for planting, large-scale trend for breeding,develop to non-agricultural and systematic trend. From supply and demand balanced angle that generalized analysis the new farmers training, pointed out that our country overall performance of farmers training is unbalanced in supply and demand, not only performance in total quantity, but also reflects in the structure.The concrete manifestation form is the farmer participates in training the enthusiasm being high, but the actual participation rate is low, Government's behavior in farmers training has a disparitye with the farmers expected, The training content and the form cannot meet the farmers'need because of supply and demand dislocation.
(4) Adopts the canonical parse method system to construct influencing factor theory frame of the farmers behavior to participate training, and using the farmers training cruising data through the introduction multi-dimensional statistical analysis's in binomial Logistic regression model, draws the conclusion:regarding the new farmers targeted trainee who should be first choiced from the young farmer, and works at farming primarily, willing to participate in training. Government department when organization training should the possible arrangement training time length, arrange some systematic training and unifies closely with the agricultural production link. The training content must suit the farmer reality, has certain help to the farmer, when the necessity may first solicit the farmer suggestions.Enhancement consciousness which considers for the farmer, enhances the farmer to the training degree of satisfaction, thus forms the positive cycle.
(5) The article proposed "a law, two departments, many kinds of organizations, several kind of patterns" institutional arrangements for new farmers training. In the mechanism analysis's foundation, proposed that constructs persistent effect mechanism for our country new farmers training. Current our country's new farmers training pattern is primarily lead by government, it is show farmers training benign mechanism has not yet fully formed, but also the great efforts of government departments. Our country new farmers training pattern's choice should be based different economic regions, different domain field, and different training goal, transform from the government leadership class pattern to the government and business coordination class pattern, and conditions are ripe,it transits gradually to the market operation class pattern.
本文首先对新型农民培训相关概念进行了界定,以相关理论为基础,通过在全国3404份具有代表性的农民培训问卷调查,运用规范分析和实证分析相结合的方法,对我国农民培训的现状和特征进行系统剖析,总结提炼出我国农民培训工作中存在的诸多影响培训效率的问题。在对我国农民培训现有模式进行全面分析的基础上,借鉴国外农民培训成功模式,结合我国新型农民培训要适应现代农业发展的背景,通过对我国新型农民培训供需均衡分析和影响因素的Logistic模型研究,指出了我国新型农民培训模式选择原则,并进行了制度设计,进一步从我国农民培训投资机制、管理机制和运行效率三个方面进行了分析,通过研究新型农民培训的长效机制,提出我国新型农民培训模式应根据不同经济区域、不同的产业领域和不同的培训目标进行选择。最后提出我国开展新型农民培训工作的对策建议。
本文得到了以下研究结果与结论。
(1)通过对我国现有农民培训模式的归纳和分类,将我国农民培训模式分为政府主导类、政企配合类和市场运作类共三类模式。通过对我国农民培训模式的实践与探索,对我国新型农民培训实践中涌现出的典型模式进行了有效性分析。江苏姜堰模式属于政府工程型模式,带有政府强制性,在全国推广的范围最广。河北定兴模式通过主导产业的发展,实现对农民的培训,反过来农民通过培训,促使其整体素质和技能提高,又进一步推进主导产业的发展。陕西宝鸡模式要求的条件较高,要以科技示范基地为依托,且距离高等院校或科研院所专家较多的地方较近。河北农大模式符合高等农林教育改革的发展要求,为各地和当地学校紧密结合走出了一条科教兴农的创新之路。北京京郊模式结合京郊实际,为经济发达地区进行新型农民培训探索出了一条成功之路。
(2)对国外具有较好借鉴意义的西欧模式、北美模式、东亚模式和新兴经济体模式进行了比较分析,西欧模式适应以家庭农场为主要农业经营单位进行农业生产的特点；东亚模式适应于人均耕地面积低于世界平均水平,很难形成较大的土地规模经营的农业生产特点；北美模式适应以机械化耕作和规模经营为主要特点的农业生产；新兴经济体模式的一个共同特点就是农业在国民经济中占有很大的比重,农业人口众多,人口素质相对较低,需要通过培训实现由农村向城市化的转变,与我国情况相类似。通过对主要因素的比较,总结出国外农民培训模式具有法制化、主体多元化、投入规范化、体系科学化、形式多样化的共同特征,这对于我国新型农民培训模式选择提供了科学的理论依据和有益的经验与方法借鉴。
(3)借助在全国3404份具有代表性的农民培训问卷调查数据,对我国农民培训的现状和特征做一总结,并进一步发现我国农民培训仍存在专门立法空缺、管理制度缺失、经费投入不足、思想观念陈旧和监督评价落后的问题。从需求变化看我国新型农民培训趋向于现代农业,具体表现为种植业趋向标准化,养殖业趋向于规模化,并向非农化和系统化发展。从供需均衡角度对我国新型农民培训进行综合分析,指出我国农民培训总体表现为供需失衡,不仅表现在总量上,而且也反映在结构上。具体表现形式是农民参与培训的积极性较高但实际参与率较低,政府在培训中的行为与农民期望有所差距,培训内容及形式供求错位不能满足农民需求。
(4)采取规范分析方法系统构建农民参与培训行为影响因素的理论框架,并运用农民培训调查数据通过引入多元统计分析中的二项式Logistic回归模型,得出结论：对于新型农民培训对象首先从青年农民且以务农为主的愿意参加培训的农民中进行选择。政府部门在组织培训时应合理安排培训时间的长短,多安排一些系统性的培训并与农业生产环节紧密结合。培训内容要切合农民实际,对农民有一定帮助,必要时可先征求农民意见。增强为农民着想的意识,提高农民对培训的满意度,从而形成良性循环。
(5)对于新型农民培训提出了“一部法律、两个部门、多种机构、几类模式”的制度安排。在机制分析的基础上,提出构建我国新型农民培训的长效机制。当前我国的新型农民培训模式以政府主导类为主,说明我国农民培训良性循环机制尚未完全形成,还需要政府部门的大力推动。我国新型农民培训模式的选择应根据不同经济区域、不同的产业领域和不同的培训目标由政府主导类模式向政企配合类模式转变,条件成熟的可以逐步过渡到市场运作类模式。
Farmers training is an important way to form human captital in rural areas, in the modern agricultural industrial system and the process of building new socialist countryside, farmers training is utmost importance. It's times need to make the farmers become high cultural quality, high technical quality, know how to farm, carry out industrial management new farmers through training. Research on new farmers training pattern, through carry out the farmers training to improve rural workers' thought morals and scientific and cultural quality, train a large number of high consciousness, understand science and technology, be good at the management new farmers. Regarding enhances agricultural technology content and the international competitiveness, advancement modern agriculture and rural economic development has the important theory significance and practical significance.
Firstly, this article defined related concepts of new farmers training, based on correlation theories, through national 3404 representative farmers training questionnaire survey, combining normative analysis and positive analysis methods, system analysis farmers training present situation and characteristics, summarized influence training efficiency question exist in our country farmers training work. Based on overall analysis of the farmers existing training pattern, Learning from successful models of abroad farmers training, research combining modern agriculture development and our country new farmers training, through analysis supply and demand equilibrium and influencing factors of new farmers training in China the Logistic model, and carried out system design, Further analysis three aspects in our country farmers training investment system, management mechanism and operating efficiency, pointed out selection principles and standards of China's new farmers training pattern, through long-term mechanism research of new farmers traning, choice a new farmers training pattern which for different economic regions, different domain field, and different training goal. Finally, the article suggested how to carry out the new farmers traning in our country.
From this article we get the following results and conclusions.
(1) Through generalization and classification in our country existing farmers training pattern, farmers training pattern will be divided into three which are government-led class, government-enterprise coordination class and market operation class. Through practice and exploration in our country farmers training pattern, carry on valid analysis in typical model which emerged in our country new farmers training. The Jiangsu Jiangyan pattern which belongs to the government project pattern, has the government compulsory, is expanded the broadest scope in our country. The Hebei Dingxing pattern through leading industry's development, realizes to farmer's training, in turn the farmer through training, urges its overall quality and the skill enhances, also further advances the leading industry's development. The Shanxi Baoji pattern request condition is high, must take the technical demonstration base as the backing, and must near places that there are many institutions of higher learning or scientific research institutes. Hebei Agricultural University pattern meets development requirements of agriculture and forest education's reform, went out a road that is science and technology education promotion of agriculture for regional and the local school combine closely. Beijing suburbs pattern links to its reality, explores a successful road for economical developed area on carring a new farmers training.
(2) Through carring on comparative analysis to overseas with good significance profits from the Western Europe pattern, North America pattern, the East Asian pattern and the emerging economy pattern, Western European pattern adapt to the family farm as the main operating units of agricultural features of agricultural production; the East Asian adapt to cultivated land per capita below the world average, is difficult to form a large-scale land management characteristics of agricultural production; the North American pattern adapt to mechanized farming and scale of operation for the main features of agricultural production; the emerging economy pattern,a common feature of models of agriculture in national economy and plays a substantial proportion of the population with relatively low population quality, achieved through training of urbanization from rural areas to changes similar to the situation with China. By comparison of the main factors,summarizes abroad farmer training pattern's common characteristic that are legalization, main body multiplication, investment standardization, system scientific style, form diversification, provided the science theory basis, the beneficial experience and the method uses for reference for our country new peasants training pattern choice.
(3) With the aid of 3404 representative questionnaire survey data of farmers training of our country, Farmers training on the current status and characteristics make a summary, further find out the problem that the training farmers of special legislation in China are still exist blank, management deficiencies, funding shortage, the government and farmers themselves obsolete ideas,supervision and evaluation backward. Changes in demand in China farmers training show itself a new trend to modern agriculture, the specific performance standards trend for planting, large-scale trend for breeding,develop to non-agricultural and systematic trend. From supply and demand balanced angle that generalized analysis the new farmers training, pointed out that our country overall performance of farmers training is unbalanced in supply and demand, not only performance in total quantity, but also reflects in the structure.The concrete manifestation form is the farmer participates in training the enthusiasm being high, but the actual participation rate is low, Government's behavior in farmers training has a disparitye with the farmers expected, The training content and the form cannot meet the farmers'need because of supply and demand dislocation.
(4) Adopts the canonical parse method system to construct influencing factor theory frame of the farmers behavior to participate training, and using the farmers training cruising data through the introduction multi-dimensional statistical analysis's in binomial Logistic regression model, draws the conclusion:regarding the new farmers targeted trainee who should be first choiced from the young farmer, and works at farming primarily, willing to participate in training. Government department when organization training should the possible arrangement training time length, arrange some systematic training and unifies closely with the agricultural production link. The training content must suit the farmer reality, has certain help to the farmer, when the necessity may first solicit the farmer suggestions.Enhancement consciousness which considers for the farmer, enhances the farmer to the training degree of satisfaction, thus forms the positive cycle.
(5) The article proposed "a law, two departments, many kinds of organizations, several kind of patterns" institutional arrangements for new farmers training. In the mechanism analysis's foundation, proposed that constructs persistent effect mechanism for our country new farmers training. Current our country's new farmers training pattern is primarily lead by government, it is show farmers training benign mechanism has not yet fully formed, but also the great efforts of government departments. Our country new farmers training pattern's choice should be based different economic regions, different domain field, and different training goal, transform from the government leadership class pattern to the government and business coordination class pattern, and conditions are ripe,it transits gradually to the market operation class pattern.
引文
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