粗糙（海）面及其上方目标复合电磁散射建模研究
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摘要
本文首先应用Monte Carlo方法(线性滤波法)模拟生成海面表面轮廓,利用迭代加速算法MOMI方法计算了海面的双站散射截面,并且分析了风速和入射角等参数对海面双站散射截面的影响。基于RBF人工神经网络实现了海面散射场的建模。利用基于电流计算的矩量法结合高频算法基尔霍夫近似的混合算法分析了高斯随机粗糙面以及一维PM谱粗糙海面及其上方二维无限长任意截面导体目标的双站复合电磁散射特性,并且利用结合互易性定理和MOMI方法的混合方法讨论了粗糙海面与其上方三维平板目标的复合电磁散射问题。训练RBF神经网络进行复合电磁散射建模并对一定风速、入射角、频率和目标高度、目标半径等参数下的复合散射场进行推测,预测值同目标数据之间误差较小,结果令人满意。
In this paper, the generally statistical method - Monte Carlo Method is used togenerate the sea rough surface, the bistatic RCS for the sea surface is calculated usingthe MOMI (Method of Ordered Multiple Interactions), and the influence of theparameters such as the speed of wind and the incidence angle to the bistatic RCS areanalyzed. Modeling for the scattering field of the sea surface is implemented with theRBF neural network. The composite scattering from two-dimensional infinitely longconducting target with arbitrary cross section above Gaussian rough surface andone-dimensional sea surface with PM spectrum are calculated using the hybrid methodcombining MOM with Kirchhoff Approximation (KA). The electromagnetic scatteringfrom three-dimensional plate target above sea surface is investigated by employing thehybrid method combining the reciprocity theorem and MOMI method. The RBF neuralnetwork is trained for the modeling of composite electromagnetic scattering and thecomposite scattering field under different sea/target parameters such as the wind speed,the incidence angle, the incident frequency and the height and size of the target isestimated. The error between the network consequence and the target data is in asatisfied range.
In this paper, the generally statistical method - Monte Carlo Method is used togenerate the sea rough surface, the bistatic RCS for the sea surface is calculated usingthe MOMI (Method of Ordered Multiple Interactions), and the influence of theparameters such as the speed of wind and the incidence angle to the bistatic RCS areanalyzed. Modeling for the scattering field of the sea surface is implemented with theRBF neural network. The composite scattering from two-dimensional infinitely longconducting target with arbitrary cross section above Gaussian rough surface andone-dimensional sea surface with PM spectrum are calculated using the hybrid methodcombining MOM with Kirchhoff Approximation (KA). The electromagnetic scatteringfrom three-dimensional plate target above sea surface is investigated by employing thehybrid method combining the reciprocity theorem and MOMI method. The RBF neuralnetwork is trained for the modeling of composite electromagnetic scattering and thecomposite scattering field under different sea/target parameters such as the wind speed,the incidence angle, the incident frequency and the height and size of the target isestimated. The error between the network consequence and the target data is in asatisfied range.
引文
[1] D. A. Kapp and G. S. Brown. A new numerical method for rough surface scatteringcalculations. IEEETrans. Antennas Propagat. 1996,5, 44(5), pp.711~721
[2] H. Y. Lee, J. D. Barter, K. L. Beach, et al. Scattering from breaking gravity waveswithout wind. IEEETrans.Antennas Propagat. 1998,1, 46(1), pp.14~26
[3] J. V. Toporkov, G. Brown. Numerical simulations of scattering from time-varyingrandomly rough surfaces. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. 2000,7, 38(4),pp.1616~1625
[4] J. T. Johnson, J. V. Toporkov, G. S. Brown. A numerical study of backscattering fromtime- evolving sea surfaces: Comparison of hydrodynamic models. IEEE Trans.Geosci. Remote Sensing. 2001,11, 39(11), pp.2411~2419
[5] J .V. Toporkov, G. S. Brown. Numerical study of the extended Kirchhoff approachand the lowest order small slope approximation for scattering from ocean-likesurfaces: Doppler analysis. IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propagat. 2002, 4, 50(4),pp.417~425
[6] 陈向东. 微波被动遥感在海况监测中的应用. 北京: 测绘出版社, 1992
[7] 谢寿生, 徐永进. 微波遥感技术与应用. 北京: 电子工业出版社, 1987
[8] Joel T. Johnson. A study of the four-path model for scattering from an object above ahalf space. Microwave and Opt.Tech. Lett. 2001,7, 30(2). pp.130-134
[9] 向长青, 朱国强, 杨河林. 平板与正弦型组合粗糙面的电磁波复合散射. 电波科学学报. 1998,9, 13(3). pp.256-260
[10]朱国强, 孙劲, 郑立志. 平板目标与随机粗糙面对电磁波的复合散射. 武汉大学学报(自然科学版). 2000,2, 46(1). pp.99-103
[11]郭立新, 金彩英, 吴振森. 微粗糙面上方球形粒子的光散射及其散射截面的计算. 光学学报. 2003,6, 23(6). pp.717-723
[12] J. H. Richmond. A wire-grid model for scattering by conducting bodies. IEEETrans.Antennas Propag. 1966,12, 14(6), pp. 782~786
[13] S. M. Rao, D. R. Wilton and A. W. Glisson. Electromagnetic scattering by surfacesof arbitrary shape. IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag. 1982,5, 30(3), pp.409~418
[14]E.H. Newman and D.M.Pozar. Electromagnetic modeling of composite wire/surface geometries. IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag. 1978, 12, 26(6), pp.746~754
[15] P. Jesus, A. S. Juan and M. C. Olga, Analysis of antennas on board arbitrarystructures modeled by NURBS surfaces, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.1997,6,45(6), pp.1045~1053
[16] G. Liu and S.D.Gedney. High-order method of moment solution for penetrablescatterers. IEEEAP-S Int. Symp. 2001 Dig.(4) pp.356~359.
[17] A. Khebir, J. K’Angelo. A new element formulation for RF scattering by complexbodies of revolution. IEEETrans.Antennas Propag. 1993,5, 41(5), pp.534~541
[18] A. Taflove, K. R. Umashankar. Review of FD-TD numerical modeling of electro-magnetic wave scattering and radar cross section. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1989,5,77(5), pp.982~699
[19] M. Mrozowski. A hybrid PEE-FDTD algorithm for accelerated time domainanalysis of electromagnetic waves in shielded structures. IEEE Microwave andGuided Wave Letters. 1994,10, 4(10), pp.323~325
[20] J. Perez, M. F. Catedra. Application of physical optics to the RCS computation ofbodies modeled with MURBS surfaces. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 1994,10,42(10), pp. 1404~ 1411
[21] T. Griesser, C.A.Balanis. Backscatter analysis of dihedral corner reflectors usingphysical optics and the physical theory of diffraction. IEEE Trans. AntennasPropag. 1987,10, 35(10), pp.1137~1147
[22] O. M. Conde, J. Perez, M. F. Catedra. Stationary phase method application for theanalysis of radiation of complex 3-D conducting structures. IEEE Trans. AntennasPropag. 2001,5, 49(5), pp.724~731
[23] J. T. Johnson. A study of the four-path model for scattering from an object above ahalf space. Microwave and Opt.Tech. Lett., 2001, 30(2),130-134
[24]朱国强等. 平板目标与随机粗糙面对电磁波的复合散射. 武汉大学学报. 2000,2,46(1), pp.99~103
[25] T. Chiu and K. Sarabandi. Electromagnetic scattering interaction between adielectric cylinder and slightly rough surface. IEEE Trans. on Antenna andPropagat. 1999, 12,47(5), 902~913
[26] M. R. Pino, L. Landesa, J. L. Rodrigues et al. The generalized forward-backwardmethod for analyzing the scattering from targets on ocean-like rough surfaces.IEEETrans.Antennas Propagat. 1999, 6, 47(6), pp.961~968
[27]金亚秋, 李中新. 下视雷达对海杂波中船目标监测的散射回波数值模拟. 科学通报. 2002,8, 47(16), pp.1211~1216
[28]李中新, 金亚秋. 双网格前后向迭代与谱积分法计算分形粗糙面的双站散射与透射. 物理学报. 2002,7, 51(7), pp.1403~1411
[29] P. Liu, Y. Q. Jin. Numerical simulation of bistatic scattering from a target at lowaltitude above rough sea surface under an EM-Wave incidence at low grazing angleby using the finite element method. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing. 2004,5,52(5), pp.1205~1220
[30]刘鹏, 金亚秋. 动态起伏海面上低飞目标电磁散射 Doppler 频谱的有限元-区域分解法数值模拟. 中国科学(G 辑 物理学, 力学 天文学). 2004,6,34(3), pp.265~278
[31]康士峰, 王显德. 粗糙面与目标电磁散射统计特性分析. 微波学报. 2004, 9,20(3), pp.43 ~46
[32] J. T. Johnson. A study of the four-path model for scattering from an object above ahalf space. Microwave and Opt.Tech. Lett. 2001,7, 30(2), pp.130~134
[33]向长青, 朱国强, 杨河林. 平板与正弦型组合粗糙面的电磁波复合散射. 电波科学学报. 1998,9, 13(3), pp.256~260
[34]郭立新, 金彩英, 吴振森. 微粗糙面上方球形粒子的光散射及其散射截面的计算. 光学学报. 2003,6, 23(6), pp.717~723
[35]P. Beckman and A. Spizzichino, The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves fromRough Surfaces, (Oxford:Pergamon), 1963.
[36]A. Ishimaru, Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media, Academic Press,New York, 1978.
[37]F.T. Ulaby, R.K.Moore, A.K.Fung,Microwave Remote Sensing, (Reading, MA:Addision-Wesbey), 1982.(2)
[38]金亚秋等,复杂系统中的电磁波,复旦大学出版社,1995。
[39]郭立新,吴振森,二维带限分形粗糙面电磁散射的基尔霍夫研究,电子学报,2000,28(9), pp.128-130.
[40]J.Feder, Fractal, Plenum Press, New York and London, 1988.
[41]屈世显,张建华,复杂系统的分行理论与应用,陕西人民出版社,1996。
[42]F.G.Bass, Wave Scattering from Statistically Rough Surfaces, Pergamon, New York,1979.
[43]J.Feder, Fractal, Plenum Press, New York and London, 1988.
[44]Guo Lixin, Wu Zhensen, Electromagnetic scattering from two-dimensional fractalrough surface, Chin. Phys. Lett, 2001, 18(11), pp.42-44.
[45] K. Sarabandi and P. F. Polatin. Electromagnetic scattering from two adjacentobjects. IEEETrans.Antennas Propagat. 1994,4, 42(4), pp.510~517
[46] J. A. Kong. Electromagnetic Wave Theory. New York: Wiley & Sons, 2000,pp.649~776
[47] S. Q. Li, J. Fang and W. B. Wang. Electromagnetic scattering from two adjacentcylinders. IEEETrans. Geosci. Remote sensing. 1998,6, 36(6), pp.1981~1985
[48] T. C. Chiu. Electromagnetic scattering from rough surface covered with shortbranching vegetation. AnnArbor: the University of Michigan. 1998, pp.46~78
[49] Fundamental theorem of ANN and implementation with MATLAB 7. Feisitechnology. Publishing house of electronics industry. 2005.
[50] Kamal Sarabandi,Eric S.Li,Adib Nashashibi. Modeling and measurements ofscattering from road surfaces at millimeter-wave frequencies. IEEE Transactionson Antennas and Propagation, 1997, 45(11), pp.1679:1688.
[51] K. G. Zhao, J. C. Shi, L. X. Zhang, L. M. Jiang, Z. J. Zhang, J. Qin, Y. J. Yao, J. C.Hu. Retrieval of bare Soil Surface Parameters From Simulated Data Using NeuralNetworks Combined with IEM. IEEE2003, pp.3881~3883.
[52] Training and optimization of an artificial neural network controlling a hybridpower filter. van Schoor, G. van Wyk, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2003,50(3), Page(s):546 – 553
[53] Toporkov J V, Brown G et al 2000 IEEETrans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. 38 1616
[2] H. Y. Lee, J. D. Barter, K. L. Beach, et al. Scattering from breaking gravity waveswithout wind. IEEETrans.Antennas Propagat. 1998,1, 46(1), pp.14~26
[3] J. V. Toporkov, G. Brown. Numerical simulations of scattering from time-varyingrandomly rough surfaces. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. 2000,7, 38(4),pp.1616~1625
[4] J. T. Johnson, J. V. Toporkov, G. S. Brown. A numerical study of backscattering fromtime- evolving sea surfaces: Comparison of hydrodynamic models. IEEE Trans.Geosci. Remote Sensing. 2001,11, 39(11), pp.2411~2419
[5] J .V. Toporkov, G. S. Brown. Numerical study of the extended Kirchhoff approachand the lowest order small slope approximation for scattering from ocean-likesurfaces: Doppler analysis. IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propagat. 2002, 4, 50(4),pp.417~425
[6] 陈向东. 微波被动遥感在海况监测中的应用. 北京: 测绘出版社, 1992
[7] 谢寿生, 徐永进. 微波遥感技术与应用. 北京: 电子工业出版社, 1987
[8] Joel T. Johnson. A study of the four-path model for scattering from an object above ahalf space. Microwave and Opt.Tech. Lett. 2001,7, 30(2). pp.130-134
[9] 向长青, 朱国强, 杨河林. 平板与正弦型组合粗糙面的电磁波复合散射. 电波科学学报. 1998,9, 13(3). pp.256-260
[10]朱国强, 孙劲, 郑立志. 平板目标与随机粗糙面对电磁波的复合散射. 武汉大学学报(自然科学版). 2000,2, 46(1). pp.99-103
[11]郭立新, 金彩英, 吴振森. 微粗糙面上方球形粒子的光散射及其散射截面的计算. 光学学报. 2003,6, 23(6). pp.717-723
[12] J. H. Richmond. A wire-grid model for scattering by conducting bodies. IEEETrans.Antennas Propag. 1966,12, 14(6), pp. 782~786
[13] S. M. Rao, D. R. Wilton and A. W. Glisson. Electromagnetic scattering by surfacesof arbitrary shape. IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag. 1982,5, 30(3), pp.409~418
[14]E.H. Newman and D.M.Pozar. Electromagnetic modeling of composite wire/surface geometries. IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag. 1978, 12, 26(6), pp.746~754
[15] P. Jesus, A. S. Juan and M. C. Olga, Analysis of antennas on board arbitrarystructures modeled by NURBS surfaces, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.1997,6,45(6), pp.1045~1053
[16] G. Liu and S.D.Gedney. High-order method of moment solution for penetrablescatterers. IEEEAP-S Int. Symp. 2001 Dig.(4) pp.356~359.
[17] A. Khebir, J. K’Angelo. A new element formulation for RF scattering by complexbodies of revolution. IEEETrans.Antennas Propag. 1993,5, 41(5), pp.534~541
[18] A. Taflove, K. R. Umashankar. Review of FD-TD numerical modeling of electro-magnetic wave scattering and radar cross section. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1989,5,77(5), pp.982~699
[19] M. Mrozowski. A hybrid PEE-FDTD algorithm for accelerated time domainanalysis of electromagnetic waves in shielded structures. IEEE Microwave andGuided Wave Letters. 1994,10, 4(10), pp.323~325
[20] J. Perez, M. F. Catedra. Application of physical optics to the RCS computation ofbodies modeled with MURBS surfaces. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 1994,10,42(10), pp. 1404~ 1411
[21] T. Griesser, C.A.Balanis. Backscatter analysis of dihedral corner reflectors usingphysical optics and the physical theory of diffraction. IEEE Trans. AntennasPropag. 1987,10, 35(10), pp.1137~1147
[22] O. M. Conde, J. Perez, M. F. Catedra. Stationary phase method application for theanalysis of radiation of complex 3-D conducting structures. IEEE Trans. AntennasPropag. 2001,5, 49(5), pp.724~731
[23] J. T. Johnson. A study of the four-path model for scattering from an object above ahalf space. Microwave and Opt.Tech. Lett., 2001, 30(2),130-134
[24]朱国强等. 平板目标与随机粗糙面对电磁波的复合散射. 武汉大学学报. 2000,2,46(1), pp.99~103
[25] T. Chiu and K. Sarabandi. Electromagnetic scattering interaction between adielectric cylinder and slightly rough surface. IEEE Trans. on Antenna andPropagat. 1999, 12,47(5), 902~913
[26] M. R. Pino, L. Landesa, J. L. Rodrigues et al. The generalized forward-backwardmethod for analyzing the scattering from targets on ocean-like rough surfaces.IEEETrans.Antennas Propagat. 1999, 6, 47(6), pp.961~968
[27]金亚秋, 李中新. 下视雷达对海杂波中船目标监测的散射回波数值模拟. 科学通报. 2002,8, 47(16), pp.1211~1216
[28]李中新, 金亚秋. 双网格前后向迭代与谱积分法计算分形粗糙面的双站散射与透射. 物理学报. 2002,7, 51(7), pp.1403~1411
[29] P. Liu, Y. Q. Jin. Numerical simulation of bistatic scattering from a target at lowaltitude above rough sea surface under an EM-Wave incidence at low grazing angleby using the finite element method. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sensing. 2004,5,52(5), pp.1205~1220
[30]刘鹏, 金亚秋. 动态起伏海面上低飞目标电磁散射 Doppler 频谱的有限元-区域分解法数值模拟. 中国科学(G 辑 物理学, 力学 天文学). 2004,6,34(3), pp.265~278
[31]康士峰, 王显德. 粗糙面与目标电磁散射统计特性分析. 微波学报. 2004, 9,20(3), pp.43 ~46
[32] J. T. Johnson. A study of the four-path model for scattering from an object above ahalf space. Microwave and Opt.Tech. Lett. 2001,7, 30(2), pp.130~134
[33]向长青, 朱国强, 杨河林. 平板与正弦型组合粗糙面的电磁波复合散射. 电波科学学报. 1998,9, 13(3), pp.256~260
[34]郭立新, 金彩英, 吴振森. 微粗糙面上方球形粒子的光散射及其散射截面的计算. 光学学报. 2003,6, 23(6), pp.717~723
[35]P. Beckman and A. Spizzichino, The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves fromRough Surfaces, (Oxford:Pergamon), 1963.
[36]A. Ishimaru, Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media, Academic Press,New York, 1978.
[37]F.T. Ulaby, R.K.Moore, A.K.Fung,Microwave Remote Sensing, (Reading, MA:Addision-Wesbey), 1982.(2)
[38]金亚秋等,复杂系统中的电磁波,复旦大学出版社,1995。
[39]郭立新,吴振森,二维带限分形粗糙面电磁散射的基尔霍夫研究,电子学报,2000,28(9), pp.128-130.
[40]J.Feder, Fractal, Plenum Press, New York and London, 1988.
[41]屈世显,张建华,复杂系统的分行理论与应用,陕西人民出版社,1996。
[42]F.G.Bass, Wave Scattering from Statistically Rough Surfaces, Pergamon, New York,1979.
[43]J.Feder, Fractal, Plenum Press, New York and London, 1988.
[44]Guo Lixin, Wu Zhensen, Electromagnetic scattering from two-dimensional fractalrough surface, Chin. Phys. Lett, 2001, 18(11), pp.42-44.
[45] K. Sarabandi and P. F. Polatin. Electromagnetic scattering from two adjacentobjects. IEEETrans.Antennas Propagat. 1994,4, 42(4), pp.510~517
[46] J. A. Kong. Electromagnetic Wave Theory. New York: Wiley & Sons, 2000,pp.649~776
[47] S. Q. Li, J. Fang and W. B. Wang. Electromagnetic scattering from two adjacentcylinders. IEEETrans. Geosci. Remote sensing. 1998,6, 36(6), pp.1981~1985
[48] T. C. Chiu. Electromagnetic scattering from rough surface covered with shortbranching vegetation. AnnArbor: the University of Michigan. 1998, pp.46~78
[49] Fundamental theorem of ANN and implementation with MATLAB 7. Feisitechnology. Publishing house of electronics industry. 2005.
[50] Kamal Sarabandi,Eric S.Li,Adib Nashashibi. Modeling and measurements ofscattering from road surfaces at millimeter-wave frequencies. IEEE Transactionson Antennas and Propagation, 1997, 45(11), pp.1679:1688.
[51] K. G. Zhao, J. C. Shi, L. X. Zhang, L. M. Jiang, Z. J. Zhang, J. Qin, Y. J. Yao, J. C.Hu. Retrieval of bare Soil Surface Parameters From Simulated Data Using NeuralNetworks Combined with IEM. IEEE2003, pp.3881~3883.
[52] Training and optimization of an artificial neural network controlling a hybridpower filter. van Schoor, G. van Wyk, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2003,50(3), Page(s):546 – 553
[53] Toporkov J V, Brown G et al 2000 IEEETrans. Geosci. Remote Sensing. 38 1616