供应链企业间知识流动激励研究
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摘要
知识在供应链竞争中已经成为一种重要的战略性资源。知识的顺畅流动不仅有助于改善和提高整个供应链网络的效率,降低其运行成本,而且可以促进资源的有效整合,最终提升供应链核心竞争力。供应链竞争力的大小在某种程度上取决于核心企业的影响力。然而,目前对知识流的认识并不深入,对知识流动中核心企业的掌握程度也不够,因此有必要研究知识流动激励以发挥核心企业在供应链管理中的重要作用。本文从核心企业智力资本提升的视角来研究知识流动激励,一方面可以丰富和发展知识管理理论,推动知识创新,另一方面对改变我国企业处在国际价值链低端的现状及促进企业在更高层次上参与国际竞争具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。
本文的研究工作主要围绕供应链企业间知识流动激励展开,具体包括以下几个方面：
(1)运用结构方程模型实证研究了知识流动与核心企业智力资本之间的关系。将供应链企业间的知识流动分为知识交换和知识整合,对智力资本采用了经典的三要素分类法：人力资本、结构资本和关系资本。分别从智力资本动态性、智力资本管理模式、SECI模型和组织学习四个方面用文献述评的方法分析了知识流动的过程就是智力资本管理的过程。通过对237家企业发放问卷,运用结构方程模型法分别分析了知识交换和知识整合对核心企业智力资本三要素有影响。其中：知识交换与人力资本和关系资本之间正相关,知识交换对结构资本没有正向影响作用；知识整合对人力资本、结构资本和关系资本均有正向影响作用。通过实证研究完善了知识流动与核心企业智力资本的关系,认为知识流动顺畅将有助于提升核心企业智力资本。
(2)运用解释结构模型法找到了供应链企业间知识流动中的三个关键影响因素。从知识交换和知识整合具有路径依赖的特性入手,分析出供应链中存在非核心企业对核心企业的知识依赖和知识惯性制约了知识创新。认为若想实现路径突破,可以激励影响知识流动的关键因素。基于此,采用系统论中的解释结构模型,从智力资本提升视角对影响知识交换和知识整合的因素进行了五级分层,找出其最核心的三个因素分别是：知识型员工、关系和企业声誉。
(3)运用心理学的自我决定理论,构建了知识流动中的供应链核心企业知识型员工激励模型。认为在供应链企业知识流动中,存在个体激励和群体互动激励,知识型员工的行为会受到其他企业知识型员工行为的影响。在此基础上,构建出知识流动中的核心企业知识型员工激励模型。模型认为个体激励措施有：引导动机、调整期望和通过知识改变行为；群体激励措施有：规范群体行为和改变知识流动环境。
(4)利用委托代理理论,设计出核心企业对非核心企业的关系激励模型。在对关系类别梳理的基础上,从动态角度出发对知识流动中的关系转换进行了深入的研究。对个人关系转变为组织关系,再转变到商业关系进行了详细分析,对个人信任和组织信任的关系也进行了论述。认为在供应链企业关系转换中,核心企业对非核心企业的关系激励是企业间关系转换的重要催化剂。利用委托代理理论,设计出核心企业对非核心企业的关系激励模型。研究显示了激励与非核心企业的努力程度、固定薪酬、激励系数和原有的关系存量四个因素有关。认为核心企业在转移支付激励中,需要充分考虑非核心企业的努力程度、原有关系存量和固定薪酬。
(5)借鉴万有引力原理构造了供应链声誉引力模型。把知识分为可分配知识(如显性知识与确定性知识等)和不可分配知识(隐性知识与不确定性知识)两类。对于可分配知识,作出了供应链知识获取分配概念图,然后借鉴N企业合作对策和Shapley值来对知识进行分配。对不可分配知识,认为声誉文化对知识交换和知识整合有重要的激励作用,供应链成员企业声誉在某种程度上要依赖于供应链声誉。在此基础上,设计出供应链成员企业声誉与供应链声誉的关系图。并借鉴万有引力原理构造了供应链声誉引力模型。模型表明通过提升供应链成员企业的声誉和减少核心企业与非核心企业的文化差异均可以积累供应链声誉。
最后,在对以川王木门为核心企业的知识流动激励案例的分析中,对川王公司近五年来所实施的知识管理措施进行了梳理,重点对该公司知识型员工激励、关系激励和声誉激励措施进行了详细分析,研究表明了正是由于这些措施才使得川王公司的智力资本水平得到了很大提升,从而验证了激励模型的正确性。
Knowledge has become an important strategic resource in the competition among supply chains. Enterprises share knowledge smoothly in the supply chain can not only helps to improve and enhance the efficiency of the entire supply chain network, reduce its operating costs, but also promote the effective integration of resources, and ultimately enhance the core competitiveness of the supply chain. The competitive power of the supply chain is in accord with the influence of the core enterprise in some degree. However, knowledge flows is still not well understood conceptually, and nor are future trends, it is necessary to study the incentive mechanism of knowledge flow in order to exert the important role of core enterprise in supply chain management. In the interest of core enterprise, this paper focus on enhance intellectual capital to research the incentive mechanism of knowledge flow, on one hand it can enrich and develop the theory of knowledge management, promote knowledge innovation, on the other hand, it has important theoretical and practical role, which can help to change the status of China's enterprises and drive them to participate in high-level international competition. This study mainly focused on knowledge flow incentive in supply chain incentive, including the following aspects:
(1) Employ the structural equation modeling method in the study of the relationship between the knowledge flow and intellectual capital. Divide the Knowledge flows among enterprises in the supply chain into knowledge exchange and knowledge integration, according to classic classification, intellectual capital is divided into three elements:human capital, structural capital and intellectual capital, relational capital. From analyzing the dynamics of intellectual capital, intellectual capital management model, SECI model and organizational learning four aspects of literature it reveals that the process of knowledge flow is the process of intellectual capital management virtually. Through investigation on237enterprises, we used structural equation modeling method to analyze the impact of exchange of knowledge and knowledge integration on the three elements of the core enterprise intellectual capital, of which:positive correlation between the exchange of knowledge and human capital as well as relational capital, meanwhile there is positive influence between knowledge exchange structure and capital; knowledge integration has positive influence on human capital, structural capital and relational capital. Through living example, it has been elucidating that improves the relationship between knowledge flow and core intellectual capital will help enhance the core enterprise intellectual capital.
(2) Apply interpretative structural modeling method to found three key factors that influence the knowledge flow among enterprises in the supply chain. Based on the path-dependent characteristics of knowledge exchange and integration, the dependence of other knowledge nodes in the supply chain on the core enterprises constraints the innovation. It is possible to achieve breakthrough in path through motivating the key factors. Based on this, class the elements that impact the knowledge exchange and knowledge integration into five component layers from the aim to enhance intellectual capital, then identify its three key factors: knowledge workers, relations and corporate reputation.
(3) Use psychological self-determination theory to construct knowledge workers incentive model of knowledge flows in the supply chain incentive model. There is awareness that individual and group interaction motivation lies in the knowledge flow of the enterprises in the supply chain, the behavior of knowledge worker of one enterprise will have impact on the knowledge worker from another enterprise. The incentive model of knowledge work of knowledge flow can be built based on this theory. The model assumes that there are some measures to incentive individual:guide motivation, adjust expectations and change behavior through knowledge; to incentive group:set group behavior stander and change the environment of knowledge flow.
(4) Use the principal-agent theory to design the core to non-corn enterprise incentive model. The relationship conversion in the knowledge flow has been explored deeply from a dynamic view. Analyzed the relationship changeover from personal into organizational, then into commercial. The relationship of personal trust and institution trust has been analyzed too. It has been proposed that the incentive from core to non-corn enterprise is an important enzyme to catalyze relationship transformation among enterprises. Use the principal-agent theory to design the core to non-corn enterprise incentive model. The research shows that incentive has connection with efforts of non-corn enterprises, fixed salaries, coefficient of incentive and the original relationship of non-corn enterprises. The efforts of non-corn enterprise, the original relationship and fixed salary should be considered adequately when corn enterprises transfer incentives.
(5) Draw the principle of universal gravitation to construct reputation gravity of supply chain model. Divide knowledge into distributable knowledge (tangible and certain knowledge) and non-distributable knowledge (intangible and uncertain knowledge). For distributable knowledge the concept map of knowledge acquisition an allocation in the supply chain has been made. Use the experience of N enterprise cooperation and Shapley value to allocate knowledge. For non-distributable knowledge, it has been cognized that culture plays an important on knowledge exchange and integration and the reputation of the enterprises in the supply chain, in part, depends on the reputation of the supply chain. On this basis, the relation map of reputation for members in the supply chain and the supply chain has been designed. And draw the principle of universal gravitation to construct reputation gravity of supply chain model. The model implicates that the reputation of the supply chain can be accumulated by enhancing the reputation of every single enterprises in the supply chain and reducing the cultural differences between corn and non-corn enterprises.
Finally, in the case of ChuanWang Door Company which possesses a corn position in the supply chain, measures used for knowledge management which carried out in the past six years have been organized analyzed. Analysis focused on the methods applied to incentive knowledge workers, relationship and reputation. The study shows that just these measures improved the level of intellectual capital which makes ChuanWang door company success. Thereby, it has verified the validity of the incentive model.
本文的研究工作主要围绕供应链企业间知识流动激励展开,具体包括以下几个方面：
(1)运用结构方程模型实证研究了知识流动与核心企业智力资本之间的关系。将供应链企业间的知识流动分为知识交换和知识整合,对智力资本采用了经典的三要素分类法：人力资本、结构资本和关系资本。分别从智力资本动态性、智力资本管理模式、SECI模型和组织学习四个方面用文献述评的方法分析了知识流动的过程就是智力资本管理的过程。通过对237家企业发放问卷,运用结构方程模型法分别分析了知识交换和知识整合对核心企业智力资本三要素有影响。其中：知识交换与人力资本和关系资本之间正相关,知识交换对结构资本没有正向影响作用；知识整合对人力资本、结构资本和关系资本均有正向影响作用。通过实证研究完善了知识流动与核心企业智力资本的关系,认为知识流动顺畅将有助于提升核心企业智力资本。
(2)运用解释结构模型法找到了供应链企业间知识流动中的三个关键影响因素。从知识交换和知识整合具有路径依赖的特性入手,分析出供应链中存在非核心企业对核心企业的知识依赖和知识惯性制约了知识创新。认为若想实现路径突破,可以激励影响知识流动的关键因素。基于此,采用系统论中的解释结构模型,从智力资本提升视角对影响知识交换和知识整合的因素进行了五级分层,找出其最核心的三个因素分别是：知识型员工、关系和企业声誉。
(3)运用心理学的自我决定理论,构建了知识流动中的供应链核心企业知识型员工激励模型。认为在供应链企业知识流动中,存在个体激励和群体互动激励,知识型员工的行为会受到其他企业知识型员工行为的影响。在此基础上,构建出知识流动中的核心企业知识型员工激励模型。模型认为个体激励措施有：引导动机、调整期望和通过知识改变行为；群体激励措施有：规范群体行为和改变知识流动环境。
(4)利用委托代理理论,设计出核心企业对非核心企业的关系激励模型。在对关系类别梳理的基础上,从动态角度出发对知识流动中的关系转换进行了深入的研究。对个人关系转变为组织关系,再转变到商业关系进行了详细分析,对个人信任和组织信任的关系也进行了论述。认为在供应链企业关系转换中,核心企业对非核心企业的关系激励是企业间关系转换的重要催化剂。利用委托代理理论,设计出核心企业对非核心企业的关系激励模型。研究显示了激励与非核心企业的努力程度、固定薪酬、激励系数和原有的关系存量四个因素有关。认为核心企业在转移支付激励中,需要充分考虑非核心企业的努力程度、原有关系存量和固定薪酬。
(5)借鉴万有引力原理构造了供应链声誉引力模型。把知识分为可分配知识(如显性知识与确定性知识等)和不可分配知识(隐性知识与不确定性知识)两类。对于可分配知识,作出了供应链知识获取分配概念图,然后借鉴N企业合作对策和Shapley值来对知识进行分配。对不可分配知识,认为声誉文化对知识交换和知识整合有重要的激励作用,供应链成员企业声誉在某种程度上要依赖于供应链声誉。在此基础上,设计出供应链成员企业声誉与供应链声誉的关系图。并借鉴万有引力原理构造了供应链声誉引力模型。模型表明通过提升供应链成员企业的声誉和减少核心企业与非核心企业的文化差异均可以积累供应链声誉。
最后,在对以川王木门为核心企业的知识流动激励案例的分析中,对川王公司近五年来所实施的知识管理措施进行了梳理,重点对该公司知识型员工激励、关系激励和声誉激励措施进行了详细分析,研究表明了正是由于这些措施才使得川王公司的智力资本水平得到了很大提升,从而验证了激励模型的正确性。
Knowledge has become an important strategic resource in the competition among supply chains. Enterprises share knowledge smoothly in the supply chain can not only helps to improve and enhance the efficiency of the entire supply chain network, reduce its operating costs, but also promote the effective integration of resources, and ultimately enhance the core competitiveness of the supply chain. The competitive power of the supply chain is in accord with the influence of the core enterprise in some degree. However, knowledge flows is still not well understood conceptually, and nor are future trends, it is necessary to study the incentive mechanism of knowledge flow in order to exert the important role of core enterprise in supply chain management. In the interest of core enterprise, this paper focus on enhance intellectual capital to research the incentive mechanism of knowledge flow, on one hand it can enrich and develop the theory of knowledge management, promote knowledge innovation, on the other hand, it has important theoretical and practical role, which can help to change the status of China's enterprises and drive them to participate in high-level international competition. This study mainly focused on knowledge flow incentive in supply chain incentive, including the following aspects:
(1) Employ the structural equation modeling method in the study of the relationship between the knowledge flow and intellectual capital. Divide the Knowledge flows among enterprises in the supply chain into knowledge exchange and knowledge integration, according to classic classification, intellectual capital is divided into three elements:human capital, structural capital and intellectual capital, relational capital. From analyzing the dynamics of intellectual capital, intellectual capital management model, SECI model and organizational learning four aspects of literature it reveals that the process of knowledge flow is the process of intellectual capital management virtually. Through investigation on237enterprises, we used structural equation modeling method to analyze the impact of exchange of knowledge and knowledge integration on the three elements of the core enterprise intellectual capital, of which:positive correlation between the exchange of knowledge and human capital as well as relational capital, meanwhile there is positive influence between knowledge exchange structure and capital; knowledge integration has positive influence on human capital, structural capital and relational capital. Through living example, it has been elucidating that improves the relationship between knowledge flow and core intellectual capital will help enhance the core enterprise intellectual capital.
(2) Apply interpretative structural modeling method to found three key factors that influence the knowledge flow among enterprises in the supply chain. Based on the path-dependent characteristics of knowledge exchange and integration, the dependence of other knowledge nodes in the supply chain on the core enterprises constraints the innovation. It is possible to achieve breakthrough in path through motivating the key factors. Based on this, class the elements that impact the knowledge exchange and knowledge integration into five component layers from the aim to enhance intellectual capital, then identify its three key factors: knowledge workers, relations and corporate reputation.
(3) Use psychological self-determination theory to construct knowledge workers incentive model of knowledge flows in the supply chain incentive model. There is awareness that individual and group interaction motivation lies in the knowledge flow of the enterprises in the supply chain, the behavior of knowledge worker of one enterprise will have impact on the knowledge worker from another enterprise. The incentive model of knowledge work of knowledge flow can be built based on this theory. The model assumes that there are some measures to incentive individual:guide motivation, adjust expectations and change behavior through knowledge; to incentive group:set group behavior stander and change the environment of knowledge flow.
(4) Use the principal-agent theory to design the core to non-corn enterprise incentive model. The relationship conversion in the knowledge flow has been explored deeply from a dynamic view. Analyzed the relationship changeover from personal into organizational, then into commercial. The relationship of personal trust and institution trust has been analyzed too. It has been proposed that the incentive from core to non-corn enterprise is an important enzyme to catalyze relationship transformation among enterprises. Use the principal-agent theory to design the core to non-corn enterprise incentive model. The research shows that incentive has connection with efforts of non-corn enterprises, fixed salaries, coefficient of incentive and the original relationship of non-corn enterprises. The efforts of non-corn enterprise, the original relationship and fixed salary should be considered adequately when corn enterprises transfer incentives.
(5) Draw the principle of universal gravitation to construct reputation gravity of supply chain model. Divide knowledge into distributable knowledge (tangible and certain knowledge) and non-distributable knowledge (intangible and uncertain knowledge). For distributable knowledge the concept map of knowledge acquisition an allocation in the supply chain has been made. Use the experience of N enterprise cooperation and Shapley value to allocate knowledge. For non-distributable knowledge, it has been cognized that culture plays an important on knowledge exchange and integration and the reputation of the enterprises in the supply chain, in part, depends on the reputation of the supply chain. On this basis, the relation map of reputation for members in the supply chain and the supply chain has been designed. And draw the principle of universal gravitation to construct reputation gravity of supply chain model. The model implicates that the reputation of the supply chain can be accumulated by enhancing the reputation of every single enterprises in the supply chain and reducing the cultural differences between corn and non-corn enterprises.
Finally, in the case of ChuanWang Door Company which possesses a corn position in the supply chain, measures used for knowledge management which carried out in the past six years have been organized analyzed. Analysis focused on the methods applied to incentive knowledge workers, relationship and reputation. The study shows that just these measures improved the level of intellectual capital which makes ChuanWang door company success. Thereby, it has verified the validity of the incentive model.
引文
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