大小涡轮相继增压柴油机稳态性能分析
摘要
提高柴油机升功率最有效的手段之一是提高增压压力,但随着高压比、高效率涡轮增压器的采用,增压器与柴油机的匹配矛盾更加突出。涡轮增压器不能满足柴油机全工况运行的需要,使部分负荷扭矩不足,热负荷增大。为了改善柴油机的部分负荷性能,使其更好地满足作为船用主机的性能要求,本文提出以TBD234V12柴油机为基础,研究船用V型柴油机采用大小涡轮相继增压,实现三区增压的可行性。
首先建立增压柴油机各个子系统的数学模型,采用零维模型建立了缸内工作过程的计算模型;采用一维非定常流动模型对进、排气管中的气体流动进行建模,并且使用有限容积法离散了偏微分控制方程;根据废气涡轮增压器的平衡条件,建立了废气涡轮增压器的数学模型。
其次应用GT-Power仿真软件建立了柴油机的稳态常规增压模拟计算模型,通过柴油机常规增压的试验数据对模型进行了校核,并且对该型机按N_e=Cn~3螺旋桨特性进行了多组大小涡轮增压器的匹配研究,增压器选取Garrett公司的T系列涡轮增压器,根据柴油机在压气机特性图上的匹配运行线以及按螺旋桨运行时柴油机的性能参数选出了较佳的增压器。
最后,对采用大小涡轮相继增压系统的TBD234V12柴油机进行负荷特性以及限制特性的仿真计算,研究柴油机采用小增压器工作,大增压器工作,以及两台增压器同时工作时的扭矩,功率,油耗等性能参数的变化,并且在两者的基础上绘制出了柴油机处于这三种工作状态下的万有特性曲线。结果表明,采用大小涡轮相继增压系统后,功率范围扩大,低油耗区扩大,在764r/min～1500 r/min转速时1TC状态在整个扭矩范围内油耗均比2TC的低,并且在中低转速高负荷区域内排气温度降低。可见采用大小涡轮增压技术是改善高P_e柴油机低工况性能,拓宽柴油机运行范围的有效措施。
One of the most effective measures to increase specific power is to increase boost pressure, but with high-pressure ratio, high efficiency turbocharger adoption, the diesel engine and supercharger matching contradictions become even more prominent. Turbocharger engine can not meet all the needs of the operational state, resulting in the part-load torque inadequate and heat load increases. In order to improve the part-load performance of diesel engine, as to better meet the performance requirements of marine engine , a marine V-type diesel engine with two unequal size turbochargers using sequential turbo charging (STC) was proposed and the feasibility of three- area supercharging was investigated in this paper.
Firstly, mathematics description of physical subsystem of supercharging diesel engine is developed. Zero-dimension model of the working process in cylinder and one-dimension unsteady flow mode of the gas flow in intake and exhaust systems whose partial differential equations were discredited by finite volume method have been used. According to exhaust turbine supercharger balance conditions, the exhaust turbocharger mathematical model has been established.
Secondly, the conventional turbocharged diesel engine steady-state Simulation model has been established by simulation software GT-Power. With the model, a calculation to the conventional turbo charging has been performed first, and the result tends to be in agreement with the experimental one. Then, the simulation model of the STC system with two unequal size turbochargers has been established and more than one group unequal size turbochargers, which were mainly from T-series turbocharger of Garrett Company, have been matched to 234V12 diesel engine by the cube propeller characteristic. According to the matching line of diesel engine in the compressor map and the performance parameters by the propeller characteristic running, the better groups of turbochargers have been selected.
Finally, the load characteristics, limiting characteristics of the matching successfully diesel engine in smaller turbocharger, larger turbocharger, and two combined turbocharger status have been calculated, analyzed and compared. Based on both load and limiting characteristics, universal characteristics in the three states have been drawn. The results indicate that with two unequal size turbochargers using STC, the scope of power and torque have been enlarged and fuel consumption and exhaust temperature have been decreased in the low load .This shows that with two unequal size turbochargers using STC technology is an effective measure, which improve the low load status of high P_e diesel engine and further enlarge the scope of the diesel engine operation.
首先建立增压柴油机各个子系统的数学模型,采用零维模型建立了缸内工作过程的计算模型;采用一维非定常流动模型对进、排气管中的气体流动进行建模,并且使用有限容积法离散了偏微分控制方程;根据废气涡轮增压器的平衡条件,建立了废气涡轮增压器的数学模型。
其次应用GT-Power仿真软件建立了柴油机的稳态常规增压模拟计算模型,通过柴油机常规增压的试验数据对模型进行了校核,并且对该型机按N_e=Cn~3螺旋桨特性进行了多组大小涡轮增压器的匹配研究,增压器选取Garrett公司的T系列涡轮增压器,根据柴油机在压气机特性图上的匹配运行线以及按螺旋桨运行时柴油机的性能参数选出了较佳的增压器。
最后,对采用大小涡轮相继增压系统的TBD234V12柴油机进行负荷特性以及限制特性的仿真计算,研究柴油机采用小增压器工作,大增压器工作,以及两台增压器同时工作时的扭矩,功率,油耗等性能参数的变化,并且在两者的基础上绘制出了柴油机处于这三种工作状态下的万有特性曲线。结果表明,采用大小涡轮相继增压系统后,功率范围扩大,低油耗区扩大,在764r/min～1500 r/min转速时1TC状态在整个扭矩范围内油耗均比2TC的低,并且在中低转速高负荷区域内排气温度降低。可见采用大小涡轮增压技术是改善高P_e柴油机低工况性能,拓宽柴油机运行范围的有效措施。
One of the most effective measures to increase specific power is to increase boost pressure, but with high-pressure ratio, high efficiency turbocharger adoption, the diesel engine and supercharger matching contradictions become even more prominent. Turbocharger engine can not meet all the needs of the operational state, resulting in the part-load torque inadequate and heat load increases. In order to improve the part-load performance of diesel engine, as to better meet the performance requirements of marine engine , a marine V-type diesel engine with two unequal size turbochargers using sequential turbo charging (STC) was proposed and the feasibility of three- area supercharging was investigated in this paper.
Firstly, mathematics description of physical subsystem of supercharging diesel engine is developed. Zero-dimension model of the working process in cylinder and one-dimension unsteady flow mode of the gas flow in intake and exhaust systems whose partial differential equations were discredited by finite volume method have been used. According to exhaust turbine supercharger balance conditions, the exhaust turbocharger mathematical model has been established.
Secondly, the conventional turbocharged diesel engine steady-state Simulation model has been established by simulation software GT-Power. With the model, a calculation to the conventional turbo charging has been performed first, and the result tends to be in agreement with the experimental one. Then, the simulation model of the STC system with two unequal size turbochargers has been established and more than one group unequal size turbochargers, which were mainly from T-series turbocharger of Garrett Company, have been matched to 234V12 diesel engine by the cube propeller characteristic. According to the matching line of diesel engine in the compressor map and the performance parameters by the propeller characteristic running, the better groups of turbochargers have been selected.
Finally, the load characteristics, limiting characteristics of the matching successfully diesel engine in smaller turbocharger, larger turbocharger, and two combined turbocharger status have been calculated, analyzed and compared. Based on both load and limiting characteristics, universal characteristics in the three states have been drawn. The results indicate that with two unequal size turbochargers using STC, the scope of power and torque have been enlarged and fuel consumption and exhaust temperature have been decreased in the low load .This shows that with two unequal size turbochargers using STC technology is an effective measure, which improve the low load status of high P_e diesel engine and further enlarge the scope of the diesel engine operation.
引文
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[3]王贺春.TBD234V12柴油机相继增压技术研究.哈尔滨工程大学硕士学位论文.2004:1-4,6页
[4][西 德]H.Dinger等.MTU956/1163系列柴油机的进一步发展.CIMAC14.1987:3-7页
[5]郭连振,高德明.MTU8000系列柴油机.柴油机,2001,5:16-18页
[6]Kech J M and Klotz H.Model-Based Sequential Turbo charging Optimization for Series 8000 M70/M90 Engines.Society of Automotive Engineers,Inc.,2002:1-10P
[7]王银燕,高维成,赵建平,吴英海,阿荣其其格.应用MPC-相继增压系统改善船用柴油机低负荷性能的研究.内燃机学报.1999(1):13-17页
[8]任自中,冯明志,李江,王忠斌,焦宇飞.高增压系统相继增压技术的试验研究.柴油机,2001(6):18-23,29页
[9][日]Mercedes-BENZ株式会社发动机部.DF200型内燃机车用MTU12V396TE14型柴油机.国外内燃机车.1993,8:1-5页
[10]Borila Y G.Some Aspects of Performance Optimizations of the Sequentially Turbocharged Highly-Rated Truck Diesel Engine with Turbochargers of Unequal Size and a Pulse Converter.ImechE,C105/86,1986:251-260P
[11]Borila Y G.Sequential Turbo charging helps highly rated diesels.Automotive Engineering,1986,94(11):39-44P
[12]陆家祥.柴油机涡轮增压技术.第一版.北京:机械工业出版社,1999:176页
[13]冯明志,吴珊,任自中,凌励逊.柴油机相继增压控制阀及其电控系统的研制.柴油机.2002(1):23-25,49页
[14]任自中.柴油机相继增压系统的理论与试验研究.内燃机工程.2001(1):32-37页
[15]张哲,王希波,邓康耀.大小涡轮三级切换相继涡轮增压系统性能研究.内燃机科技.2006:248-250页
[16]李绍安,苏万华.内燃机燃烧模型的研究现状与展望.车用柴油机.1998(2):1-6页
[17]Tabaczynski R J,Teinker F H,shannon B A S.Further Refinement and Validation of a Turbulent Flame Propagation Model for Spark-Ignition Engines.Combustion and Flame,1980,39:111P
[18]顾宏中.涡轮增压柴油机性能研究.第一版.上海:上海交通大学出版社,1998:37-41,47-52页
[19]Azuma T,Tokunaga Y and Yura T.Characteristics of exhaust gas pulsation of constant pressure turbocharged diesel engines.ASME,J.Engine Power,102
[20]Wright E J.Computer Simulation of Engine Gas Dynamic Process.A Design Package,SAE Paper.1971,710174
[21]Bingham J F and Blair G P.An Imgroved Branch Pipe Model for Multi-cylinder Automotive Engine Calculations.Proc.Instn.Mech.Engrs.1985,199(1):89-104P
[22]顾宏中.内燃机中的气体流动及数值分析.第一版.北京:国防工业出版社,1985:23-29页
[23]曾春荣.DA465增压发动机模拟计算及性能预测.2005:5-7页
[24]Versteeg H K and Malasekera W.An instruction to Combustion Fluid Dynamics.Berlin:Spring-Verlag,1995.342P
[25]Dervieux A.About the Basic Numerical Methods,Roger Peyret,Handbook of Combustional Fluid Mechanics,Academic Press,1996
[26]Claudio Mattiussi.An analysis of finite volume,finite element,finite difference methods using some concepts from algebratic topology.Journal of Computational Physics.1997,133:289-309P
[27]朱访君,吴坚.内燃机工作过程数值计算及其优化.第一版.北京:国防工业出版社,1997:6-9,89-121,139-160页
[28]林杰伦.内燃机工作过程数值计算.第一版.西安:西安交通大学出版社,1986:12-56,123-131页
[29]Heywood J B.Internal combustion engine fundamentals.McGraw-Hill book Company,1988
[30]黄建华.TBD620V12相继增压柴油机工作过程研究.哈尔滨工程大学硕士学位论文.2005:9-19页
[31]蒋德明.高等内燃机原理.第一版.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2002:236-271页
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