超宽带系统中接收技术研究
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摘要
超宽带（UWB）作为一种新颖的短距离无线通信技术，它采用极窄脉冲（纳秒量级）传送信息，相应地，其占有很宽的带宽（吉赫兹量级）。UWB具有高速率、低功耗、低成本、精确定位等优点，可作为无线传感器网络（WSN）和无线个域网（WPAN）等网络的物理层技术，有着广阔的应用前景。然而，在室内环境中，UWB无线信道具有密集多径的特点，由此引起的码间干扰（ISI）会严重地影响系统性能。此外，随着系统用户数的增加，多用户干扰（MUI）也成为影响UWB系统性能的重要因素。因此，设计适合于实际应用的高性能、低复杂度的接收机是UWB的重要研究方向之一。
传统的Rake接收机，具有结构较简单，能有效合并多径分量的优点。但UWB室内信道的多径数多达几十乃至上百条，随着Rake接收机支路（finger）数的增加，其实现复杂度将难以接受，且Rake接收机在多用户情况下性能受限。为了有效抑制MUI，多用户检测技术（MUD）技术被应用于UWB系统中，考虑到无线信道的时变特性及实现复杂度等因素，一些盲自适应MUD方案更被关注。本文主要针对超宽带系统在多径、多用户环境下的接收检测技术进行了研究，主要的研究内容和创新性成果如下：
1．提出了一种适用于TH-UWB系统的盲Rake接收机方案。该接收机首先利用跳时（TH）码的良好相关性设计滤波器，消除部分MUI和ISI；再对滤波器的输出数据采用紧缩近似投影子空间跟踪（PASTd）方法进行信道估计并实现最大比合并，进一步提高输出信干噪比（SINR）。该接收机克服了传统Rake接收机不能消除MUI的缺陷，仿真结果证实，该接收机的误码性能优于传统的相关接收机和Rake接收机，且其所需先验知识较少、计算复杂度较低。
2．将线性预测方法应用于DS-UWB系统中实现盲多用户检测。该算法首先通过对接收数据进行线性变换和线性预测来抑制MUI，再对线性预测误差采用子空间跟踪算法进行信道估计，消除ISI。仿真结果表明，在超宽带信道模型下，与传统的接收机相比较，其具有较低的误码率和较好的抗远近效应能力。
3．设计了一种盲自适应多用户检测方案，用来解决高速TH-UWB系统中的MUI和ISI问题，该方案首先采用约束递归最小二乘恒模算法（RLS-CMA）消除MUI和ISI；接着在信道估计的基础上采用最大比合并进一步提高系统性能。仿真结果表明，提出的接收机在UWB四种类型信道下能快速收敛，且误码性能较好。
4．提出了一种降秩盲自适应接收方案，该方案首先将最小输出能量（MOE）算法和多级维纳滤波（MSWF）方法相结合，实现盲自适应解相关，抑制MUI并提取期望信号各多径分量，再进一步采用PASTd算法估计信道并进行最大比合并，提高输出信干噪比。该方案在解决DS-UWB系统中MUI和ISI问题的同时，采用MSWF降秩方法减小了计算复杂度，仿真结果验证了其有效性。
As a short range communications formula, Ultra-wide band (UWB) uses pulse todeliver information. The pulse is usually short in duration (nano-second), so it issubstantially a system with of extremely large bandwidth (Giga Hertz). Besides, UWBis profiled in high data rate, high positioning accuracy, low cost and low powerconsumption, all the feature enable UWB a promising technology for wireless sensornetwork (WSN) and wireless personal area network (WPAN).
In indoor environment, however, the UWB wireless channel is natured with densemulti-path, the inter symbol interference (ISI) raised from which degrades systemperformance significantly. Besides, with the increase of users, the multi-userinterference (MUI) becomes a vital factor in influence on the system performance. It is,therefore, a critical issue on how to figure out a UWB receiver that is high performanceand low complexity.
A conventional Rake receiver is simple in structure and is advanced in multi-pathcombination. But, since the number of the multi-path may be up to tens or evenhundreds in a typical UWB channel, the Rake receiver will become too complicated tobe implemented with the increase of the multi-path. Moreover, it is unable to suppressMUI. For mitigating MUI, the multi-user detection (MUD) techniques have been usingin UWB system, in which the blind adaptive algorithms are paid special attention inconcerning the computational complexity and the channel’s time-varying feature. Thisdissertation deals with the problem of signal detection for UWB systems under theenvironment of multi-user and multi-path, its main contributions are as follows.
1. Both multi-user interference (MUI) and inter symbol interference (ISI) are themajor factors of influencing the bit error ratio (BER) performance in ultra-wideband(UWB) system. A novel blind Rake scheme is proposed in this paper, which firstlyexploits the properties of the desired user time-hopping sequence to figure out a filterfor eliminating partial MUI and ISI, and then uses projection approximation subspacetracking with deflation (PASTd) algorithm to estimate channel, do maximal ratiocombining (MRC) to further improve signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR).Simulation results show that the proposed blind Rake receiver achieves a significantperformance gain in comparison with the conventional receiver and Rake receiver, andcan converge at the steady state rapidly. Furthermore, it requires less priori knowledgeand has lower complexity.
2. A blind multi-user detection algorithm based on linear prediction is proposed forthe direct sequence ultra-wideband (DS-UWB) system to provide resistance to MUI andISI. The algorithm first applies linear transformation and linear prediction on thereceived data in order to suppress MUI, and then estimate the channel by subspacetracking algorithm. According to the simulation results with the IEEE802.15.3a UWBchannel model, the proposed algorithm exhibits reasonably good performance andnear-far resistance in multiuser environment compared with the conventional receiver.
3. A novel receiver is proposed in this paper that uses the blind adaptive MUDtechnique to deal with the presence of MUI and ISI in terms of high speed time-hoppingultra-wideband (TH-UWB) system. The receiver firstly adopts constrained recursiveleast squares constant modulus algorithm (RLS-CMA) to conduct adaptivedecorrelation for eliminating MUI and ISI, and then improve the performance of systemby channel estimation and MRC. The simulation results show that the proposed receivercan go to convergence rapidly under all four IEEE’s UWB channel models, the BERperformance is better than that of the traditional receiver and Rake receiver.
4. A blind adaptive reduced-rank detection is developed for ultra-wideband (UWB)systems in dense multipath channels, which is composed of two stages: in the first stage,a reduced-rank algorithm based on the multi-stage Wiener filter (MSWF) is consideredto reduce the MUI and extract multi-path components; channel estimation using thePASTd algorithm and multi-path combining are then performed to further enhance theSINR of the desired user in the second stage. Several representative simulationexamples confirm that the proposed scheme has excellent performance in suppressingthe ISI and MUI with a low complexity.
传统的Rake接收机，具有结构较简单，能有效合并多径分量的优点。但UWB室内信道的多径数多达几十乃至上百条，随着Rake接收机支路（finger）数的增加，其实现复杂度将难以接受，且Rake接收机在多用户情况下性能受限。为了有效抑制MUI，多用户检测技术（MUD）技术被应用于UWB系统中，考虑到无线信道的时变特性及实现复杂度等因素，一些盲自适应MUD方案更被关注。本文主要针对超宽带系统在多径、多用户环境下的接收检测技术进行了研究，主要的研究内容和创新性成果如下：
1．提出了一种适用于TH-UWB系统的盲Rake接收机方案。该接收机首先利用跳时（TH）码的良好相关性设计滤波器，消除部分MUI和ISI；再对滤波器的输出数据采用紧缩近似投影子空间跟踪（PASTd）方法进行信道估计并实现最大比合并，进一步提高输出信干噪比（SINR）。该接收机克服了传统Rake接收机不能消除MUI的缺陷，仿真结果证实，该接收机的误码性能优于传统的相关接收机和Rake接收机，且其所需先验知识较少、计算复杂度较低。
2．将线性预测方法应用于DS-UWB系统中实现盲多用户检测。该算法首先通过对接收数据进行线性变换和线性预测来抑制MUI，再对线性预测误差采用子空间跟踪算法进行信道估计，消除ISI。仿真结果表明，在超宽带信道模型下，与传统的接收机相比较，其具有较低的误码率和较好的抗远近效应能力。
3．设计了一种盲自适应多用户检测方案，用来解决高速TH-UWB系统中的MUI和ISI问题，该方案首先采用约束递归最小二乘恒模算法（RLS-CMA）消除MUI和ISI；接着在信道估计的基础上采用最大比合并进一步提高系统性能。仿真结果表明，提出的接收机在UWB四种类型信道下能快速收敛，且误码性能较好。
4．提出了一种降秩盲自适应接收方案，该方案首先将最小输出能量（MOE）算法和多级维纳滤波（MSWF）方法相结合，实现盲自适应解相关，抑制MUI并提取期望信号各多径分量，再进一步采用PASTd算法估计信道并进行最大比合并，提高输出信干噪比。该方案在解决DS-UWB系统中MUI和ISI问题的同时，采用MSWF降秩方法减小了计算复杂度，仿真结果验证了其有效性。
As a short range communications formula, Ultra-wide band (UWB) uses pulse todeliver information. The pulse is usually short in duration (nano-second), so it issubstantially a system with of extremely large bandwidth (Giga Hertz). Besides, UWBis profiled in high data rate, high positioning accuracy, low cost and low powerconsumption, all the feature enable UWB a promising technology for wireless sensornetwork (WSN) and wireless personal area network (WPAN).
In indoor environment, however, the UWB wireless channel is natured with densemulti-path, the inter symbol interference (ISI) raised from which degrades systemperformance significantly. Besides, with the increase of users, the multi-userinterference (MUI) becomes a vital factor in influence on the system performance. It is,therefore, a critical issue on how to figure out a UWB receiver that is high performanceand low complexity.
A conventional Rake receiver is simple in structure and is advanced in multi-pathcombination. But, since the number of the multi-path may be up to tens or evenhundreds in a typical UWB channel, the Rake receiver will become too complicated tobe implemented with the increase of the multi-path. Moreover, it is unable to suppressMUI. For mitigating MUI, the multi-user detection (MUD) techniques have been usingin UWB system, in which the blind adaptive algorithms are paid special attention inconcerning the computational complexity and the channel’s time-varying feature. Thisdissertation deals with the problem of signal detection for UWB systems under theenvironment of multi-user and multi-path, its main contributions are as follows.
1. Both multi-user interference (MUI) and inter symbol interference (ISI) are themajor factors of influencing the bit error ratio (BER) performance in ultra-wideband(UWB) system. A novel blind Rake scheme is proposed in this paper, which firstlyexploits the properties of the desired user time-hopping sequence to figure out a filterfor eliminating partial MUI and ISI, and then uses projection approximation subspacetracking with deflation (PASTd) algorithm to estimate channel, do maximal ratiocombining (MRC) to further improve signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR).Simulation results show that the proposed blind Rake receiver achieves a significantperformance gain in comparison with the conventional receiver and Rake receiver, andcan converge at the steady state rapidly. Furthermore, it requires less priori knowledgeand has lower complexity.
2. A blind multi-user detection algorithm based on linear prediction is proposed forthe direct sequence ultra-wideband (DS-UWB) system to provide resistance to MUI andISI. The algorithm first applies linear transformation and linear prediction on thereceived data in order to suppress MUI, and then estimate the channel by subspacetracking algorithm. According to the simulation results with the IEEE802.15.3a UWBchannel model, the proposed algorithm exhibits reasonably good performance andnear-far resistance in multiuser environment compared with the conventional receiver.
3. A novel receiver is proposed in this paper that uses the blind adaptive MUDtechnique to deal with the presence of MUI and ISI in terms of high speed time-hoppingultra-wideband (TH-UWB) system. The receiver firstly adopts constrained recursiveleast squares constant modulus algorithm (RLS-CMA) to conduct adaptivedecorrelation for eliminating MUI and ISI, and then improve the performance of systemby channel estimation and MRC. The simulation results show that the proposed receivercan go to convergence rapidly under all four IEEE’s UWB channel models, the BERperformance is better than that of the traditional receiver and Rake receiver.
4. A blind adaptive reduced-rank detection is developed for ultra-wideband (UWB)systems in dense multipath channels, which is composed of two stages: in the first stage,a reduced-rank algorithm based on the multi-stage Wiener filter (MSWF) is consideredto reduce the MUI and extract multi-path components; channel estimation using thePASTd algorithm and multi-path combining are then performed to further enhance theSINR of the desired user in the second stage. Several representative simulationexamples confirm that the proposed scheme has excellent performance in suppressingthe ISI and MUI with a low complexity.
引文
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