电力系统动态无功优化模型及混合算法的研究
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摘要
电力系统动态无功优化问题的维数庞大，具有连续性约束、离散性约束和动态调节次数约束等多种约束，目前还没有通用有效的算法。本文针对动态无功优化问题的大规模特点以及非线性和不连续性特点，基于遗传算法和预测——校正原对偶内点法，对其优化算法进行了初步的探索，同时还对相关的静态无功优化问题和潮流问题进行了深入的研究。
本文提出了变压器支路的电压变换模型，从而克服了传统∏型模型的等值对地导纳数值大影响潮流收敛的问题，同时还提出了一种辐射型网络的分层前推回代算法，算法同时考虑了变压器支路和线路支路，不需要节点支路的特殊编号，可分层并行计算各层次的支路功率损耗和电压损耗，具有收敛性好、计算速度快的突出优点。
针对辐射型网络的三相潮流问题，本文提出了一种三相潮流的支路电流前推回代的相分量潮流算法，与传统方法不同的是，算法中详细考虑了变压器接线方式、移相作用和非标准变比对三相潮流的影响，建立了变压器两侧相应的相电压、相电流方程，从而使算法具有更为普遍的适用性。
结合内点法和遗传算法，本文提出了一种新颖的混合算法用于求解动、静态无功优化问题，算法充分利用了内点法易于求解连续优化问题和遗传算法易于求解离散优化问题的优势，将原优化问题分解为初步的连续优化问题、离散变量优化问题、连续变量优化问题这三个子问题分别求解。算法充分考虑了收敛判据对内点法收敛速度的影响，在初步的连续优化问题和连续变量的优化问题中分别采用可行判据和最优判据作为收敛判据，提高了混合算法的整体性能。在内点法中还通过求解较为简单的校正方程来代替求解复杂的迭代方程，在计算结果完全等价的前提下使内点法的迭代计算更加简单、快速。
本文提出的各种算法都经过IEEE标准系统和实际系统的仿真计算验证，计算结果表明算法是正确和有效的。
The dynamic reactive optimization problem has considerable dimension and various constraints including successive constraint, discrete constraint and dynamic constraint, and there is not a general algorithm so far. In this dissertation, the optimal algorithm based on the predictor-corrector primal-dual interior point method and genetic algorithm is preparatory explored and the correlative problems including static reactive optimization and power flow are studied.
A layer-by-layer back/forward sweep power flow algorithm for radial distribution system is proposed. In the algorithm, the power loss and voltage loss of the branches on the same layer are computed without special numbering of buses and branches. To avoid disconvergence of power flow brought by the large shunt conductance in traditional ∏ model of transformer, the voltage transforming model of transformer is proposed and applied. So the algorithm has reliable convergence as well as fast speed.
A three-phase power flow algorithm based on the back/forward sweep of branch current phase components is proposed. The transformer winding connection, the phase-shifting between primary and secondary windings, and the off-normal tapping are considered and the corresponding phase voltage equation and phase current equation of transformers are deduced in the algorithm, which make the algorithm generally applicable.
A novel hybrid algorithm, which combines predictor-corrector primal-dual interior point method and genetic algorithm, is presented for dynamic and static reactive optimization in this dissertation. The algorithm fully make use of the advantage of interior point method in solving successive optimization problem and the advantage of genetic algorithm in solving discrete optimization problem. The original problem is divided into three parts: total successive problem, discrete problem and successive problem. The effect of convergence criterion on convergence speed is fully considered and feasible criterion and optimal criterion are applied in total successive problem and successive problem respectively, so the whole performance of the algorithm is increased. Moreover, by solving the correction equation instead of iteration equation, the iteration calculation of interior point method is simpler and faster, while the result is equivalent.
The algorithms presented in this dissertation have been verified by IEEE standard systems and practical power systems, the simulation results proved that the algorithms
are correct and effective.
本文提出了变压器支路的电压变换模型，从而克服了传统∏型模型的等值对地导纳数值大影响潮流收敛的问题，同时还提出了一种辐射型网络的分层前推回代算法，算法同时考虑了变压器支路和线路支路，不需要节点支路的特殊编号，可分层并行计算各层次的支路功率损耗和电压损耗，具有收敛性好、计算速度快的突出优点。
针对辐射型网络的三相潮流问题，本文提出了一种三相潮流的支路电流前推回代的相分量潮流算法，与传统方法不同的是，算法中详细考虑了变压器接线方式、移相作用和非标准变比对三相潮流的影响，建立了变压器两侧相应的相电压、相电流方程，从而使算法具有更为普遍的适用性。
结合内点法和遗传算法，本文提出了一种新颖的混合算法用于求解动、静态无功优化问题，算法充分利用了内点法易于求解连续优化问题和遗传算法易于求解离散优化问题的优势，将原优化问题分解为初步的连续优化问题、离散变量优化问题、连续变量优化问题这三个子问题分别求解。算法充分考虑了收敛判据对内点法收敛速度的影响，在初步的连续优化问题和连续变量的优化问题中分别采用可行判据和最优判据作为收敛判据，提高了混合算法的整体性能。在内点法中还通过求解较为简单的校正方程来代替求解复杂的迭代方程，在计算结果完全等价的前提下使内点法的迭代计算更加简单、快速。
本文提出的各种算法都经过IEEE标准系统和实际系统的仿真计算验证，计算结果表明算法是正确和有效的。
The dynamic reactive optimization problem has considerable dimension and various constraints including successive constraint, discrete constraint and dynamic constraint, and there is not a general algorithm so far. In this dissertation, the optimal algorithm based on the predictor-corrector primal-dual interior point method and genetic algorithm is preparatory explored and the correlative problems including static reactive optimization and power flow are studied.
A layer-by-layer back/forward sweep power flow algorithm for radial distribution system is proposed. In the algorithm, the power loss and voltage loss of the branches on the same layer are computed without special numbering of buses and branches. To avoid disconvergence of power flow brought by the large shunt conductance in traditional ∏ model of transformer, the voltage transforming model of transformer is proposed and applied. So the algorithm has reliable convergence as well as fast speed.
A three-phase power flow algorithm based on the back/forward sweep of branch current phase components is proposed. The transformer winding connection, the phase-shifting between primary and secondary windings, and the off-normal tapping are considered and the corresponding phase voltage equation and phase current equation of transformers are deduced in the algorithm, which make the algorithm generally applicable.
A novel hybrid algorithm, which combines predictor-corrector primal-dual interior point method and genetic algorithm, is presented for dynamic and static reactive optimization in this dissertation. The algorithm fully make use of the advantage of interior point method in solving successive optimization problem and the advantage of genetic algorithm in solving discrete optimization problem. The original problem is divided into three parts: total successive problem, discrete problem and successive problem. The effect of convergence criterion on convergence speed is fully considered and feasible criterion and optimal criterion are applied in total successive problem and successive problem respectively, so the whole performance of the algorithm is increased. Moreover, by solving the correction equation instead of iteration equation, the iteration calculation of interior point method is simpler and faster, while the result is equivalent.
The algorithms presented in this dissertation have been verified by IEEE standard systems and practical power systems, the simulation results proved that the algorithms
are correct and effective.
引文
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程莹，刘明波，含离散控制变量的大规模电力系统无功优化，中国电机工程学报，2002，22（5）：54~60
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邓佑满，张伯明，相年德，配电网络电容器实时优化投切的逐次线性整数规划法，中国电机工程学报，1995，15（6）：375~383
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范力涵，罗安，软件无线电技术和动态规划实现电网无功优化补偿与电能质量监视，高技术通讯，2002.03：58~61
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卢鸿宇，胡林献，刘莉等，基于遗传算法和TS算法的配电网电容器实时优化投切策略，电网技术，2000，24（11）：56~59
陈爱东，龚乐年，模糊动态规划法在变电站电压无功控制中的应用，电网技术，2001，25（6）：29~32
李彩华，郭志忠，最优潮流的发展，继电器，2002，30（1）：1~6
赵虎，孙健利，刘沛，基于BP神经网络和模糊动态规划的变电站无功电压控制方法，自动化技术与应用，2001.5：17~20
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Xihui Yan, Victor H.Quintana, “Improving An Interior-Point-Based OPF by Dynamic Adjustments of Step Sizes and Tolerances”, IEEE Trans on Power Systems, 1999, 14(2): 709~717
王宪荣，包丽明，柳焯，快速解耦牛顿法最优潮流，中国电机工程学报，1994，14（4）：26~31
郝玉国，张靖，于尔铿等，最优潮流的实用化研究，中国电机工程学报，1996，16（6）：388~412
赵晋泉，侯志俭，吴际舜，牛顿最优潮流算法中离散控制量的新处理方法，电力系统自动化，1999，23（23）：37~40
李乃湖，丁恰，王晓东，基于原—对偶内点法的电压无功实时优化控制算法，电力系统自动化，2000.3.10：20~23
L.C.Araujo Ferreira, A.C.Zambroni de Souza, S.Granville and J.W.Marangon Lima, “Interior Point Method Applied to Voltage Collapse Problems and System-Losses-Reduction”, IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib. 2002,149(2):165~170
程莹，刘明波，含离散控制变量的大规模电力系统无功优化，中国电机工程学报，2002，22（5）：54~60
刘明波，程莹，林声宏，求解无功优化的内点线性和内点非线性规划方法比较，电力系统自动化，2002.1.10：22~26
段刚，余贻鑫，电力系统NP难问题全局优化算法的研究，电力系统自动化，2001.3.10：14~18
Y.Y.Hsu, H.C.Kuo, “Dispatch of Capacitors on Distribution System Using Dynamic Programming”, IEE Proc.-C, 1993,140(6):433~438
Ebrahim Vaahedi, Yakout Mansour, Chris Fuchs, “Dynamic Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow/Var Planning”, IEEE Trans on Power Systems,2001,16(1):38~43
C.S.Chang and S.W.Yang, “Optimal Multiobjective Planning of Dynamic Series Compensation Devices for Power Quality Improvement”, IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib. 2001, 148 (4):361~370
Pathom Attaviriyanupap, “A Hybrid EP and SQP for Dynamic Economic Dispatch With Nonsmooth Fuel Cost Function”, IEEE Trans on Power Systems, 2002,17(2):411~416
韩学山，柳焯，陈小虎，动态优化调度研究的回顾与展望，电力系统自动化，1994，18（9）：64~68
韩学山，柳焯，四点法动态优化调度，电力系统自动化，1995，19（3）：11~16
潘毅，柳焯，于尔铿，电力系统动态优化调度的两级协调方程算法，中国电机工程学报，1996，16（6）：417~420
潘毅，柳焯，于尔铿等，动态优化调度对特殊负荷段落的处理，电力系统自动化，1997，21（4），3~12
曹世光，李卫东，柳焯等，计及直接负荷控制的动态优化调度模型，中国电机工程学报，1998，18（3）：160~162
王永刚，李卫东，柳焯等，动态优化调度走向实用的策略与段落全局优化，中国电机工程学报，1998，18（6）：438~441
邓佑满，张伯明，相年德，配电网络电容器实时优化投切的逐次线性整数规划法，中国电机工程学报，1995，15（6）：375~383
张鹏，刘玉田，配电系统电压控制和无功优化的简化动态规划法，电力系统及其自动化学报，1999，11（4）：49~53
范力涵，罗安，软件无线电技术和动态规划实现电网无功优化补偿与电能质量监视，高技术通讯，2002.03：58~61
B.Venkatesh and M.Abdullah Khan, “A New Optimal Reactive Power Scheduling Method for Loss Minimization and Voltage Stability Margin Maximization Using Successive Multi-Objective Fuzzy LP Technique”, IEEE Trans on Power Systems,2000,15(2):844~851
卢鸿宇，胡林献，刘莉等，基于遗传算法和TS算法的配电网电容器实时优化投切策略，电网技术，2000，24（11）：56~59
陈爱东，龚乐年，模糊动态规划法在变电站电压无功控制中的应用，电网技术，2001，25（6）：29~32
李彩华，郭志忠，最优潮流的发展，继电器，2002，30（1）：1~6
赵虎，孙健利，刘沛，基于BP神经网络和模糊动态规划的变电站无功电压控制方法，自动化技术与应用，2001.5：17~20
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