罗夏测验对4-6岁幼儿的试测研究
摘要
罗夏墨迹测验是迄今为止应用最广泛的投射测验,也是极其重要的非结构化人格测验之一。国外对成人和儿童、正常人和异常者的罗夏墨迹测验都有较多的研究和应用,对儿童的研究集中在注意缺陷多动症、Asperger综合症、性虐待、创伤后应激障碍等异常儿童的研究和临床应用。而国内相关领域则起步较晚,规模较小,且主要集中在成人和青少年中精神分裂等异常被试,幼儿几无涉猎。
本研究选取4～6岁正常幼儿每个年龄各20人(男女各10人)共60人进行试测,遵循罗夏墨迹测验的施测和计分方法,并针对幼儿被试优化了施测程序。再按正常幼儿、异常幼儿进行统计分析和二者的比较。4～6岁正常幼儿罗夏墨迹测验结果,显示4～6岁正常幼儿在约30%项目上的反应呈较离散水平,性别的主效应在S%上显著,在F和C上边缘显著。性别和年龄的交互作用在P和FC上边缘显著。整体看,这三个年龄跨度的幼儿智力水平相接近且较低下,有限的认知能力,情绪化严重,且女孩的常识性、情绪控制力和环境适应力普遍好于男孩,而男孩的自我意识和独创意识较强。4～6岁异常幼儿的罗夏墨迹测验结果中Dd、m和C等可提示异常线索的反应明显增多,揭示了异常幼儿在认知、情绪和适应等方面的欠缺和不足。异常和正常幼儿的数据比较,在R和At%上的差异极其显著,在RT(Av.)和At上的差异显著,在S、F%和A%上的差异边缘显著。提示异常幼儿较正常幼儿认知过程缓慢,更多焦虑和冲突,情绪控制不良。
我国与日本阪大(人名)、美国Exner所列的4～6岁正常幼儿群体的跨文化比较研究,发现我国与日本的4～6岁正常幼儿在反应领域比率、运动反应和色彩反应上的数据较为相似,说明两国幼儿认知、智力和情绪方面存在较多共同之处,但各有特点;但均与美国的幼儿数据差异较大,建议罗夏墨迹测验进行跨文化应用时,结合当地常模。
总之,罗夏墨迹测验也适用于我国4～6岁幼儿,相应的测验常模仍需建立。罗夏墨迹测验的推广和应用任重而道远。
Rorschach Inkblot Test is the most popular projective test, which is also one of the most important personality tests. There are lots of research and applications on Rorschach Test for adults, children, the normal and the abnormal abroad. And the research on children mostly focuses on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Asperger's disorder, sexually abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and so on. But, the development of domestic research in this area is late and not sufficient, most of which focuses on adult and juvenile. But it is absent on children.
A group of 60 subjects, which aged from 4～6 years old, accepted this test according to the testing and scoring standard. At the same time, the testing procedure is optimized for the children subjects. Then we analysis and compare the date of the normal and abnormal children separately. The result indicates that, the responses of the normal children are presented as dispersed level on 30% items around. The main effect of gender is significant on S%, the marginal effect on F and C is significant. The interaction effect between gender and age is significant on P and FC marginally. All of these three ageing span subjects, the mental level is low, the cognitive ability is limited, and all of them have emotional disorder. At the same time, the girls' common sense, emotional control ability and the adaptive ability are all stronger than boys', while the boys' self-sense and creativity sense are stronger. The responses of Dd, m, and C in abnormal situation increase apparently. Compared the data of the normal to the date of the abnormal, the differences on R, At%, RT(Av.) and At are significant, and the differences on the S, F%, A% are significant marginally.
The cross-culture study among China, Japan and America on the normal children aged from 4～6 has proved that the responses of location, movement and color are similar, which indicates that there are many similarities on the cognition, intelligence and emotion of Chinese children and Japanese children, which also have their own characteristics, but are far different from the data of American children. In all, Rorschach Inkblot Test also adapts to the children aging from 4～6 in our country. Furthermore, the norm of the children aging from 4～6 in our country still need to be constructed. This project needs more persons apply himself to.
本研究选取4～6岁正常幼儿每个年龄各20人(男女各10人)共60人进行试测,遵循罗夏墨迹测验的施测和计分方法,并针对幼儿被试优化了施测程序。再按正常幼儿、异常幼儿进行统计分析和二者的比较。4～6岁正常幼儿罗夏墨迹测验结果,显示4～6岁正常幼儿在约30%项目上的反应呈较离散水平,性别的主效应在S%上显著,在F和C上边缘显著。性别和年龄的交互作用在P和FC上边缘显著。整体看,这三个年龄跨度的幼儿智力水平相接近且较低下,有限的认知能力,情绪化严重,且女孩的常识性、情绪控制力和环境适应力普遍好于男孩,而男孩的自我意识和独创意识较强。4～6岁异常幼儿的罗夏墨迹测验结果中Dd、m和C等可提示异常线索的反应明显增多,揭示了异常幼儿在认知、情绪和适应等方面的欠缺和不足。异常和正常幼儿的数据比较,在R和At%上的差异极其显著,在RT(Av.)和At上的差异显著,在S、F%和A%上的差异边缘显著。提示异常幼儿较正常幼儿认知过程缓慢,更多焦虑和冲突,情绪控制不良。
我国与日本阪大(人名)、美国Exner所列的4～6岁正常幼儿群体的跨文化比较研究,发现我国与日本的4～6岁正常幼儿在反应领域比率、运动反应和色彩反应上的数据较为相似,说明两国幼儿认知、智力和情绪方面存在较多共同之处,但各有特点;但均与美国的幼儿数据差异较大,建议罗夏墨迹测验进行跨文化应用时,结合当地常模。
总之,罗夏墨迹测验也适用于我国4～6岁幼儿,相应的测验常模仍需建立。罗夏墨迹测验的推广和应用任重而道远。
Rorschach Inkblot Test is the most popular projective test, which is also one of the most important personality tests. There are lots of research and applications on Rorschach Test for adults, children, the normal and the abnormal abroad. And the research on children mostly focuses on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Asperger's disorder, sexually abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and so on. But, the development of domestic research in this area is late and not sufficient, most of which focuses on adult and juvenile. But it is absent on children.
A group of 60 subjects, which aged from 4～6 years old, accepted this test according to the testing and scoring standard. At the same time, the testing procedure is optimized for the children subjects. Then we analysis and compare the date of the normal and abnormal children separately. The result indicates that, the responses of the normal children are presented as dispersed level on 30% items around. The main effect of gender is significant on S%, the marginal effect on F and C is significant. The interaction effect between gender and age is significant on P and FC marginally. All of these three ageing span subjects, the mental level is low, the cognitive ability is limited, and all of them have emotional disorder. At the same time, the girls' common sense, emotional control ability and the adaptive ability are all stronger than boys', while the boys' self-sense and creativity sense are stronger. The responses of Dd, m, and C in abnormal situation increase apparently. Compared the data of the normal to the date of the abnormal, the differences on R, At%, RT(Av.) and At are significant, and the differences on the S, F%, A% are significant marginally.
The cross-culture study among China, Japan and America on the normal children aged from 4～6 has proved that the responses of location, movement and color are similar, which indicates that there are many similarities on the cognition, intelligence and emotion of Chinese children and Japanese children, which also have their own characteristics, but are far different from the data of American children. In all, Rorschach Inkblot Test also adapts to the children aging from 4～6 in our country. Furthermore, the norm of the children aging from 4～6 in our country still need to be constructed. This project needs more persons apply himself to.
引文
1、 Rouse T,Kaser-Boyd N,Maloney M P.Essential of the Rorschach Assessment.Join Wiley & Sons,Inc,2000,141
2、 Exner,John E.The Rorschach:a comprehensive system Volumel:Basic Foundations,3rd edition,New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc,1993,7-19
3、 Irving B.Weiner.Contemporary perspectives on Rorschach assessment.European J Psychol Assess.1999 vol 15(1),78-86
4,5,6、 Exner,John E.The Rorschach:a comprehensive system Volumel:Basic Foundations,3rd edition,New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc,1993,27-29,277-304
7、 Cotugno AJ.Personality attributes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)using the Rorschach Inkblot Test.J Clin Psychol 1995;51(4):554-62
8、 Bartell SS,Solanto MV.Usefulness of the Rorschach Inkblot Test in assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Percept Mot Skills 1995;80(2):531-41
9、 Aeklin MW.Personality dimensions in two types of learning - disabled children:a Rorschach study.J Pers Assess,1990,54(1-2),67-77
10、 Holaday M,Moak J,Shipley MA.Rorschach Protocols from children and adolescents with Asperger's disorder.J Pers Assess 2001;76(3):482-95
11、 Ghaziuddin M,Leininger L,Tsai L.Brief report:thought disorder in Asperger syndrome:comparison with high-functioning autism.J Autism Dev Disord 1995;25(3):311-7
12、 Ornduff SR,Centeno L,Kelsey RM.Rorschach assessment of malevolence in sexually abused girls.J Pers Assess 1999;73(1);100-9
13、 Friedrich WN,Einbender A J,McCarty P.Sexually abused girls and their Rorschach responses.Psychol Rep 1999;85(2);355-62
14、 Goddard R,Tuber S.Boyhood separation anxiety disorder:thought disorder and object relations psychopathology as manifested in Rorschach imagery.J Pers Assess 1989;53(2):239-52
15、 Holaday M.Rorschach protocols from children and adolescents diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder.J Pers Assess 2000;75(1):143-57
16、片口安史,心理诊断法详说,牧书店,东京,1972年
17、郭庆科、孟庆茂,《罗夏墨迹测验在西方的发展历史与研究现状》,心理科学进展,2003年,11期,334-338
18、郭庆科、战秉聚,《罗夏墨迹测验的实质》,山东师大学报(社会科学版)1998年第1期71-74
19、刘国华、孟宪璋,近十年国外罗夏测验攻击变量研究综述,应用心理学,2003年Vol.9.No.3,62-64
20、钟世彪、静进,《罗夏测验在儿童临床心理学中的应用》,中国临床康复,第9卷第48期,2005年12月,97-99
21、陈明、龚耀先、李圣岗、解亚宁,中美两国成人洛夏测验的跨文化比较研究,中国心理卫生杂志,1997年第11卷第4期,209-212
22、吴永华、朱晓峰等典型内、外向大学生洛夏测验的人格特点,中国心理卫生杂志,1998年第12卷第3期,171-172
23、郭庆科,罗夏墨迹测验与16PF在人格测量中的对照研究,心理科学,1999 年第22卷,565-566
24、郭庆科,对罗夏测验中某些认知发展质量记分及相应部位记分的解释,心理科学,2003,26(2),353-354
25、陈图农,《精神分裂症患儿与正常儿童洛夏测验结果对照研究》,中国临床心理学杂志,1999年第7卷第2期,86-88
26、钟世彪、静进、汪玲华、殷青云,注意缺陷多动障碍儿童罗夏测验的反应特征分析,中国临床心理学杂志,2007年第15卷第5期,545-547
27、李敏,团体罗夏墨迹测验研究,华东师范大学2001届硕士论文,2001年5月
28、柳菁,罗夏墨迹测验综合体系在中国心理临床中的应用及实践探索,华东师范大学2001届硕士论文,2001年5月
29、蒋艳华,罗夏测验攻击变量研究,暨南大学2006届硕士论文,2006年5月
30、阎燕燕,罗夏测验攻击变量与BPRS敌意因子的相关研究,暨南大学2004届硕士论文,2004年5月
31、王传芳,罗夏测验攻击内容变量AgC:效度研究--来自大学生样本,暨南大学2006届硕士论文,2006年5月
32、刘秀菊,罗夏测验攻击变量MOR、AgPast与贬损的客体关系的研究,暨南大学2006届硕士论文,2006年5月
33、尹东宁,罗夏测验攻击变量与A型行为问卷的相关研究,暨南大学2006届硕士论文,2006年5月
34、陈玉霞,罗夏测验Lerner防御机制量表LDS的信度、效度研究,暨南大学2007届硕士论文,2007年5月
35、孔克勤,叶奕乾,杨秀君,《个性心理学》(修订版),华东师范大学出版社,2006年2月第二版,253-257
36,37,38、陈明、龚耀先等,中美两国成人洛夏测验的跨文化比较研究,中国心理卫生杂志,1997,11(4),209-212
39、Hermann Rorschach(瑞士)袁军等译,心理诊断法,浙江教育出版社1997年,48页
40、片口安史,心理诊断法详说,牧书店,东京,1972年,159-161,172-174,186-188
41、 Exner,John E.The Rorschach:a comprehensive system Volumel:Basic Foundations,3rd edition,New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc,1993,277-282
2、 Exner,John E.The Rorschach:a comprehensive system Volumel:Basic Foundations,3rd edition,New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc,1993,7-19
3、 Irving B.Weiner.Contemporary perspectives on Rorschach assessment.European J Psychol Assess.1999 vol 15(1),78-86
4,5,6、 Exner,John E.The Rorschach:a comprehensive system Volumel:Basic Foundations,3rd edition,New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc,1993,27-29,277-304
7、 Cotugno AJ.Personality attributes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)using the Rorschach Inkblot Test.J Clin Psychol 1995;51(4):554-62
8、 Bartell SS,Solanto MV.Usefulness of the Rorschach Inkblot Test in assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Percept Mot Skills 1995;80(2):531-41
9、 Aeklin MW.Personality dimensions in two types of learning - disabled children:a Rorschach study.J Pers Assess,1990,54(1-2),67-77
10、 Holaday M,Moak J,Shipley MA.Rorschach Protocols from children and adolescents with Asperger's disorder.J Pers Assess 2001;76(3):482-95
11、 Ghaziuddin M,Leininger L,Tsai L.Brief report:thought disorder in Asperger syndrome:comparison with high-functioning autism.J Autism Dev Disord 1995;25(3):311-7
12、 Ornduff SR,Centeno L,Kelsey RM.Rorschach assessment of malevolence in sexually abused girls.J Pers Assess 1999;73(1);100-9
13、 Friedrich WN,Einbender A J,McCarty P.Sexually abused girls and their Rorschach responses.Psychol Rep 1999;85(2);355-62
14、 Goddard R,Tuber S.Boyhood separation anxiety disorder:thought disorder and object relations psychopathology as manifested in Rorschach imagery.J Pers Assess 1989;53(2):239-52
15、 Holaday M.Rorschach protocols from children and adolescents diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder.J Pers Assess 2000;75(1):143-57
16、片口安史,心理诊断法详说,牧书店,东京,1972年
17、郭庆科、孟庆茂,《罗夏墨迹测验在西方的发展历史与研究现状》,心理科学进展,2003年,11期,334-338
18、郭庆科、战秉聚,《罗夏墨迹测验的实质》,山东师大学报(社会科学版)1998年第1期71-74
19、刘国华、孟宪璋,近十年国外罗夏测验攻击变量研究综述,应用心理学,2003年Vol.9.No.3,62-64
20、钟世彪、静进,《罗夏测验在儿童临床心理学中的应用》,中国临床康复,第9卷第48期,2005年12月,97-99
21、陈明、龚耀先、李圣岗、解亚宁,中美两国成人洛夏测验的跨文化比较研究,中国心理卫生杂志,1997年第11卷第4期,209-212
22、吴永华、朱晓峰等典型内、外向大学生洛夏测验的人格特点,中国心理卫生杂志,1998年第12卷第3期,171-172
23、郭庆科,罗夏墨迹测验与16PF在人格测量中的对照研究,心理科学,1999 年第22卷,565-566
24、郭庆科,对罗夏测验中某些认知发展质量记分及相应部位记分的解释,心理科学,2003,26(2),353-354
25、陈图农,《精神分裂症患儿与正常儿童洛夏测验结果对照研究》,中国临床心理学杂志,1999年第7卷第2期,86-88
26、钟世彪、静进、汪玲华、殷青云,注意缺陷多动障碍儿童罗夏测验的反应特征分析,中国临床心理学杂志,2007年第15卷第5期,545-547
27、李敏,团体罗夏墨迹测验研究,华东师范大学2001届硕士论文,2001年5月
28、柳菁,罗夏墨迹测验综合体系在中国心理临床中的应用及实践探索,华东师范大学2001届硕士论文,2001年5月
29、蒋艳华,罗夏测验攻击变量研究,暨南大学2006届硕士论文,2006年5月
30、阎燕燕,罗夏测验攻击变量与BPRS敌意因子的相关研究,暨南大学2004届硕士论文,2004年5月
31、王传芳,罗夏测验攻击内容变量AgC:效度研究--来自大学生样本,暨南大学2006届硕士论文,2006年5月
32、刘秀菊,罗夏测验攻击变量MOR、AgPast与贬损的客体关系的研究,暨南大学2006届硕士论文,2006年5月
33、尹东宁,罗夏测验攻击变量与A型行为问卷的相关研究,暨南大学2006届硕士论文,2006年5月
34、陈玉霞,罗夏测验Lerner防御机制量表LDS的信度、效度研究,暨南大学2007届硕士论文,2007年5月
35、孔克勤,叶奕乾,杨秀君,《个性心理学》(修订版),华东师范大学出版社,2006年2月第二版,253-257
36,37,38、陈明、龚耀先等,中美两国成人洛夏测验的跨文化比较研究,中国心理卫生杂志,1997,11(4),209-212
39、Hermann Rorschach(瑞士)袁军等译,心理诊断法,浙江教育出版社1997年,48页
40、片口安史,心理诊断法详说,牧书店,东京,1972年,159-161,172-174,186-188
41、 Exner,John E.The Rorschach:a comprehensive system Volumel:Basic Foundations,3rd edition,New York:John Wiley & Sons,Inc,1993,277-282