保护系统的隐性故障相关问题研究
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摘要
电力市场环境下,巨大的电力需求和资产经济运行使电网的稳定裕度越来越小,继电保护系统的不正确动作成为触发和传播系统扰动的重要因素之一。研究表明,保护系统的隐性故障在一定条件下会引起继电保护系统的不正确动作,从而导致连锁故障的产生。本文在基金资助下,就状态维修环境下含有隐性故障的保护系统的可靠性建模问题进行了深入系统的研究,主要做了以下工作:
     针对数字继电保护系统,在状态维修环境下重新定义保护系统隐性故障的概念,提出了含有断路器隐性故障的保护系统隐性故障建模方式,考虑了被保护元件、数字保护装置及断路器的由隐性故障划分的各个状态,并与不含隐性故障状态的保护系统可靠性模型进行比较,论证了隐性故障状态存在的必然性及其对系统可靠性的影响,并且讨论了共因故障和人为失误对系统可靠性的影响。
     针对数字继电保护系统,利用Markov方法、故障树和事件树方法对保护系统可靠性建模,并比较了它们的优缺点,证明了针对保护系统的隐性故障建模,Markov方法具有故障树和事件树方法无可比拟的优点。
     针对多功能数字保护系统的故障可能产生的四种原因:设备硬件故障、保护方案(原理)的配置问题、软件缺陷、整定值不正确或不合适的应用,详细地分析了各种冗余方法对保护系统可靠性的影响,提出了提高保护系统可靠性的冗余措施。
     进一步在状态维修环境下从隐性故障的角度对保护系统的可靠性进行深入的研究,针对双重主保护、主后备保护系统和单一主保护,分别考虑共因故障和人为失误的影响,对保护系统进行详细的可靠性建模研究,定义了保护系统的可靠性指标,讨论了不同的冗余方式对保护系统隐性故障状态概率指标的影响,分析了共因故障和人为失误对保护系统可靠性的影响,为继电保护系统的可靠性评估和状态维修的实施提供指导。
     从保护软硬件故障和整定值失配的角度去分析保护隐性故障出现的机理,以线路的三段式距离保护为例给出保护的隐性故障模式及风险区间的量化分析,基于原发性故障和保护隐性故障进行电力系统N-k安全分析,评估出现双(叁)重故障的风险,定义相应的风险指标,针对风险高的场景提出相应的改进措施,为运行人员提供指导。
     建立基于多agent系统的保护系统的隐性故障的监视和控制系统的框架,即广域自适应保护方案来防范连锁故障的发生,介绍了保护系统状态维修的具体实施策略。
In the environment of power market, the huge power demand and economic operation of assetsmake stability margin of power system much smaller, and the incorrect operation of the relayprotection system is becoming one of the most important factors that triggers and spreads thedisturbance of system. The research indicates that in certain conditions hidden failures of protectionsystem may cause their incorrect operations that lead to cascading failures. Supported by theNational Natural Science Foundation, this paper gives a deep research of protection systemreliability model containing hidden failures under circumstance of CBM (Condition-basedMaintenance) and the following is the major work:
     In view of digital relay protection system, the paper redefines the concept of protection systemhidden failures under CBM circumstances, presents a reliability model of hidden failures in theprotection system containing hidden failures of circuit breaker(considering each state of thecomponents to be protected, digital protection devices and circuit breaker divided by hidden failures),compares that with reliability model of protection system without hidden failures, demonstrates theinevitability of existence of hidden failures and its effect on system reliability, and discusses theimpact of common cause failures and human errors on system reliability.
     In view of digital relay protection system, Markov method, fault tree and event tree method areused for reliability modeling with a comparison of their advantages and disadvantages, and it isproved that the Markov method has unparalleled advantages over fault tree and event tree methodsreferring to hidden failures reliability model for the protection system.
     Aiming at four possible failure reasons for the multi-function digital protection system—thedevice hardware failure, configuration issues of protection scheme (principle), software defects, aswell as incorrect setting value or its inappropriate application, a detailed analysis of the impact of avariety of redundancy methods on protection system reliability is made, and redundancy measures toimprove reliability of protection systems are put forward.
     Further studying the reliability of relay protection system in terms of hidden failures underCBM circumstances and considering the effect of common cause failure and human error on doubleprotection, main and backup protection and a single main protection respectively, the paper gives aresearch on protection system reliability model in detail, defines reliability indices of relayprotection system, discusses effect of different redundant method on probabilistic index of protectionhidden failures and analyzes the effect of common cause failure and human error on reliability ofprotection system, thus offers guidance for reliability assessment of protection system andimplementation of CBM.
     By analyzing the mechanism of hidden failures of protection in terms of protection hardwareand software failures and mismatched settings, protection hidden failure mode is given andvulnerability zone is analyzed quantitatively taking distance protection for example, and N-k secureanalysis of power system is carried out based on initial failure and protection hidden failure, risk ofdouble(triple)failure incident of line is evaluated, risk index is defined accordingly, improvingmeasures for high risk scenarios are proposed, thus offers guidance for operation personnel.
     Monitoring and controlling system structure of hidden failures based on Multi-Agent System isestablished, namely the wide-area adaptive protection scheme to guard against cascading failures.Concrete implementation strategies for CBM of protection system are introduced.
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